SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health

Editorial:Changing Personal and Professional SIS Perspectives 01-03 Wilfred A. Cassell Childhood PTSD Roots of Borderline Personality 04-13 Disorder- Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder Walter M. Case and Bankey L. Dubey Gender Differences in SIS-I Profile of Normal Population 14-21 S. Kandhari, J. Sharma, R. Kumar and D. Kumar In Pursuit of the Aboriginal Child’s Perspective via a Culture– 22-27 free Task and Clinical Interview Robert B. Williams, Laurence A. French, Nancy Picthall-French and Joan B. Flagg-Williams ‘It might be what I am’: Looking at the use of Rorschach in 28-38 Psychological Assessment Rui C. Campos Poly-trauma Survivors: Assessment using Rating Scales and SIS - II 39-49 Suprakash Chaudhury, P.S. Murthy, Amitav Banerjee, Dolly Kumari, Sarika Alreja Human Figure Drawings of Normal Indian Adults 50-61 Nawab Akhtar Khan, Amrita Kanchan, Masroor Jahan, Amool R. Singh SIS-I Profile of Psychosexual Dysfunction 62-68 Daniel Saldanha, L. Bhattacharya, Kalpana Srivastava and Bankey L. Dubey Evaluating Ego-Strength in Depression on SIS-I Indices 69-76 J. Mahapatra, D. Sahoo, P.K. Mishra and R. Kumar Oedipus: The Deep Rooted Reality to Homosexuality 77-88 Jhelum Podder and Sonali De Impact of Meaning in Life and Reasons for Living to Hope 89-102 and Suicidal Ideation: A Study among College Students Atanu K. Dogra, Saugata Basu and Sanjukta Das Membership Directory 103-122 Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health ISSN 0971-6610 Volume 18 Number 1 January, 2011 Official Publication of the Somatic Inkblot Society

SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH is a refereed journal and published twice a year (January, July) by the SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY and is devoted to the advancement of research in the areas of projective psychology, personality assessment, psychotherapy and mental health. The journal is broadly concerned with the development of inkblot tests and personality assessment in clinical, counseling, crosscultural, organizational and health psychology settings. It aims to reach clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, social workers, medical professionals and professional managers interested in the understanding and modification of human behavior. The journal includes (a) research articles (b) book reviews (c) brief reports (d) news about conferences etc. and letters to the editor. MANUSCRIPTS PREPARATION : Manuscripts should be typewritten (single-spaced throughout) submitted through E-mail or in CD to B.L. Dubey, Ph.D. Editor Emeritus, SIS Journal, E-mail:bldubey@gmail.com with a copy to Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D. Editor In Chief, Director, RINPAS & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006. E-mail:sisamool@ yahoo.com, Cell Phone: 91-9431592734. The Editors reserve the right to refuse manuscript submitted and to make minor additions/deletions. Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the Journal of Personality Assessment/ SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health. SUBSCRIPTION: The journal is free to members of the Society, Annual membership fees are US $50 for foreign members and Rs. 300, for Indian members, Institutional subscriptions are US $100. for Foreign institutions and Rs.1000 for Indian institutions. Life membership is US $400 for foreign members and Rs. 2500/- for Indian members. Indian institutional life membership is Rs. 10,000/-. Non-members may subscribe for $60 or Rs. 250 per issue. Cheques should be made payable to “SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health” at Ranchi and should reach Amool R.Singh, Ph.D. Editor In Chief, Director, RINPAS & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006. Members in foreign countries should send the cheque to B.L. Dubey, Ph.D. Editor Emeritus, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK- 99517 (USA) Please add $10/Rs.50/- if you are sending subscription through cheque. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. Society/Journal members should inform B.L. Dubey, Ph.D, Director SIS Centre, Email: bldubey@gmail.com of any change of mailing address. Copyright @1994. SOMATIC INKBLOT CENTRE, India/ Anchorage U.S.A.Website: http://www.somaticinkblots.com Online Testing: http://psyche.dubay.bz/http://122.160.96.85:1001/ SISTest Somatic Inkblot Society OFFICE BEARERS President : B. L. Dubey (USA) Vice President : Brig. D.Saldanha (India) Gen. Secretary : Masroor Jahan (India) Joint Secretary : P.K.Singh (India) Treasurer : Padma Dwivedi (USA) Executive Members : Wilfred A. Cassell (USA) Nalinini Mishra (India) Mridula Mishra (India) Arcahna Singh (India) K. S. Sengar (India) Manisha Kiran (India) Mary Cassell (USA) Asheem Dubey (USA) George Savage (S.Africa) Silvia Daini (Italy)

Abstracted in “APA’s PsycINFO “ Regd. No. 71632/99, RNI Delhi SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH Volume 18 Number 1 January 2011 EDITORS EMERITUS : Wilfred A. Cassell, MD, Director, SIS Center, 4501E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, AK.99516 (USA). E-Mail: siscassell2@yahoo.com Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D., Director SIS Centre, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA) Cell : 907-250-8834 E-mail: bldubey@gmail.com EDITOR-IN-CHIEF : Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., Director, RINPAS and Prof. & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006 (India). Tel. : 91-651-2233687(H), Mob.:91-9431592734, E-mail:sisamool@yahoo.com EDITORS : Suprakash Chaudhury, MD, Ph.D., Prof. & Head, Dept. of Psychiatry, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi- 834006 (India). Mob.:91-09334386496, E-mail: suprakashch@gmail.com Anand Dubey.B.E., MBA, SIS Centre, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA), E-Mail: anand. dubey@gmail.com Padma Dwivedi, M.A., 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA), E-mail: sisdubey@yahoo.com Jai Prakash, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006, (India). Cell: 91-9934582290, E-mail: drjaiprakashrinpas@rediffmail.com Umed Singh, Ph.D., Dept. of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, (India). Tel: 91-1744-238267(H), Cell: 91-9416511077 Email Umedsingh_78@yahoo.com. EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS : Kristian Aleman, Ph.D., Sweden Mahesh Bhargava, Ph.D., India K.R.Banerjee. MRCP India Saugata Basu, Ph.D., India Carina Coulacoglou, Ph.D., Greece N. G. Desai, M. D., India Philip Greenway, Ph.D, Australia S. Haque, M. D., India M. Jahan, Ph.D., India Arvind Keshary, Ph.D., India Anatoly B. Khromov, Ph.D., Russia H. Kumar, Ph.D., USA R. Kumar, Ph.D., India Sudhir Kumar, M. D., India A. S. Kundu, Ph.D., India Ram Jee Lal, Ph.D., lndia Anu S. Lather, Ph.D., India Lisa Milne, Ph.D., Australia Mridula Mishra, Ph.D., India Nalini Mishra, Ph.D., India Ashok Kumar Nag, M.D., India Paola Nicolini, M.A., Italy Paul E. Panek, Ph.D., U.S.A. Edward M. Petrosky, Ph.D., U.S.A. Marisa Porecca, Ph.D., Italy Kiran Rao, Ph.D., India Stefano Reschini, M.A, Italy Barry A. Ritzier, Ph.D., U.S.A. D. Saldanha, M. D., India Nilanjana Sanyal, Ph.D., India K. S. Sengar, Ph.D., India D. K. Sharma, MHA, India Radhe Shyam, Ph.D.lndia Archana Singh, Ph.D., India V. K. Sinha, M.D., India David Sperbeck, Ph.D., U.S.A. A. K. Srivastava, Ph.D., India Kalpana Srivastava, Ph.D., India Ramjee Srivastava, Ph.D., India Ailo Uhinki, Ps.D., Finland A. N. Verma, Ph.D., India Yasho V. Verma, Ph.D., India Robert B. Williams, Ph.D., Canada

Rank Journal Country Language Revista de Psicoanalisis Argentina Spanish Revista de Neurologia Spain Spanish Revista Brasileria de Psiquiatria Brazil Eng., Portuguese, Spanish Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Brazil Portuguese Acta Psiquiatrica y psicologica de Amercia Laina Argentina Spanish Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand Thailand English, Thai British Journal of Psychiatry U.K. English Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Denmark English Salud Mentale Mexico Spanish Vertex Argentina Spanish Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies India English Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Germany English Revista Medica de Chile Chile Spanish South African Journal of Psychology South Africa Afrikaans, English Psychological Reports USA English South African Medical Journal South Africa Afrikaans, English The Australian & New Zealand Jr. of Psychiatry Australia English International Journal of Social Psychiatry U. K. English Psychiatry Research Ireland English Social Science & Medicine U. K. Engish Revista De Saude Publica Brazil Portuguese International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry U. K. Engish SIS Jr. of Projective Psychology and Mental Health India English Jornal Brasilerio de Psiquiatria Brazil Portuguese Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Australia English JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH : ACHIEVEMENTS Journal in WHO Listing Members of Somatic Inkblot Soceity will be glad to know that SIS Jr. of Projective Psychology and Mental Health has been listed by World Health Organisation (Global Forum for Health Research) among 25 indexed journals that have published the highest number of articles on mental health from LMICs in Latin America, Africa and Asia (Medline and PsycINFO). Extract from table-6 of “Research Capacity for Mental Health in Low - and Middle - Income Countries : Results of a Mapping Project “ (www.globalforumhealth.org) is given below : Journal in ProQuest Listing We are glad to inform you that SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health has been listed in academic research database ProQuest Psychology Journals™. ProQuest is a company in Michigan, United States. It is a leading provider of electronic databases for academic libraries. Databases are used in over 20,000 academic libraries around the country and around the world including some of the most prestigious higher education institutions such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Oxford ect. ProQuest provides abstracts and indexing for more than 640 titles, with over 540 titles available in full text. Users get access to charts, diagrams, graphs, tables, photos, and other graphical elements essential to psychological research.

Editorial Changing Personal and Professional SIS Perspectives “Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall, Humpty dumpty had a great fall: All the king’s horses and all the king’s men Couldn’t put Humpty together again” - Mother Goose Nursery tales The first decade in the new millennium has passed, so I wish to share certain SIS society perspectives. In some American native cultures, such sharing might be referred to as “the wisdom of the elders”. As separate nations gradually merge their common interests through English language communication, air travel, the internet and common trade interests, medical diagnostic/treatment procedures etc., international life on our small fragile planet, now, as compared to the past, even seems much more complex. Consequently, no informed person can really feel “wise”. Moreover, how could any dedicated SIS clinician/behavioral scientist not be puzzled, yet intrigued, by the complexity of peering into the inner world of the mentally disturbed? Looking through the powerful lenses of the SIS represents a projective “time machine”. It not only reveals past perceptions of outer world reality, but accesses symbolic dream imagery, that may be totally out of awareness and missed in interviews, as well as questionnaires. It remains a challenge for SIS researchers and clinicians to decipher the body-mind-spirit revealing projective data, especially the symbols seen in the various diagnostic categories. The splitting of ego identity observed in many such conditions is quite analogous to that portrayed in the above nursery rhyme. Present day attempts at diagnostic categorization nomenclature can reflect this pathological fracturing of the self concept, as for example, “Schizophrenic Disorder” and the recently renamed category “Multiple Personality Disorder”. While advances in treatment efficacy have been significant, using structured psychotherapeutic approaches and psychopharmacological medications. Sadly, in many cases “Humpty dumpty” doesn’t get “put together again”. In contemplating the future clinical applications of the SIS technology, future claims of success must be based in evidence based scientific studies. For the severely mentally ill, their genetic abnormalities may predispose them to lifelong “Humpty dumpty” morbidity. The modern literature now indicates that existing therapies including SIS interventions must be viewed as primarily palliative and to improve functioning, not “curable” (i.e. secondary and tertiary prevention). Unfortunately in the past, statistical based studies have not always guided treatment programs for the mentally ill and with devastating long term results. Perhaps my own past clinical experience might be of interest. Historically, in the 1950’s while in medical school, I was employed part time in the Dept. of Pharmacology. My task was to assess the ability of antihistamines to suppress “motion sickness”. Some of the more effective ones (e.g.Chlorpromazine) were subsequently in the 1960’s used therapeutically as antipsychotic therapeutic agents for the severely mentally ill in Saskatchewan. At that time, I was working there conducting investigations to evaluate the diagnostic/treatment applications of the SIS-I card form of the procedure. In the psychiatric hospitals, some clinicians initially became

overly optimistic about the efficacy of new class of drugs. In the absence of any scientific longitudinal studies, a minority of them convinced politicians that hospitals could be phased out. It was purported that the chronically mentally ill, “would be better cared for in the envisioned community care facilities, near family members and that it would be more cost effective”. Eventually, the provincial government gave lip service to this “cost reducing” plan, but failed to fully fund community programs. Subsequently, this fallacious, fault ridden, plan was adopted in the United States. Unfortunately, there again were similar funding deficits. Now, in North America, improperly cared for chronically mentally ill people aimlessly walk urban streets. Eventually many experience legal problems and become imprisoned. This example of poor research work on drug efficacy and treatment outcome must not be repeated with regard to our promising positive clinical case therapeutic studies. While I remain optimistic that SIS research with group controlled studies would produce statistical outcome data, supporting our early work. However, in America with the current economic crisis, I am pessimistic about the possibility of obtaining necessary financial support. As a result of the Saskatchewan fiasco, I am more aware of the political/economic vulnerabilities of mental health research investigations due to naïve politicians and a media mesmerized/street drug narcotized public. Fortunately, not all mentally disturbed people have incurable genetic determined illnesses and even for those who do, SIS intervention can sometimes be helpful in terms of secondary and tertiary prevention. For example, an individual suffering from Schizophrenia, paranoid type, could be assessed to complete, on a regular basis, the SIS-II Booklet form. These could be quickly scored on intensification of psychosis reflected in an increase of projective responses, depicting being stared at and/or the number of “Eye” responses. This could alert care providers to medication noncompliance or a need to hospitalize. In those suffering from one of the more severe Affective Disorders, unreported suicidal impulses might be detected by the projection of self destructive imagery on B22, depicting a dying person’s body, with the soul leaving, B15, depicting, sharp, knife like objects and B21,depicting a handgun. This journal has published many other examples and promises to do so in the future. Consequently, I am quite hopeful about the educational, research, clinical and industrial applications of SIS technology, especially in India. I am more pessimistic about the economic vulnerability of community mental health programs, worldwide. When contemplating international financial problems, I feel quite envious of naïve children, who still believe in positive fairy tales, the physically healthy, mentally retarded, who are fortunate enough to be well taken care of, the authoritarian religious bigot, whose restricted mental health view is blinded by simplistic, existential anxiety reducing dogma that considers spirituality, solely a human characteristic. I particularly fear Moslems who plan on using inflated reproductive rates as a device to eventually turn democratic nations, into theocracy dictatorships. When opposing religious systems clash, like in the past, the seeds of violence, human atrocities, terrorism and war are sown. There is a similar tinge of anxiety in viewing the power of political leaders, who basically are ignorant of the growing scientific literature on helpful body-mind-spiritual health programs. Many of these are skilled in using the media to manipulate their own public image. They access vast hidden financial support from powerful economic sources. One involves the international Cassell

drug lords, who prey on mentally tormented individuals lacking mental health care, but who find solace in alcohol/ illegal drugs. Another source of funding in America, involves influential bankers and hedge fund operators who have let their greed (“white collar crimes”) set in motion an unfolding international financial crisis. Many of these perpetrators are wizards at acquiring billions of personal dollars, yet have sociopathic personality biases. Some behind public view have established working relationships with corrupt brain washed, over confident, egotistical military leaders. A few of the latter are linked with industrial power groups, who can benefit financially from covert CIA international operations, which repeatedly undermine the democratic guidelines of the American Constitution. It is my hope and prayer that Americans who share such concerns can once again raise to the challenge. Yet, I predict that the ascendance of India will surpass all others in a leadership position on the world stage. I hope that our international SIS society based in India will continue to be guided by optimally blending “left brain” scientific methodology, with “right brain” emotion connected spiritually. We must continue to honestly employ ethical principles in research and clinical practice. This especially concerns SIS diagnostic/treatment applications relative to the efficacious management of severe mental conditions as well as the less biologically tangible personality disorders involving “Humpty Dumpty” type childhood “fractures”. Ultimately, SIS conceptual models intellectually relate to all life sciences sharing common questions, the most basic of which involves unraveling the puzzle concerning the origin of life on our planet. To what extent did chemicals resulting from cosmic reactions provide the building blocks for primitive life forms on our planet? How did these become transformed into primitive life forms setting the stage for evolution into the central nervous system of higher life forms? Can a human brain ever expect to fully understand itself, solely, in biological models, without some meaningful consideration of spirituality? Finally, how can our SIS society proceed in this intangible dimension without turning back into the dark ages of mythology and dogmatic religion? Wilfred A. Cassell, M.D., FAPA, APC. Editor Emeritus, SIS Jr. Proj. Psychology & Mental Health, Director, SIS Center, 4501E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, AK - 99507 (USA) E-Mail: siscassell2@yahoo.com Changing Personal and Professional SIS Perspectives

Childhood PTSD Roots of Borderline Personality Disorder- Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder Walter M. Case and Bankey L. Dubey In recent years there has been a growing controversy regarding the validity of the APA diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder. This categorization is not recognized internationally and perhaps the closest approximation internationally in the ICD-10 is “Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder”. A clinical case history is presented involving an adult male, who presented with a childhood background of PTSD and ADHD. His personality problems became apparent in late adolescence. As an adult, he self medicated with alcohol and street drugs for handling bouts of severe depression. When this failed, he sought treatment and revealed his inner tormented world through symbolic dreams and SIS imagery. These presented time capsule “pictures” of his “borderline” life style traceable to trauma in a dysfunctional family. The medical model has provided a conceptual basis for much progress in diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. This has especially proven to be the case in the Schizophrenic Disorders and severe Affective Disorders. For these, modern genetic research and the documented efficacy of evidence based psychopharmacologic treatment conceptually support pathophysiologic formulations regarding their etiology. The medical model approach to diagnostic categorization has less scientific strength in regard to symptom constellations that lack documented objective biological criteria such as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Borderline Personality Disorder. Relative to the frequently observed temporal interaction between these two particular disorders, a child who is repeatedly subjected to abuse in a dysfunctional family may be prone to develop lifelong features of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and beginning in late adolescence an emotionally unstable personality. Although this is frequently observed in clinical practice, the causal connection is not always clear (McMain et al 2003). In attempts to scientifically provide basic answers, there have been many clinical investigations purporting to isolate underlying biological abnormalities in Borderline Personality Disorder (Berlin et al, 2005, Donegan et al, 2003, Prossin et al, 2010, Stanley and Stanley, 2010). Psychotherapy outcome studies have also been statistically studied (McMain et al, 2009). This case history study assessing symbolic imagery from a PTSD dream and SIS-II Booklet promises to throw light on this subject in an adult diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder, who was traumatized in childhood. It will illustrate how analyzing dream and SIS symbols in the same individual throughout the course of the person’s lifetime can be facilitated by blending insights from both symbolic sources. In order to conceptualize the role of childhood stress in activating PTSD dreams and symbolic defense mechanisms, the following bodymind-spirit conceptual model of Nature’s homeostatic healing process is proposed. The simplest form of PTSD involves a relatively mature symptom free individual, who experiences one highly stressful time limited event. For purposes of illustration, consider a Walter M. Case, M.D. and Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D., DPM, Director, SIS Center, 4406 Forrest Road, Anchorage, AK 99507(USA) Email: bldubey@gmail.com Key Words : Childhood PTSD, Borderline Personality Disorder, Unstable Personality Disorder

simplistic case history involving a man who was traumatized in an industrial explosion. Such a severely stressed victim would be expected to immediately develop recurrent “nightmares, realistically depicting the circumstances of the accident. The severity of his psychological symptoms, as well as their persistence, would partially relate to his genetic vulnerability to handling stress. This is Nature’s way for homeostatic healing, perhaps not just in humans, but in all living creatures possessing a higher functioning nervous system. During the relaxed state of sleep, the brain’s memory neurons involuntarily (i.e. out of “conscious control”) repeatedly replay affect charged imagery depicting subjective perception of the external traumatic event. Repetitive experiencing of the stress or “neural electrochemical sensory playback” serves two basic functions: one is to impress upon the organism’s memory storage, by reinforcing cognitive clues concerning what external events would be most likely to pose future potential stressors (e.g. a threatening carnivore). The second is to create an internal mechanism of “nervous system reconditioning”. Repeatedly experiencing traumatic memories in the relatively low state of autonomic nervous system arousal during sleep, gradually reconditions memory neurons. This occurs in the brain’s PTSD memory center, by removing the dysphoric affect bound to the PTSD imagery and their concomitant somatic sensations. The language ability of humans enables them to communicate symbols of the threatening imagery that sleep activated neural inhibitory mechanisms involuntarily introduced over recurrent nights of dreaming. These maintain a balance between the “Nature’s Behavioral Therapy” need to have the dreamer experience a degree of necessary affect discomfort, by means of Autonomic Nervous System monitored “Stress Exposure” that limits dream arousal. (This formulation is consistent with clinical studies indicating that for significant therapeutic progress in PTSD situations, the victim usually improves more rapidly in treatment programs, incorporating some degree of experiencing dysphoric affect exposure, involving memory recall of the triggering stressors.) In any case, the monitoring functions are vital, so that the sleeper does not wake up with, for example, a pounding heart or other somatic symptoms of arousal. Thus for example, Nature’s healing process occurs, that instead of dreaming of an explosion in an occupational setting, the victim experiences lower levels of stressful symbols such as involuntarily dreaming of a minor fire in a microwave. Until resolved, the victim’s precarious emotional state may be triggered by viewing similar type explosions either in the real world or in the media. A central requirement in the above theoretical model involves the necessity of the PTSD dreams (and similarly SIS symbols) to be partially disguised. Thus, even those trained in symbolic analysis can’t fully cognitively appraise the symbolic significance of their own symbols. Of course, when primitive humans expressed their dreams around camp fires, others could well understand and translate their meaning. Thus, historically, the “therapeutic” sharing of dream symbols and their empathetic interpretation by early “Witch doctors” or “Medicine men” established the social roots of human culture, spirituality, and mythology/religion. Finally, relative to this case, it might be noted that the immature nervous system of children make them particularly vulnerable to PTSD and attention deficit disorders, especially if they are socialized in a dysfunctional family. Childhood PTSD Roots

Case History: This study illustrates how stressful childhood interactions in a dysfunctional family can be associated with PTSD, attention defects, severe suicidal depression, and subsequently, personality problems lasting into adulthood. It involves the life of a large intelligent veteran living in Buffalo New York. He had many characteristics of the tragic character in an ancient Greek play. He had likeable “heroic” features to his character (e.g. A positive commitment not to kill himself, so he could bring up his son in the best way possible, he had risked his life in situations to help others, and his motivation for psychotherapy was real etc. He is a very likeable man, who is easy to empathize with in psychotherapy). Originally he sought treatment in a state of despondent suicidal ideation recurrence at age of 34. For years, he suffered from recurrent “nightmares”. In such dreams, images of his violent father would appear in a relatively close visual approximation to imaginary photographs of the psychologically/physically abusive dysfunctional family scenes. Their terror linked affect would disrupt his sleep. He would awake in panic experiencing psychophysiologic symptoms of arousal, chief of which was “Stomach pain”. On mornings after such disturbances, he would have trouble concentrating in school and feel depressed for hours. When older, away from his dysfunctional family, such concrete images of stressful past, were gradually replaced with defensive dream symbols. During his highly stressful course of psychosexual development, his resultant psychological scars ultimately impaired his personality. He had acquired by late adolescence, what the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM-IV-TR (fourth edition text revision) categorizes on Axis II as a “Borderline Personality Disorder” and the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) might categorize as an Emotionally unstable personality disorder”, but in the latter the diagnostic criteria are somewhat different. As indicated earlier, such categorizations are subject to ongoing controversy, because of questions about their validity as objective biological based clinical entities. In America, where there is considerable interest in this syndrome, this pervasive chronic “Disorder” is considered to be characterized by the followings clinical features: rapidly shifting perception of self and others, impulsivity, intense mood fluctuations and superficial interpersonal relationships. Transference distortions may arise from their tendency to oscillate in the love-hate emotionally charged imagery projected or transferred onto the therapist - oscillating from idealization to devaluation. In retest SIS situations, the similar distorted patterns may be projected onto inkblot representations of human figures. Often “Borderline” individuals will experience somatic symptoms by projecting such distorted symbolic imagery onto their own body and SIS somatic structure. Consistent with the latter, the man under discussion complained of “occasional lower stomach pain”, “pain in the lower back and ankles” and “headaches”. Like many individuals who meet diagnostic criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder, he isolated himself from close social relationships in various ways (e.g.by working night shifts as a taxi driver). Another manifestation was his long pattern of stormy relationships with various psychologically marginal type “street women”. After a short time, these romances failed, and while grieving their loss his chronic recurrent depressive moods intensified. During Case and Dubey

such despondency episodes he usually experienced significant suicidal ideation. Over the years he had sought treatment with various therapists. Characteristically, he only stayed in psychotherapy briefly, without addressing his longstanding emotionally childhood PTSD memories. Attempts to relate his dream and SIS symbolism to the latter, and to his adult personality problems after a few sessions were resisted. He had a pattern of projecting negative affect charged imagery depicting parental transference distortions onto his care providers. This disruption of the therapeutic process was tragic, not only for himself, but also for his 9 year old son. With his boy, he was struggling within himself, as a parent, not to replicate the dysfunctional relationship that he had experienced with his own abusive father. His childhood concentration problems continued on into adulthood, to the extent that he met diagnostic criteria for adult Attention Deficit Disorder. Fortunately, this had responded to stimulant medication. However, management was complicated because he also had an episodic history of alcohol and drug abuse. It also had been found that antidepressant medication had been helpful, but he did not comply with recommendations for long term medication. As indicated, he originally sought brief treatment at age 34. Next was at 39 and then finally at 48. On the last occasion, he was referred by a male veteran’s administrator psychiatrist who had been prescribing an unusually high dose of stimulant medication for his ADD symptoms. The fact that the dosage far exceeded limits, set by community medication standards may have reflected the severity of his concentration problems (or as he admitted to me, his giving some of his drugs to his son). In any case, his more recent psychiatrist correctly recognized that the prognosis for staying in long term psychotherapy was guarded. Yet in his professional judgment, the two previous short lived therapeutic trials with me had been partially helpful, so he recommended a third. This historical time lapse study encompasses persistent symbolism between the first and second therapy periods. The latter began with his spontaneously bringing into the first psychotherapeutic interview, the following letter, which documented his ongoing motivation for further psychotherapy, blending dream and SIS symbolic analysis: “Dear Dr.Case In the spring of 1965 I sought your help for answers and a treatment for y problems that were controlling and ruining my life in the worst way. You initially prescribed medication that helped me with my sleep and depression conditions. Part of the therapy requirements consisted of monitoring, documenting and discussing the messages and meanings of my dreams. My first dream while on the medication was so prolific, that I can still remember virtually every detail to this day. At this time I will try to document the first dream”. “First dream #1: I was standing approximately 100 yards west of T. Ave. on D. Rd; it was close to 6:00pm, although I am not sure of the day of the week. The weather was cloudy with overcast. While standing on the sidewalk I turned my head to the left to witness this vehicle approaching at a high rate of speed, it was weaving all over the street. As the automobile went by me, Childhood PTSD Roots

I can remember looking down at the hand held telephone in my left hand, while doing so I remember listening to the sound of a horrible crash. I then looked up to survey the area, to my astonishment neither any other vehicles nor people were anywhere to be seen. I still had not seen the accident but understood what had happened. In a moment of panic I reached down and dialed 911 emergency for help. Next I turned around and headed toward a duplex apartment complex. As I walked up two or three steps I proceeded to the right door entry way. Upon entering the house I began to look around, there only appeared to be a console television to my immediate left side, everything else was missing. I then realized that this was where I lived. I then remember walking through a doorway and walking to my right, there stood two or three young male individuals acting carefree and somewhat wild in behavior. I then remembered asking them if they had seen anyone removing the belongings and furniture from my place, their reply was that they had not. At that point I began to panic and felt tight all over my body. I then woke up. I was so relieved and remember feeling melancholy for hours after.” Personal assessment of dream #1: When I was in the 6th grade, I went to live with my father, stepmother and two stepsisters. They so happened to live in a house located on (see above address). I can remember being in afraid of my father. I had lived with him once before while going through the 3rd grade. It was a year to remember. I never knew what to expect of him so I maintained virtually a mode of fear constantly, never knowing what would set him off. I have determined that I am the vehicle out of control. The fact that I did not actually witness the accident represents the uncertainty of my ultimate outcome and that 911 call placed by myself is me asking for help. The dwelling which I reside in is consistent with virtually every home that I have lived within during my adult life. The missing furniture represents the loss in property and money, which I continued to throw away, or spend on prostitutes, drugs or alcohol. The type of neighbors that lived in the unit next door is reflections of the mentality and class of irresponsible people that I surrounded around me during those years.” At the end of this interview, he was given the Booklet version of SIS-II to complete in the office. This version of the SIS-II was used because of his fragile and potentially violent personality. While the electronic versions, which use the projective pulling power of hypnotic like floral scenes can be more powerful, it seemed prudent to avoid the remote risk of disruption of his fragile mental state. As frequently is observed in examining SIS responses, those subjectively rated as “liked least”, often are of paramount past and persistent body-mindspirit significance. In ranked order of “dislike”, he selected the following: B24, B9 and B25. Instead of complying with the printed answer sheet’s instructions, he declined to document his reasons for disliking these on an individual basis. Instead, he categorized his overall negative feelings as follows: “These pictures were all too similar in their arrangements.” This represented psychologically a defensive maneuver, emotionally distancing him from the projective recollection of his distressful PTSD memories. Just like the street address in the dream took him back to his childhood stressful imagery Case and Dubey

traceable to his father, SIS B24 brought to mind the following: “Eyes peering through a fog or haze”. This took him back in time to previously repressed memories of his father’s angry face. Projecting his vision of “fog or haze” reflected his defensive mental mechanisms, conceptually formulated to symbolize the underlying biological action of his brain’s inhibitory functions. These came from yet unknown neural mechanisms restricting his “seeing” or consciously fully recalling the PTSD memories and thus, minimizing the dysphoric affect. In spite of this involuntarily attempt at avoidance, some negative emotions still surfaced in conscious awareness. Thus, in the questionnaire, when asked “How did you feel about taking the test”, he wrote “I thought that it was somewhat depressing”. Then he minimized this generalization in regard to other SIS images, finally adding “not all of it.” In regard to the positive viewing of the SIS Booklet, for example, in viewing A5 a he saw the following components: “propeller”, “heart”, ”dove” “bird standing on two legs” and then wrote under these “FUN”. Paranoid like imagery was projected in relation to several other SIS stimuli. For example, he saw A10 as “A face peering through a window at me”. A11 reminded him of “a large man’s nose snorting cocaine” (This likely was a composite projective response, depicting at a personal level himself and perhaps in terms of his childhood, his father). B1 was seen as “A scary face with an evil smile”. This imagery was perseverated onto a portion of the next SIS stimulus. B3 was seen as “A human looking around a corner”. B4 depicted “An adult staring at a child”. Consistent with this perceptual pattern, he projected similar symbolic facial imagery on small aspects of A2 and B2, consistent with the notion of being watched. In most cultures, a certain amount of tension between a father and a son can arise (e.g. so-called childhood “Oedipal fantasies?” and later in adolescence “testosterone driven” social role competition etc. etc.). In dysfunctional families, when the father is violent, the son’s fears of his father can provide more than a “kernel of truth” for lifelong paranoid tendencies. In subsequent severely stressful social situations, one might understand how he could well move from his “borderline” mental state of being non psychotic, over the “border” into a florid psychosis flooded by overt paranoid delusions. Moreover a son’s identification with an aggressive father can play a role in his internalizing such similar violent tendencies as revealed in SIS symbolism. Further projective evidence of this mental mechanism follows: A6 was seen as “A bomb going off over water”, A13 “A hand with a fire wreath around it”, A21 “A flattened bird with two human babies facing it”, A22 “Male penis”…next the Inverted image at the base was seen as “Nuclear cloud and mushroom blast”, A29 was stated to reflect an object a blacksmith pounds on, “I can’t remember what the old blacksmith called it…but I think that it was called an anvil”. B11 “A man’s vest or bullet proof vests”. Lastly, in regard to the projection of scenes of potentially dangerous animals, on A18 he saw “The face of a koala bear” and on B26 a “wolverine”. Next attention will be given to reviewing his responses to the two SIS stimuli which were specifically designed to assess violent impulses. B15 was described as follows: “It looks like a number of sharp objects”. This is a normal response. As such it represented his intelligence and perceptual/cognitive ability to identify the reality of the embedded structure. However afterwards, he labeled one as a “knife”. This represented the mechanism of psychological projection related to his underlying hidden violent tendencies. These could be released by Childhood PTSD Roots

the disinhibiting central nervous system action of alcohol. B2 was seen as “A hand-gun with cloth cover over the hand grip, barrel looks damaged”. Next the data review will be focused on those responses relative to female imagery. Most revealing in term of his lacking maternal memories of emotional support /affection was his avoidance response to B28. This inkblot design presents embedded visual structure suggestive of a mother lovingly holding a child. Instead of recognizing this content, he simply reported seeing “A human figure holding what looks a child”. Thus, his history of going from one superficial relationship with a woman, and then to another, may have partially represented an attempt to fulfill his unmet maternal childhood dependency needs. In viewing A4 he projected the most unusual response pattern as follows: “An adult female in a woman’s Islamic gown standing on one foot”. In this age of terrorism, perhaps such symbolism may have reflected fascination with aggression, but this time from a woman. In his dysfunctional childhood, his mother and grandmother had many angry episodes. These figures in the absence of a positive father figure were over represented in his psyche, as family members for secondary personal sexual identification. Next, in a most bizarre fashion, depicting his confusion, located in the absence of such SIS structure, on the right side of the SIS inkblot he labeled “Looking like a man’s left rear profile”. A7 was reported to depict “An abstract female in motion”. A9 was described to represent “Two abstract figures dancing”. Envisioning these last two SIS scenes as personifying “abstraction” reflected his emotional isolation from people. Similarly, reflecting his emotional isolation from adult human contact B29 was seen as “An UFO…life form coming in from the outside”. In a similar symbolic fashion of detached loving affect, the valentine like heart symbol was covered with the response “toilet bowl” for B17. He gave a sexual response to A25 as “Inside view of woman’s vaginal canal” and for A24”Woman removing or covering up clothing from her breast area”. There was a most unusual childhood memory triggered by B7 “Woman’s rubber douche bag… my grandmother had one hanging in the shower when I was a child”. B9 reminded him of “Woman’s 2 ovaries with fallopian tubes present”. This latter somatic response again brought out his sexual confusion within his own body gestalt. Certain additional responses were consistent with his over loading with distorted body imagery. Most remarkable was his correctly identifying the brain structure in B20, but then rotating the image to see “A man’s testicle” superimposed on the top area of the brain design. This may be interpreted to relate to his heightened anxiety concerning his sexual role adequacy. In a social situation, if someone challenged his poor sense of masculinity, especially if he were under the influence of alcohol, he could quickly become overtly violent. Another SIS response that warrants assessment was projected in relation to B8, where he reported the following: “Look through a door peep hole…I see a man’s side profile…looks like me a little!”; here he directly identified with the human structure in the inkblot design. This projection points both to the complexity, as well as the ambiguity in inner world imagery. Reflecting this for example in B24, when he sees threatening faces in a paranoid like fashion, this can reflect at an interpersonal level a memory PTSD image of his abusive father. At a Case and Dubey

personal level, it may signify the split off aspect of himself and that portion of his violent nature that is identified with his father figure. Interpreting His “Prolific” Dream: It might be useful to start at the second opinion offered by a former psychiatrist (As indicated earlier, individuals allegedly diagnosed with a “personality disorder”, such as his, frequently consult multiple therapists. They temporarily deify one and then, subsequently, demonize the same professional. Often they tend to play one against the other, regarding treatment). In any case, at the end of his dream report, he added the following: “I recently gave a statement of this dream report to another doctor of psychiatry. Afterwards, she elaborated on the duplex apartment, which she said that she felt represented the right and left sides to my character makeup. The left side being the rock and roll part type of my personality and the right side considered to be the responsible and self conscious me. It was her thought, that I was living too far apart from both sides together and bring them closer that I would improve my life in terms of acceptance, cohesiveness and understanding.” Perhaps it is useful to initially comment on the above interpretation, which clearly captures some of his personality’s splitting characteristics. I would like to supplement this by introducing some evidence from my past psychopharmacological research conducted in 1964, concerning how right versus left body awareness shifts in overall body gestalt during arousal. After the administration of high dose caffeine, while pharmacologically stimulated, men rated their relative degree of awareness for aspects of the right (e.g. Right eye, right hand, right foot etc.) much higher than normal levels. In the initial phase of the dream under analysis, he was standing on, or near the road, in a relatively low state of arousal. As he looked around, witnessing the speeding vehicle, his anxiety level greatly elevated. It reached the level of “panic”, and then motivated him to call emergency 911. The next scene pertains to his entering a house reminiscent of, where as a boy “in the 6th grade”, his father had severely stressed him (“It was a year to remember”). By this stage in the disguised PTSD dream, the neurophysiologic aspects of his “panic” were being experienced subjectively in his overall body gestalt. The right door of the duplex apartment is a direct symbolization of his own body or “the house in which his spirit resides”. Consistent with this transfer, on the right-left axis, he perceived the threatening young men as coming from the “right side”. It might be noted that neurophysiologists have now found significant right left difference in the amygdale of men during arousal. Another aspect of the dream involves his adult PTSD occupational exposure to traffic accidents as a taxi driver at night. In exploring this dream symbolism, his cognitive associations went first to a real life situation, when an intoxicated driver passed him at night, travelling at high speed. This ended in a fatal crash killing all four occupants. The situation was severely stressful, since he had risked his own life in trying to pull a still breathing woman away from the burning wreckage. This illustrates how stressful imagery can be uniquely and vividly recorded in memory storage throughout developmental periods. The residual of such events can then surface in dream and projected SIS imagery. Childhood PTSD Roots

Finally, it is worth reviewing in this case history study the individual’s “Personal assessment” of his dream. It may be recalled that he correctly considered, that symbolically, the speeding vehicle could have represented himself. In order to further hypothesize on this, at a neurophysiological level, in an analogous fashion, it might be postulated, that this could as well relate to his suffering from a PTSD/ADD “Speeded up” neural transmission network in his brain. Such an underlying biological problem of “racing thoughts” could have its historical symbolic roots in his childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In this condition, as the brain matures the skeletal muscle hyper-motility aspect tends eventually to be inhibited, so the end diagnosis becomes adult Attention Deficit Disorder. This somatic based interpretation is supported by the SIS data. Imagine, empathetically, what it might be like to be in his skin with “racing thoughts”, when he viewed B24 “Eyes peering through a fog or haze” and all the other blots, which were seen in a paranoid threatening fashion. Clearly, his brain tended to be over active, in imagining outer world environmental threats from people symbolic of his abusive father. Moreover, it also must be having to process within the body gestalt, “racing” sensory peripheral feedback of sensations arising from internal autonomic nervous system arousal. Perhaps this was most dramatically illustrated by his superimposing a projected image of “A man’s testicle” on the brain design projected with B20 where no sexual structure existed in the inkblot design. As noted previously, he correctly recognized “A male penis” in A2. However, his neuropsychological defense system involuntarily projected the aggressive response “Nuclear cloud…mushroom blast” on the embedded structure depicting the male pelvis. Thus in his mind masculinity and violence were closely linked; a linkage traceable to his childhood paternal abuse. It might be noted that somatic repression/neural inhibition of male anatomy content, took place on all other blots with such embedded phallic structure (A8’s upper section was seen as “A smiling face”. Over the lower portion of the male figure having a penis, he substituted the defensive response “A baseball design”, A20 Over the kidneys and male urogenital system structure he saw “A wing-tip screw” and B18 suggesting a penis in a vagina he gave the defensive symbol “A gate or door closing or opening on fish like creature”). Consider further, that when this acceleration in information transmission is being rapidly processed, that the neural inhibitory based mental mechanisms related to symbolic defenses are in competitive action. These constantly compete for emergence in conscious awareness, in a rising and falling fluid like fashion. Such competition operates prior to projection onto each SIS inkblot and during sleep determines what imagery emerges in dreams. Given this formulation, perhaps it becomes more reasonable to understand how, as a child, this individual’s brain became overloaded with PTSD imagery and dysphoric affect, producing day time “Flashbacks” and mood instability (e.g. “It was a year to remember, I never knew what to expect of him, so I virtually maintained a mode of fear constantly, never knowing what would set him off”). Given the additional possible role of predisposing familial genetic predispositions, it is quite understandable how such a child’s attention defects emerged in school. In regard to the SIS, his projecting threatening characteristics onto human faces could also have set the developmental perceptual/cognitive stage for his “Borderline” personality. Case and Dubey

In summary, this psychophysiologic model hypothesizes complex rapidly fluctuating patterns of imagery. It focuses on the “speeding up” in the transmission of certain PTSD externalinternal events and their concomitant symbols. When body-mind-spirit conditions change, neural inhibitory processes related to time, energy and body space, underlying the classic psychological defense mechanisms, automatically come into competitive interaction. These are out of conscious awareness but can be accessed via SIS technology. It may be recalled, that in the past many psychologists used a stop watch to time the speed at which Rorschach responses were given. Early investigators also used a tachistoscope to measure the time it took to recognize specific forms of visual stimuli, including anatomy. Perhaps SIS workers need to now consider the development of conceptually meaningful strategies involving the timed measurement of response projection. References: Berlin, Heather A., Rolls, Edmund T. and Iversen, Susan D. (2005), Borderline Personality Disorder, Impulsivity, and the Orbital Frontal Cortex. American J. Psychiatry, 162: 2360-2373. Donegan, N.H, Sanislow, C.A., Blumber, H.P., Fulbright, R.K., Lacadie, C.., Skudlarski, P. and Gore, J.C. (2003) Amygdala hyperactivity in borderline personality disorder: implications for emotional deregulation. Biological Psychiatry, 54: 1284-1293. Gabbard G. A. and Horowitz, M. J. (2009) Insight, Transference interpretation, and Therapeutic Change in the Dynamic Psychotherapy of Borderline Personality Disorder, Amerecan J. Psychiatry, 166, 517-521. McMain,S.F., Links,P.S. et al (2009) A Randomized trial of Dialectical Behavor Therapy Versus General Psychiatric Management for Borderline Personality Disorder American J. Psychiatry, 166, 1365-1374. Prossin, Alan R., Love, Tiffany M., Koeppe, Robert A., Zubieta, Jon-Kar and Silk, Kenneth R. (2010) Deregulation of Regional Endogeneous Opioid Function in Borderline Personality Disorder. American J. Psychiatry, 167, 925-933. Stanley, Barbara and Stanley, Siever (2010) The Interpersonal dimension of Borderline Personality: Toward a Neuropeptide Model, American J. Psychiatry, 167, 24-39. Childhood PTSD Roots

Gender Differences in SIS-I Profile of Normal Population S. Kandhari, J. Sharma, R. Kumar and D. Kumar The present study was designed to compare the pattern of responses on SIS-I in normal males and females. SIS-I was administered to 200 normal persons comprising two groups (Males (n=82) and Females (n=112). The SIS-I was administered individually and the data was analyzed through Mann Whiteny U-test. The results indicate that males and females differ significantly only on a few indices of SIS-I. Highly significant difference was found only on TR and CBA. The SIS is a semi-structured projective diagnostic instrument and an adjunct to psychotherapy. SIS projective technology harnesses the projective pulling power of hypnotically presented ambiguous visual color-form stimuli. The viewer is uninhibited by social acceptability restrictions of the presence of “Test administrator”. What is projected onto the SIS answer sheet flows from mental depths. The released responses thus, represent recollections of the real outer world subjectively blended with hidden inner world imaginations, fantasies, dreams and psycho physiologic based body percepts. The SIS provides a new diagnostic aid and can be used to assess the in depth significance of somatic symptoms, conversion reactions, somatic delusions and sexual dysfunctions (Cassell and Dubey, 2003). Somatic Inkblot Series Card form was developed in 1959 (Cassell, 1980) to extend the Rorschach’s concept that ambiguous and semi-ambiguous visual stimuli evoke spontaneous responses associated with body images, needs, drives, and personality dynamics. SIS provides images in three forms - on cards, in a booklet and on videotapes. Altogether five forms have been evolved: SIS-I (20 cards), SIS-II Booklet 62 images, SIS-II Video, SIS-I Video, and SIS living images. SIS-I has been used by a number of researchers and its discriminative power has been established on a variety of population: opiate addicts (Mukhopadhyay et. al.,1996); hospitalized male chronic schizophrenics (Kumar et., al 2001); schizophrenic patients (Kumar et al., 2006); schizophrenia and depression (Pershad and Verma, 1995); normals, neurotics and psychotic patients (Pershad et al., 1997); ADHD (Jain, Singh and Kumar, 2002); mania and depression (Deepak and Jagdish, 2002) and Schizophrenia (Mahpatra et al. 2009). A systematic review of the existing literature on SIS-I revealed gender differences on many scoring indices. Rathee and Singh (1996) reported that female subjects gave more number of responses and male subjects rejected more cards. Female subjects gave more of animal responses and male subjects gave more sexual responses. Kumar et al (2006) reported that manic male produced higher atypical responses and card rejection. Manic females produced higher atypical responses, cards rejection and anatomy responses as compared to normal Subjects. Kumar et al, (2007) reported greater number of responses in Females than male subjects. The present study is a modest attempt to find out the profile of normal male and female subjects on SIS-I test Sunita Kandhari,Ph.D., Assistant Professor, International College for Girls, Jaipur; Jyotsna Sharma,Ph.D. Head, Department of Psychology, D.J.College, Baraut, Rakesh Kumar,Ph.D. Co-ordinator, Department of Psychology, Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Agra and Deepak Kumar, Ph D, Assistant Professor, Kanpur Institute of Technology, Kanpur. Correspondence Email: mindpowerlab@gmail.com Key Words: Gender Differences, Projective Diagonstics Instrument, SIS-I

Objectives: To find out the magnitude of differences in the responses of normal males and females on SIS-I. Material and Method: The sample consisted of 200 normal persons drawn from general population. The normal subjects with positive history of major psychiatric or physical illness were not included. The screening of normal subjects was done through PGI Health Questionnaire N-1 (Verma et al., 1985). This was followed by individual administration of SIS-I in a distraction free environment in one sitting. Scoring of SIS-I protocols of normals was done according to the Comprehensive Scoring System. The characteristics of the sample are listed in table 1. Table 1 Sample Characteristics of Normal Subjects (n=200) Gender Male 41%(82) Female 59%(118) Age 18-30 yrs. 52.5%(105) 31-45 yrs. 47.5%(95) Education Upto 5th Class 21% (42) 5th to 12th Class 44.5%(89) 12th Plus 34.5%(69) Domicile Rural 46.5%(93) Urban 53.5%(107) Results: The Mann Whitney test was applied to ascertain the differences in the responses of male and female participants. The means of Male and Female subjects on SIS- Indices are presented in table 2. The Mean Rank and z value of male and female subjects on SIS-I is shown in Table 3. Discussion: Total Number of Responses (TR): The number of responses on inkblots is indicative of productivity (Beck et.al.1961). According to Cassell (2002) the total number of responses suggest imaginative capacity and functioning intelligence of a subject. The index study reported significant difference in the productivity of males and females. The results are confirmed by Rathee and Singh (1996) and Kumar et al (2007). Gender Differences in SIS-I Profile of Normal Population

Total Blot Area (TBA): Total Blot Area has a direct relationship with intellectual ability and is a measure of conceptual activity (Beck, 1952). The results obtained in the index study indicate that males and females do not differ significantly in their TBA responses. Common Blot Area (CBA): The responses to common blot area indicate the ability to perceive and react to clear and distinct characteristics of world (Rorschach, 1942). Generally, the common blot area responses are easier to give than total blot area responses because they represent the easiest perceptual cognitive mode to act when faced with ambiguity. Females produce significantly more number of CBA responses as compared to males. Table 2 Mean, S.D. of CSS Indices in Male and Female Subjects Indices Male (n=82) Female (n=118) Mean S.D. Mean S.D Total Number of Responses 37.4 13.07 41.64 10.82 Total Blot Area 28.72 10.90 26.17 11.88 Common Blot Area 56.59 12.17 57.38 11.82 Uncommon Blot Area 13.54 11.76 14.96 11.74 White Background Area 2.84 3.11 2.50 2.45 Shape Appropriate 81.52 14.09 81.95 9.86 Shape Inappropriate 9.36 13.70 7.98 7.67 Human Action 4.43 4.41 5.89 6.06 Color Chromatic 0.68 1.61 0.60 1.22 Color Achromatic 0.36 1.08 0.34 0.89 3-Dimensional 3.77 2.83 3.21 3.39 Human Complete 9.05 5.34 10.57 6.43 Human Part 6.50 6.54 7.50 5.38 Animal Complete 24.16 6.89 22.14 7.95 Animal Part 5.85 4.66 5.76 5.43 Internal Organs 17.33 8.95 17.21 9.13 Most Common Responses 16.30 7.79 14.65 6.23 Image Rejection 1.56 5.60 1.03 7.69 Kandhari, Sharma, Kumar and Kumar

Table 3 Mean Rank and z value of male and female subjects on SIS-I Response indices Mean Rank z value Males Females TR 111.48 84.70 -3.220** TBA 101.24 99.44 -0.217 CBA 110.27 86.44 -2.867** UBA 106.27 88.76 -2.097* WBA 101.89 98.50 -0.429 HA 103.75 89.56 -1.754 SA 109.72 87.24 -2.703* SI 83.84 84.27 -0.057 CC 65.61 55.22 -1.969* CA 31.87 27.93 -1.006 3D 70.44 72.91 -0.387 HC 108.58 87.76 -2.537* HP 108.05 87.15 -2.560* AC 100.73 100.17 -0.067 AP 99.53 98.25 -0.157 IO 104.43 93.68 -1.304 PL 100.43 100.60 -0.21 OTHERS 108.31 86.78 -2.609* MC 98.57 102.04 -0.422 REJ 63.11 67.62 -1.045 *significant at 0.05 level of significance **significant at 0.01 level of significance Uncommon Blot Area (UBA): Uncommon Blot Areas are the least frequent areas selected by the subjects for their associations on inkblots. The law of perception dictates following pattern whole→ conspicuous→ inconspicuous. UBA on inkblots reflect an individual’s emphasis on minute, unnecessary details. It also reflects an emotion of anxiety. Females produce significantly higher UBA as compared to males. Gender Differences in SIS-I Profile of Normal Population

White Background Area (WBA): The white background area responses indicate negative or oppositional features (Rorschach, 1942, Beck 1945, Rapaport, 1946). The primary significance of the white background area has been that of some form of oppositional behavior emerging in a variety of symptom patterns contrariness, negativism, hostility (Beck and Molish, 1945). The index study reports no difference in the WBA responses given by males and females. Human Action (HA): The human action responses indicate the phenomena of “internalization”, reflecting the ability of an examinee to handle the more deliberate and sophisticated experience in a way that can be controlled emotionally (Rorschach, 1942). The responses in human action indicate awareness towards the external world and reflect some conflicts or emotions which do not get obvious expression in the world of reality (Beck, 1952). In the present study the mean HA responses for males and females do not differ significantly. Shape Appropriate (SA): The shape appropriate responses are indicative of the ability of a subject to direct his ideation with conscious attention, control, discriminating judgment and regard for the environment (Rorschach, 1942). A response indicating an appropriate shape reflects that the examinee has respect for the reality of the environment (Beck 1945). The mean SA responses produced by females is significantly more than the mean SA responses produced by males. Shape Inappropriate (SI): According to Cassell (2002), shape inappropriate responses are those of poor quality and with vague percept either in structure or verbalization. The number of shape inappropriate responses is proportionate to the degree of psychological or psychiatric disturbance. According to the results obtained by the index study, males and females do not differ significantly in producing SI responses. Color Chromatic (CC): Chromatic color responses indicate affectivity or emotional excitability (Rorschach, 1942). The mean CC responses given by males are slightly more than the females. Color Achromatic (CA): Color Achromatic responses in general indicate anxiety and withdrawal from the environment or passivity. Such responses indicate a free floating anxiety against which the individual remains unable to build any defenses. Males and females do not differ significantly on CA responses. 3-Dimensional (3D): The 3-demensional responses are based on dimensionality. Adler (1929) described the Kandhari, Sharma, Kumar and Kumar

personal dynamics involved in looking at distant objects and its relationship to feelings of inferiority. Generally, 3-dimensional responses are indicative of a sense of inner incompleteness and a painful feeling tone in which depression of affect and inferiority feelings are also involved. In the present study the obtained mean value of males and females do not differ significantly. Human Complete (HC): Human complete responses include the responses pertaining to the whole human body. Human responses in general indicate high potential for good relation. The index study finds a significant difference in the HC responses given by males and females, with males giving higher responses than females. Human Part (HP): This category includes the external parts of human body like face, ear, nose legs etc. Male subjects have given significantly more HP responses as compared to females. Animal Complete (AC): A large number of animal responses are generally given by aggressive, hostile, psychologically immature people. Such individuals also feel uncomfortable with people and show poor interpersonal relationship. In general an excess of animal content indicates intellectual constriction and/or emotional disturbance. Males and females do not differ in their responses to this scoring index. Internal Organs (IO): According to Cassell (2002), internal organ responses pertain to internal parts of living beings and their mutilated forms both of humans and animals. These responses are consistently high in those who have a poor self- image and who are preoccupied with internal body organs. Rav (1951) theorized that restriction and reduction in intellectual drive increases recourse to IO responses. In the present study males and females do not differ significantly on IO responses. Most Common (MC): According to Cassell (1990), the most common responses are suggestive of coherent, logical thinking and ability to keep up with the demands of society. It may also be interpreted as a measure of ego strength and team concept. Males and females do not differ significantly on Most Common responses. Rejection (Rej): Cassell (1990) stated that rejection of images shows thought blockage and an inability to think properly. Rejection is the result of an inhibition or blocking of thought, more often a shock phenomena in most cases (Bohm, 1958). No significant differences are found between males and females on the Rejection scoring index. Gender Differences in SIS-I Profile of Normal Population

Conclusion: The results indicate that in the normal group, males and females differ significantly only on a few scoring indices of SIS-I. Highly significant difference is reported on TR and CBA only. References: Adler, A. (1929):The problem of distance. In the practice and theory of individual psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 100-108. Beck, S.J. (1952) Rorschach test, Vol, III. Advances in interpretation. New York : Grune & Stratton. Beck, S.J. (1945) Rorschach’s test vol II. A variety of personality pictures. New York : Grune & Stratton. Beck, S.J., Beck, A.G., Levitt, E.E., and Molish, H.B. (1961). Rorschach’s Test Basic Processes. New York : Gurne & Strattons. Bohm, E. (1958) A textbook in Rorschach test diagnosis (Tr. by A. Beck & S.J. Beck) New York : Grune & Stratton. Cassell, W.A. (1980). Body symbolism and the somatic inkblot series. Alaska, Aurora Publication. Cassell, W.A. (1990). Somatic Inkblot Series Manual. Anchorage: Alaska. Cassell, W.A. (2002) Intellectual struggle in advancing SIS knowledge. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health,9.1. Cassell, W.A. (2009) ISIS Portraits of the Inner Mental World Painted by Blog Pooling of Interpretations. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health,16.2. Kumari, D., Prakash, J., Singh, A. R., and Chaudhary, S. (2009). Personality Profile of Schizophrenia and Bipolar, Affective Disorder (Mania) on SIS II. SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health,16,134-137. Exner, J.E. (1974) The Rorschach systems. New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc. Kumar, D, Kumar, J, and Kumar, R. (2005) Diagnostic Indicators on SIS-I and Rorschach among Manic and Depressive Patients. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 12, 53-60. Kumar, D., Dubey, B.L. and Kumar, R. (2006). Gender Differences in SIS – I Profile of Manic patients. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 13, 61-64. Kumar, R., Kandhari, S., and Dubey, B.L. (2007). Estimation of the Contribution of Gender in Productivity on SIS-I,14, 31-37. Kumar, S., Singh, R., and Mohanty, S. (2001). A study as Somatic Inkblot Series-I in hospitalised male chronic schizophrenics. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 8, 31-37. Kandhari, Sharma, Kumar and Kumar

Kumar, S., Singh, S., Mohanty, S., and Kumar, R. (2006). SIS-I and Rorschach in Schizophrenia: A correlational study. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health ,13,118-121. Mukhopadhyay, A., Banerjee, S., and Mitra, G. (1996). A comprehensive profile of personality characteristics of male drug addicts. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 3, 33-41. Pershad, D., Verma, S.K. and Bhagat, K. (1997). Body image distrubances in psychiatric cases. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 14, 75-84. Rapaport, D., Gill, M., and Schafer, R. (1946) Diagnostic Psychological Testing. vol II Chicago : New York. Rathee, S.P., and Singh, A. (1996). A comparative study of male and female on Somatic Inkblot Series-I. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health., 3, 43-49. Rav, J. (1951) Anatomy responses in the Rorschach test. Journal of Projective Techniques., 15, 433-43. Rorschach, H. (1942) Psychodiagnostic, New York : Grune & Stratton. Mitra, G., and Mukhopadhyay, A. (2000). Psychological factors in drug addicts and normals : A comparative study SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 7, 53-78. Singh, M.P., and Dwivedi, P. (1998). A comparative study of managers and students on SIS-II. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology Mental Health, 5, 63-68. Singh, A.R., Dubey, B.L., Sahu, L.M., and Banerjee, K.R. (2000). SIS-II profile of murderers. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 7, 49-52. Verma, S.K., Pershad, D. (1985). PGI Health Questionnaire Agra. National Psychological Corporation. Note: This paper is a part of Ph.D thesis of first author awarded by Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut in 2008. Gender Differences in SIS-I Profile of Normal Population

In Pursuit of the Aboriginal Child’s Perspective via a Culture– free Task and Clinical Interview Robert B. Williams, Laurence A. French, Nancy Picthall-French and Joan B. Flagg-Williams Mental health professionals have historically been trained with Eurocentric-derived assessment procedures and tests for children in North America. A survey of clinical assessment procedures that could easily be adapted in a cultural-free format for use with Aboriginal children was undertaken. Among the clinical assessment procedures identified as easily adaptable were the Goodenough-Harris Draw-A-Person and Draw-A-Family. Un-adapted these clinical assessment tools tend to be directed toward the Euro-Canadian population and might not be usefully applied to children in Aboriginal communities. This is true for popular assessment measures such as the Draw-A-Person and Family protocols. Nonetheless, drawings have proven to be valuable in facilitating clinical interviews and as outlets for children to express the intent of their emotions. With this in mind, an approach involving two procedures from the drawings was explored and found to be helpful in facilitating clinical interviews and learning about Aboriginal children and their concerns. Draw-Your-Self and Draw-Your-Family tasks were combined with questions adapted from the questioning approach of the Thematic Apperception Test. The discussion concludes with a review of the training and experiences needed by a professional intending to implement this procedure. Aboriginal and other children are in need of access to mental health assessment procedures suitable to their culture. The mental health professionals have historically been trained with Eurocentric-derived assessment procedures and tests for children in North America. In the early 1990s, Laurence French at Western New Mexico University encountered human service providers and clinicians in need of cultural-free assessment tasks to evaluate potential abuse among unilingual Mexican, bilingual Hispanic, and American Indian children (French, 1993). The least culturally prejudiced assessment procedures French identified were several projective human figure drawing tasks (HFD) and enquiry procedures from other classical projective tests. In his original article French did not explicate how or whether he surveyed clinical assessment procedures and/or tests that could be easily adapted in a cultural-free format. The present survey of clinical assessment procedures and/or tests that could be easily adapted in a culture-free format was undertaken in collaboration with Laurence A French and colleagues. Results and observations of the survey: First, it is worth noting that the issue of culturally free or fair as applied to the assessment and testing of intelligence, achievement, and personality has been a topic of concern to researchers in psychology and education for many years (Anastasi, 1964, 1982; Barabas, 1973; Educational Testing Service, 1990; West, 1962). Also, researchers have considered cultural-free as applied to assessment and testing as interchangeable with notions such as cultural-fair and cross-cultural. They have also been confronted with how to define Robert B. Williams, Crandall University, Box 6004, 333 Gorge Road, Moncton, NB,Canada E1C 9L7, Email: Robert.Williams@crandallu.ca, Laurence A. French, University of New Hampshire, Nancy Picthall-French, Franklin School District, NH and Joan B. Flagg- Williams, Crandall University Key Words: Aboriginal Child, Culturally Appropriate Assessment, Mental Health Assessment.

cultural free. One definition stated that a cultural-free assessment procedure or test “. . . has freedom from verbal, content, or emotional loadings that differ among cultures” (Educational Testing Service, 1990, p. 4). An extrapolated definition from Justman (1967) defines a cultural-free test as one in which differences in experiences and motivation has minimal effects on the test results. Anne Anastasi (1964) maintained that in the strictest sense “culture-free” tests do not exist. Many assessment procedures and tests have been identified by their authors or publishers as culture-fair (Barabas, 1973; Educational Testing Service, 1990). Unfortunately, this survey did not result in the identification of any specific assessment procedures and/or tests that could be regarded as culturally unprejudiced in their formats. Interestingly, Anastasi (1982) in her text, Psychological Testing, offers a cue regarding crosscultural testing that includes a task that may be implemented with a minimum of influence from the examiner’s culture. This task is HFD as administered according to the Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test (Goodenough, 1926). It involved asking a child examinee to “make the very best picture of a man that you can.” This test was initially used as a measure of children’s intelligence. It is noteworthy that the test was used by researchers carrying out cross-cultural and comparative psychological studies (Dennis, 1942; Havighurst et al. 1946; Russell, 1943). One of these researchers, Wayne Dennis (1942), asserted that: “The Draw-a-man test suggests itself for use with other cultural groups because the subject to be drawn is universal, the materials needed are a few and simple and the instructions are easily comprehended” (p. 341). Even in the context of this confidence about the Draw-A-Man Test, Goodenough and Harris (1950) maintained that achievement of a culture-free test is “illusory” and that the idea that “mere freedom from verbal requirements renders a test equally suitable for all groups is no longer tenable” (p. 399). A revision of the Goodenough test was published in 1963 as the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test (Harris, 1963). The revision extended the task from merely asking the child to draw a picture of a man to asking the child to also draw a picture of a woman and of oneself. As in the original form of the test, the drawings of the man and the woman were scored for accuracy of representation and cognitive development. A Self scale was used to score the child’s drawing of herself/himself as a projective measure of personality. Shortly after the publication of the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test, Dennis (1966) reported on Goodenough’s Draw-A-Man Test results for more than 2000 children from 40 different cultural groups tested between 1929 and 1960. Applying the Goodenough scoring criteria netted a range of scores from 53 to 125. Dennis attributed the score-differences among the various cultural groups to environmental influences such as “degrees of acculturation, Westernization, modernization, and social change” (Dennis, 1966, p. 228). The useful result of this study was the recognition that differences in children’s drawings could result from environmental and cultural influences (i.e., what children have been exposed to or has happened to them). This gives confidence to the notion that what children draw may provide a view of their perspective of what they have been exposed to or what has happened to them. It has also been recognized that, “evidence that the child in … drawings frequently gives outward expressions to … inner life of thoughts and feelings, to … fears and … desires, to … hopes and … frustrations, is steadily accumulating” (Goodenough and Harris, 1950, p. 370). In Pursuit of the Aboriginal Child's Perspective

Among all the assessment procedures and tests reviewed, the HFD tasks have proven to be the most versatile and adaptable. These tasks included the Draw-A-Person Test (Goodenough, 1926; Harris, 1963), House-Tree-Person Test (Buck, 1948), Draw-A-Family Test (Hulse, 1951, 1952), and Kinetic Family Drawings (Burns and Kaufman, 1970, 1972). Even though research has not supported the usefulness of HFD tasks as a culture-free measure of intelligence (Goodenough, 1926) or personality (Harris, 1963; Machover, 1953), they still appear in research with children. HFD tasks continue to be applied in studies of children’s concepts of God (Pitts, 1977), intellectual ability (Naglieri, 1988), emotional disturbance (Naglieri, McNeish, and Bardois, 1991), perceptual motor development (Numminen, Nevala, Pennanen, and Sääkslahti, 1996), knowledge of internal body parts (Deluca, 1997), possible sexual abuse victimization (Webster, 2000), school readiness (Vig and Sanders, 2007), and artistic development (Deaver, 2009; Pitts, 1977). In this regard, in the early 1990s, French (1993) identified and adapted the projective HFD tasks as a least culturally prejudiced option that seemed “to work best with minority children . . .” (p. 17). French (1993), like Dennis (1966) and Goodenough and Harris (1950), recognized that children can represent their perspectives through their drawings of what they have been exposed to, what has happened to them and their thoughts and feelings about these experiences. French also saw that in this context the HFD tasks tend to be more useful when the scoring criteria are derived from the child’s unique perspective. French’s adaptation of the DAP and projective tests: French determined that the least culturally and environmentally prejudiced assessment tasks were having the child draw herself or himself from the Harris (1963) version of the Draw-A-Person Test and the Draw-A-Family Test (Hulse, 1951). These drawings were to provide an initial view of the child’s perspective and may be as Handler (1985) stated “. . . an excellent springboard for discussion of specific conflict areas” (p. 169). French (1993; French, Betenbough, & Picthall-French, 1997) offered procedural guidelines for administration of the Draw-Yourself and Draw-Your Family tasks. These guidelines are restated here from French’s original article in a modified format (French, 1993, pp. 17-18). The child should be met with in a comfortable and culturally relevant assessment context at a time when one is certain the child does not want to be doing something else or be somewhere else. Have a teacher or teacher’s aide of the same culture as the child present during the drawing sessions. When possible, use an observation mirror to reduce any influence of cultural difference. This is helpful when the child and clinician are from different cultures. Session 1: The child is asked to draw a picture of herself / himself. Provide crayons, pencils and newsprint for the child. Permit the child to draw wherever it is most comfortable—table, desk or floor. The setting should be quiet and comfortable. There is no time limit and the session ends when the child completes the picture which is passed to the clinician. Session 2: Within one to four days after the draw yourself task is completed, the picture is presented to Williams, French, French and Williams

the child who is asked to tell you about the person in the picture. The intention is to confirm from the child’s perspective the important features of the drawing and indicators useful for clinical understanding of the child. Session 3: In a context and following procedures similar to those of Session 1, ask the child to draw a picture of herself/himself and her/his family. Session 4: Present the picture of the family and questions based upon the TAT format (Murray, 1971). Examples of questions whose wording might require modification for the child’s understanding are: Tell me a story about this family. What is happening in the story? Who is the hero? What are the people thinking? What are the people feeling? What is the outcome of the story? Through this procedure examiners can learn about the child’s perception of the situation. It can provide a basis for social or clinical interventions with a minimum of additional trauma to the child. A final task is for examiners to reality test the information learned via any projections in order to rule out any pre-morbid clinical problems prior to any crisis. There are situations in which children may want to continue to make drawings related to a traumatic event. Allow the child to draw as many as s/he wishes. Again, those working with the child need to be aware of the child’s culture and language. Ask the child to explain what is happening in the drawings. Who are the people? The examiner’s enquiry must be openended so as not to unwittingly lead the child’s responses and contaminate them. An examiner may also find it helpful to consider the influence of the developmental tasks that the child is confronting which will vary with child’s age and experience (Gay, Williams, & Flagg-Williams, 1997; Havighurst, 1980). Training and experience needed: Assessors intending to administer the HFD task to Aboriginal children ought to have considerable training, supervision and experience administering, scoring and reporting on projective procedures—HFD, TAT, and Rorschach Ink Blot procedure—from a diversity perspective. This scoring and reporting will benefit from an assessor’s ability “. . . to integrate constructs and processes from social psychological literature and research . . .” (Abraham, 2006, p. 4). The study of child development with a diversity and cross-cultural perspective is also recommended. Lastly, assessors will need to have established a relationship with significant members of the Aboriginal community and the families that they will be caring for (Dana, 1986). Conclusion: A survey of clinical assessment procedures that could easily be adapted in a cultural-free format for use with Aboriginal children was undertaken in this study. The Goodenough-Harris Draw-A- Person and Draw-A-Family tests were identified for clinical assessment and adaptation. The paper discusses combining the Draw-Your-Self and Draw-Your-Family tasks with questions adapted from the questioning approach of the TAT. In Pursuit of the Aboriginal Child's Perspective

References: Abraham, P. P. (2006). The teacher’s block: Personality constructs and social psychologyconceptual scaffolding. SPA Exchange, 18(1), 4, 13. Anastasi, A. (1964). Culture-fair testing. Educational Horizons, 43(1), 26-30. Anastasi, A. (1982). Psychological testing (5th ed.). New York: Macmillan Barabas, J. (1973). The assessment of minority groups: An annotated bibliography. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 083 325) Buck, J. N. (1948). The H-T-P technique: A qualitative and quantitative scoring manual. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 4, 317-396. Burns, R. C., & Kaufman, S. H. (1970). Kinetic Family Drawings (K-F-D): An introduction to understanding children through kinetic drawings. New York: Brunner/Mazel. Burns, R. C., & Kaufman, S. H. (1972). Actions, styles and symbols in Kinetic Family Drawings (K-F-D): An interpretative manual. New York: Brunner/Mazel. Dana, R. H. (1986). Personality assessment and Native Americans. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50, 480-500. Deaver, S. P. (2009). A normative study of children’s drawings: Preliminary research findings. Art Therapy Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 26, 4-11. Deluca, P. (1997). What do children know about the interior of the body? A comparison of two methods of investigation. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 407 168) Dennis, W. (1942). The performance of Hopi children on the Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 34, 341-348. Dennis, W. (1966). Goodenough scores, art experience, and modernization. The Journal of Social Psychology, 68, 211-228. Educational Testing Service. (1990). Culture-fair tests. Annotated bibliography of tests. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 369 805) French, L. A. (1993). Adapting projective tests for minority children. Psychological Reports, 72, 15-18. French, L., Betenbough, T. J., & Picthall-French, N. (1997). When the snake bites: Bibliotherapy for traumatized Indian children and youth. In L. A. French (Ed.), Counseling American Indians (pp. 27-75). Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Gay, J. E., Williams, R. B., & Flagg-Williams, J. B. (1997). Identifying and assisting schoolchildren with developmental tasks. Education, 117, 569-578. Goodenough, F. (1926). Measurement of intelligence by drawings. New York: World Book Company. Goodenough, F., & Harris, D. B. (1950). Study in the psychology of children’s drawings: II. 1928-1949. Psychological Bulletin, 47, 369-433. Williams, French, French and Williams

Handler, L. (1985). The clinical use of the Draw-A-Person Test (DAP). In C. S. Newmark (Ed.), Major psychological assessment instruments (pp.165-216). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Harris, D. B. (1963). Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test manual. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Havighurst, R. J. (1980). Social and developmental psychology: Trends influencing the future of counseling. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 58, 328-333. Havighurst, R. J., Gunther, M. K., & Pratt, I. E. (1946). Environment and the Draw-a-Man Test: The performance of Indian children. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 41, 50-63. Hulse, W. C. (1951). The emotionally disturbed child draws his family. Quarterly Journal of Child Behavior, 3, 152-174. Hulse, W. C. (1952). Childhood conflict expressed through family drawings. Journal of Projective Techniques, 16: 66-79. Justman, J. (1967). Assessing the intelligence of disadvantaged children. Education, 87, 354-362. Machover, K. (1953). Human figure drawings of children. Journal of Projective Techniques & Personality Assessment, 17, 85-91. Murray, H. A. (1971). Thematic Apperception Test manual. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press. Naglieri, J. A. (1988). Draw A Person: A quantitative scoring system. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Assessment. Naglieri, J. A., McNeish, T. J., & Bardois, A. N. (1991). Draw A Person: Screening procedure for emotional disturbance. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Assessment. Numminen, P., Nevala, N., Pennanen, M., & Sääkslahti, A. (1996). Human figure drawing as a representative medium of perceptual motor development among 3-to 5-year-old children. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 400 095) Pitts, V. P. (1977). Concept development and the development of the concept of God in the child: A bibliography. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 135 487) Russell, R. W. (1943). The spontaneous and instructed drawings of Zuni children. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 35, 11-15. Vig, S., & Sanders, M. (2007). Cognitive assessment. In M. R. Brassard & A. E. Boehm (Eds.), Preschool assessment: Principles and practices (pp. 383-419). New York: The Guilford Press. Webster, R. E. (2000). Identifying sexually abused children using human figure drawings. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 444 099) West, L. W. (1962). Assessing intellectual ability with a minimum of cultural bias for two samples of Metis and Indian children Edmonton: University of Alberta. Cited in Barabas, J. (1973). The assessment of minority groups: An annotated bibliography. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 083 325) In Pursuit of the Aboriginal Child's Perspective

‘It might be what I am’: Looking at the use of Rorschach in Psychological Assessment Rui C. Campos The paper emphasizes the importance of projective methods in psychological assessment and places these methods in the context of other psychological assessment instruments. The clinical status of Rorschach test and the administration, coding, structural summary and interpretation of Exner’s Comprehensive System is discussed here. Two clinical cases following content analysis are also discussed in the paper. Projective methods and psychological assessment: Projective techniques are powerful tools in the psychological assessment process, specifically in personality assessment (Marques, 1994). In my opinion, no psychological assessment is possible without the use of at least one projective technique. There are two opposite ways of thinking about the test situation, specifically, and the psychological assessment process, in general. One is based on a concern for the objectivity, avoiding anything that is subjective. There is a behavior that favors the use of instruments, considered psychometrically suitable. This attitude leads to see the person as a set of numbers resulting from intra-and inter-individual comparisons. On the other hand, we have a fundamental attitude of looking for the subjectivity and individuality of the person. The psychologist refuses any instrument which only aims to seek ‘the objectivity’ (Marques, 1994). However, we must not forget that the ultimate goal of the testing is to get close to the “psychological truth” of the person who is being assessed, harmonizing and mastering theories and methods. The psychologist should not be merely a test user, but a kind of expert who decides what is needed and should be done in a particular case. Psychological assessment should allow a true interpretation of the data; it is not only a science, but also an art. In this regard, Cates (1999) claims that books and journal articles explore much of the science of psychological assessment. The role of inference and intuition is, at best, approached as something secondary. But the task of interpreting data in a meaningful, accurately and inclusive way, and the “transformation” of the results and their interpretation on something that might be useful to address the issues that triggered the assessment and the client needs, is still an art. Still according to Cates, there is a growing need to increase the accuracy of the tests, which is observed through an increasing emphasis on validity and in the quality of the samples to obtain normative data. But this preoccupation should not, in any way, overshadow the need and importance of judgments and clinical knowledge; the art of assessment. The psychologist who performs the assessment must match clinical judgment and inference with test results. And, the projective technique is a privileged instrument in this direction. Rui C. Campos, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, University of Évora, Apartado 94, 7702– 554, Évora, Portugal, Tel.: (+351) 266768050, Fax: (+351) 266768073, E-mail: rcampos@ uevora.pt; (With small changes this text was presented in a conference in the University of Évora, Portugal) Key Words: Psychological Assessment, Projective Methods, Rorschach Comprehensive System, Content Analysis

What is a projective method?: What are the characteristics that allow us to distinguish projective technique from other personality assessment instruments, like personality questionnaires? It is said that projective techniques have ambiguous stimuli, which are built in a way so that the person is encouraged to respond by interpreting and projecting his or her personality traits. Also they would evoke responses of fantasy and responses that do not have the status of right or wrong. Despite all of this being true in part, these are not the basic characteristics that define a projective method. Lindzey (1961) has emphasized five primary criteria as basic features of a projective method:

1. The first, criterion is that the “projective techniques are sensitive to unconscious or latent aspects of personality”, aspects that the subject does not know, and therefore cannot reveal in a questionnaire.

2. The second criterion is “ It permits the subject a multiplicity of responses”, ie, the subject has ‘freedom’ to answer what he or she wants, is not confined to a limited number of response alternatives, as in a questionnaire. Actually, this is not completely true. This may be a debatable issue. I confine myself to say that the initial instruction is restrictive; not everything is ‘permitted to the person’.

3. The third criterion is, the multi-dimensionality of the responses, or in another words, the same answers contribute to understand different personality aspects. For example, we can assess simultaneously the subject’s self-concept, how he or she modulates emotions and ideational aspects, among others.

4. The fourth criterion is the lack of subject’s awareness of the purpose of the test, or at least of which aspects of personality is being assessed by these responses. For example, the person would not know that the systematic use of black color in the Rorschach responses can be related to the presence of a marked negative affectivity.

5. The fifth criterion is the profusion and richness of the response data they elicit, the richness of psychological data that can be obtained by means of a projective method, enabling a holistic analysis of personality. Despite their wide implementation in some ‘schools’ of psychological assessment, projective methods were and still are, as mentioned by Silva (1986), much criticized. This criticism to projective methods led to an inappropriate division between objective tests and projective tests. Exner (1986) stresses that it is not the fact that a test is projective or not that explains the lack of quality as a measurement instruments, but the fact that no psychometric requirements were taken into account in its construction. Projective techniques cannot be considered tests in a strict psychometric sense. They are methods, rather than tests, allowing an exploration of various aspects of personality. This is, for example, what Weiner (1997) says about Rorschach, which allows the examiner to collect different types of personality data. The goal is not to measure, but to know and to It might be what I am

understand. Used under these assumptions, projective methods could stay almost protected from criticism. As far as their advantages, we think in the richness of information that can be obtained and the holistic and integrative nature of the analysis that are possible to perform from the protocols, but also in the fact that they are indirect measures, contrary to personality inventories and questionnaires. They provide information that otherwise would be unavailable, simply because the person has no access to it, is not aware of certain psychological characteristics or do not want to reveal them for example, when he or she wants to fake the results of the assessment. These two aspects, as well as the relativity of the criticisms, make, in our opinion, projective methods, or at least some of them, indispensable methods and methods of excellence for the assessment of personality. The richness and the contribution of projective methods for the understanding of personality are very important. There are several types of projective techniques. Perhaps the best known is the Rorschach, a type of structural or associative technique, in which the subject is asked to respond to the stimulus with the first thing he or she sees and TAT and CAT, belonging to the so-called thematic or construction techniques, because the person is invited to construct, in this particular case, stories based on a series of images. The emphasis is on the final product, not in the construction process. But there are still other types of projective methods, such as the completion and the choice or ordering techniques. Finally we have the expression techniques, as drawings and paintings (Lindzey, 1961). The Rorschach as a projective method: But let us focus now on the Rorschach method which is one of the oldest personality assessment instruments (Silva, 1986) with almost 90 years since its publication. It is one of the more regarded personality assessment instrument and also one of the most widely used projective techniques, if not the most used. However, its value comes not from its antiquity, but from its well documented ability to account for human psychological functioning (Weiner, 1997). The Rorschach consists of 10 cards. The inkblots are open, non-figurative stimulus (to be defined by each person). This does not preclude that there are parts of the inkblots that are very often identified with a particular percept, for example the butterfly in card I, which mostly caused the test to become known. The inkblots are distributed symmetrically around a central axis as a result of its construction procedure. Some of the inkblots are dense, with a well-defined axis (e.g. card I) favoring the projection of the human body, others are more dispersed, with a bilateral configuration (e.g. card III) which evokes the representation of the relationship. Moreover, the inkblots can be distinguished also by being more ‘open’ (eg card VII), symbolically associated with the representation of female and maternal object, or being more ‘closed’, compacted with some appendages, symbolically related to phallic references (cards IV and VI ). There are still the chromatic properties, color and shading of the cards, which evoke responses in a form of affection and also of sensations. The presence of red on cards II and III can trigger instinctual movements relating to aggression or sexuality. Note the cultural match between the red color of blood and emotions. The pastel colors (cards VIII, IX and X) are considered to induce affections and to trigger responses that show the quality of relationships of the person with his or her environment (Fernandes, 1994a). Campos

According to Weiner (1997) the Rorschach test should be seen primarily as a multifaceted method rather than as a personality test, since its interpretation is not based solely on results and indexes, although these may be very important. It is a measure of personality functioning “(Weiner, 2002, personal communication). In this sense it would be a test, but it is more than simply a test because their usefulness is not limited to the use of quantitative data, allowing for other interpretation strategies, based upon several theoretical frame works. Rorschach is a method to collect data and to produce hypothesis about personality. It allows the psychologist to characterize personality, understand the mental functioning. In the case of pathology it makes possible to know if something is not right in a given personality and what, but also understand why, which makes the Rorschach a unique assessment instrument. (Fernandes, 1994b) On the other hand, a personality test has an underlying theory. The Rorschach does not. Its data can be interpreted by different theoretical frameworks. With the administration of the Rorschach test we can collect structural, thematic and behavioral data, which can be used both qualitatively and quantitatively, and can be interpreted using different theoretical perspectives (Weiner, 1997). The structural data relate to responses coding (e.g. locations of the responses), the fantasy or thematic data are the responses contents, which provide information about the most underlying personality characteristics, and behavioral data relates to the behaviors of the person during the administration of the test. Examples of the latest type are: how does the individual grabs the cards, how he or she starts the responses (example: “It’s a bat” and “Maybe you can say that looks a lot like a bat, at least in some parts” are completely different in an interpretation point of view). What is the most important type of information? Weiner (2002, personal communication) says: “I do not know,” one cannot know; it depends on the protocol. For example, in some cases the structural summary is very rich and informative in other cases is poor, but the content of responses is important. Rorschach can be conceptualized according to different theoretical perspectives, and perceived as appealing to different mechanisms or psychological operations, which allows that different systems had been developed, systems that conceptualize Rorschach more as a perceptualcognitive task or more as a stimulus for fantasy, an associative task (Erdberg and Exner, 1984). This is a continuum in which the different systems lie somewhere; they are never in the extremes of this continuum. According to the perspective that sees Rorschach as a perceptual task, to respond to the test involves mainly structuring and organizing unstructured and ambiguous stimuli, and provides information on how individuals would behave in identical real situations, where the same structural and organizational operations would be required. For example, individuals who perceptually separate the inkblots into parts and then combine or relate them will proceed similarly in everyday life situations, in face of other perceptual stimuli. What is important in this perspective are not the words of the response, but its structure, the elements or structural components of the response as the location, cited earlier, the determinants, etc. The goal is the prediction of behavior. The responses are samples of behavior. The task of responding to the Rorschach is a problem solving prototypical situation, in which is involved attention, perception and memory. The other extreme perspective argues that to respond to the Rorschach implies that the It might be what I am

individual projects on the stimuli (inkblots) material concerning his or her internal states, and that the responses reveal the symbolic aspects of the internal dynamics. The interest is in the words and symbols, and the verbalizations are used to explain why people tend to behave in particular ways. This perspective sees the Rorschach as a projective task involving mainly association and symbolization. The interest is in the motivations, concerns, needs and fantasies of the individual. The focus is on the response content and the sequence of responses on each card, etc. Let us now see why the Rorschach may be important in practical contexts, including clinical ones, presenting a few notes on the clinical status of the Rorschach (Weiner, 1997). The status of a clinical assessment instrument is mainly determined by the goals (purposes) that are expected it can achieve in practice, so, it has to do with what users of the Rorschach can do with the data it provides. It can be said there are four major tasks that may be clinically relevant and be attributable to an assessment instrument: personality description, differential diagnosis, treatment planning and prediction of behavior. Regarding the description of the personality, we can obtain data on the structure and also on the dynamics of personality. Regarding differential diagnosis, the Rorschach is useful only to the extent that the different psychopathological conditions are isolated from the viewpoint of personality characteristics that are specific to them and then, some Rorschach variables can be used to identify the presence of those characteristics and therefore identify a given condition and differentiate it from others. As concerning treatment planning, it has been demonstrated the Rorschach ability in this area. Finally with regard to behavior prediction, the Rorschach is not and does not pretend to be, by nature, a predictive tool, but it provides some information which may be helpful to predict certain aspects of future behavior. It depends on what you want to predict. The Rorschach data formulated in terms of personality traits may contribute to a conservative estimate of potential behaviors. For example, it is thought that people whose responses to the Rorschach identify a marked anger and resentment, low impulse control, an extratensive coping style, a dislike for passivity and dependence, and a reduced self-critical ability, will be in greater risk than most people to have aggressive behavior toward others. The Rorschach Comprehensive System: Let us now consider a Rorschach system - the Rorschach Comprehensive System (RCS – Exner, 2003, 2005) in particular and present some practical aspects relating to the administration, coding and. interpretation. This system was created by Exner in the 70s and has suffered several upgrades. It combines a content based interpretation, typical of systems such as the French school system, with a strong structural component analysis. The system is called comprehensive because it retains the more consistent and empirically defensible aspects, according to reliability and validity criteria, of the five American systems and the research they have performed, and had also been build based on the thousands of published studies about Rorschach (see Silva, 1986, 1987, 1994). Regarding the administration procedure, the examiner would be just recording verbatim the responses and avoid creating response trends. The seating is made side by side, and never face to face, to “reduce the influence… of non-verbal signals or clues that inadvertently the examiner produces” (Silva, 1994, p. 505). The administration has two phases. The first is Campos

the response phase. At this stage the examiner gives the cards, one by one, to the examinee and the initial instruction is: “What might that be?”. During the administration procedure all disruption should be avoided to the maximum. The ideal situation is to be in silence. After the response phase, comes the inquiry. The inquiry must clarify three fundamental questions: “Where did the person see?” and “What were the features of the inkblot that made the examinee to see the percept?”. Where and how, are the most important questions? What the person saw is the third question, which will be answered, in the majority of the situations, more easily and with no questions. No more information is needed; we just need to clarify the answers given during the response phase. After the inquiry, comes coding the responses. Exner talks about coding, not about scoring, because it involves the allocation of symbols, the response translation into symbols, and not the assignment of numbers or scores. The coding consists of several segments: location, developmental quality, determinants, form quality, content(s), popular content, organizational activity and special scores, critical and noncritical. Not all segments are presented in all responses. However, location, developmental quality, determinant (s) and content (s) are required for all responses. The location is always coded with the developmental quality, which denotes the cognitive elaboration of the response. For example, when the examinee views two or more objects and at least one of them with a specific form demand in a significant relationship the code + is assigned. If the response contains only one object or more than one object without being in a relationship with a specific form demand, it is coded with o. Determinants, on the other hand, are features of the inkblot that determine the response, such as color, the attribution of movement, reflection based on the symmetry, shape, shading, etc. It includes the pair when the examinee sees two identical items using the symmetry of the inkblot. The form quality has to do with the fitness of the percept to the inkblot. In this case, normative data are essential to code this element. For example, in a form quality point of view, it is more appropriate to see a bird on card I (in the whole inkblot) than a stomach. Some of content categories in the RCS are H - whole human, (H), fictional or mythological whole human, Bl - blood, A - whole animal; Hd - human detail; Bt - botanic, An - anatomy, Sc - science; Ex - Explosion, Id - ideographic content – when a percept does not fit in any of the standard content categories. The organizational activity refers to the effort or energy expended in the process of perceptual organization when giving the response. This is the only element of coding which is scored with numeric values presented in the system workbook. Everyone realizes that it is different and more difficult to say, for example, “two dogs fighting,” because it is necessary to establish a significant relationship between different parts of the inkblot than just “an inkblot,” because an inkblot can has any form, or even a “dog”, because no relationship between parts of the inkblot is established. Likewise, it is more difficult to organize the inkblot as a whole than to give a response in an ‘obvious’ detail area. Also, it is more difficult to give a whole response to card X for example, than to card I, which is less dispersed. In some responses one can still code a popular content, which are responses that were given It might be what I am

by at least one third of the individuals of the normative sample. There are 13 popular responses in the RCS, distributed by the various cards. When the proportion of popular responses in a protocol is much higher than the mean, this strongly suggests a very conventional individual. Its locations and the specific contents are described in the workbook. A final element which can be coded in some responses is the special scores that sign the presence of rare and special features of the responses. Take the example of two responses and their coding: Card II: Response: “Two Dogs” Inquiry E- R.r. S-”Here are two dogs, their heads and legs. They are fighting and have blood in the body. They are red in here, injured.” Coding: D+ FMa.CFo (2) A,Bl P 3.0 AG,MOR Card IX: Response: “A flower arrangement” Inquiry E-Rr, S-”Here in the whole, it is beautiful, has many colors, green, orange, and has some of its form” Coding: Wo CFo Bt 5.5 People do not always give spontaneously in the inquiry all the information needed to code the response, as presented in the examples, so it is often necessary to question. There are rules for questioning which are mentioned in the workbook. After coding the protocol, we must obtain the structural summary. The structural summary was created to facilitate the summarization of the protocol data before the interpretation. The main page contains frequency values of the different codes assigned to the responses, such as the frequency of human contents in the protocol, for example, and a series of indexes derived from the frequency of codes, for example, the percentage of responses coded with a poor form. Finally, comes the interpretation, which “requires instruction, practice and experience, and more specifically, knowledge of personality theories, expertise and knowledge of psychopathology and of the test itself” (Silva, 1987). It requires a well administered and coded test. The interpretation is global and holistic, taking into account all the protocol data. Besides the analysis of structural data (the structural summary), the analysis of the response content and their possible symbolic implications is considered in a second phase of the process. Cassell and Dubey(2003) have given detailed interpretation of symbolic and content interpretation of Rorschach and Somatic Inkblot Images with detailed case presentation published in every issue of SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health(1994-2010, www. somaticinkblots.com). Campos

Using Rorschach in the analysis of two clinical cases: Two clinical cases are presented to show how the Rorschach ‘can be a microscope’ that allows us to look directly at mental functioning if used properly, and how the content analysis of responses can be extremely important, as a complement to structural analysis. Case 1: Mr. F. comes for assessment by recommendation of a neurologist. He is 13 years old boy, with a funny and intelligent expression, smiling and looking at me straight. He looks younger like a child, skinny, little and affectionate. He collaborates in the assessment, responds to all the requested tasks smoothly and quietly. The aim of the assessment was to clarify whether this teen would benefit from special education. His school performance is mediocre, although his intellectual level tends to be higher than average. He is in 6th grade for the third time. The Portuguese and Math are the disciplines in which he has more difficulties. He does not like school. He complains about concentration and memory and also of frequent headaches in the past months. He is afraid of not being able to learn, in his own words “to be stupid.” His past history does not point out any significant psychopathology. He has been a sociable and happy child. Several cognitive and personality tests were administered. Noteworthy, there are no major cognitive problems. The school difficulties seem clearly the result of emotional dysfunction. It is an excellent example of how such as learning difficulties often have their causes in something that has nothing to do with lack of cognitive strategies. It appears obvious that this adolescent is experiencing a developmental crisis. The fear and simultaneously the desire to grow up; he is in ‘nobody’s land’, between taking a new developmental step, the adolescence phase, or ‘return’ to childhood, to take a ‘refuge in the nest of dependency’. Quoting Fleming (1997), on one hand the behavior of autonomy is widely desired by the teen, but it is also both a source of anxiety and insecurity. Let’s see a response he has given on Rorschach card IX “A tree”. In the inquiry, he said: “Here is the trunk, green leaves and the dried leaves [dried?]. Ye, they are like dried, are falling, and others are germinating under them”. Symbolically, also in himself dried leaves are starting to fall, the body is starting to change, but he is very afraid of the green leaves that are there, now, the adolescence changes, the new, the unknown, although he is expectant. This response shows perfectly the problematic issue of this young boy. These concerns, this ambivalence, the fear and simultaneously the desire to grow up makes him impossible to concentrate, gives him headaches, do not let him to be in school. It is this psychological paradox that ‘haunts him’. Case 2: Let’s see another example of how the response content can be extremely important. Ms. M. J. comes to psychological assessment by request of her psychiatrist, who is concerned with the possibility that a psychotic process is beginning. She is 22 years old. She had already been assessed by a psychologist some time ago, but she could not specify how long. The interview reveals strong defense mechanisms of denial and projection, in which guilt is projected outside her, on other persons, and reveals also a speech marked by suspicion, It might be what I am

sensitivity, paranoid traits, yet rational. No evident bizarre behaviors were reported, at least, initially. The ‘accusations’ are ‘logical’ and plausible. Toward the end of the interview more marked disturbances of thought and references to bizarre behavior become apparent. A delusion less systematically organized appears after 1h and 20 minutes of interview. She assigns her “bad luck” to witchcraft and “evil” that a woman, in her building, did to her parents and eventually felled on her. She reveals then some psychological distress and suffering - feels a lack of self-esteem, feels sad and resigned. The guilt, her anger and hostility are projected, so she is not aware of them, despite we can understand her anger towards the consecutive failures in her life, difficulties in personal relationships and remoteness and detachment that ultimately provokes on others. She has also serious doubts about her identity, about her role as a woman and a marked dependency. She lives almost exclusively in accordance with her mother’s guidelines and is unable to have a more or less independent life. ‘She lives with her mother and for her mother’. She took the Rorschach with great difficulties, ‘entered’ relatively poor on the task, hesitates, looks uncomfortable and suspicious, and gives two responses to the first card, though much significant from the standpoint of the content. The first response is “The other time I also did this exam, this test, what this reminds me of? I cannot say anything (long pause) nothing comes to my mind [?] Maybe a little old lady, sticked to another one, and two ... two what? They want to take them. This is their hands, their feet, the body, and an old woman and someone which wants to take them, but who? Two ghosts, two… I do not know, want to take them, ye (pause)”. In the inquiry she says: “Or maybe they want to separate them from one another, making an operation [? Where] here, these two, one on one side and another on the other side, the head with a kind of scarf, this is the hands, this is the suit of them, and these are someone who wants to make a transformation in their lives, take them to somewhere or to perform an operation (a surgery), they are glued”. The second response: “Those animals like beetles, not beetles, betrechian [it is not a typo], batrachian, I do not know, I do not see anything.” In the inquiry, she says: “May be its skeleton, they have no skeleton, but the way it is here ... here are the arms or the legs, down here is the tip of the tail, and then up here has to do with the eyes or with the mouth (has much difficulty in showing the location). [skeleton]. After that I said it is not, but I do not know if it has a skeleton or not; animal structure”. These two responses speak for themselves. The first, despite being adequate from a perceptive point of view, shows the problematic issue of this woman. It shows clearly a poor and fussy relationship with a bad object but the malignant characteristics of this object are, however, projected, in a paranoid ideation and it also shows doubts relating to her identity. In the second response M. J. manifests a severe cognitive disorganization. The answer has a poor form quality and has two critical special scores. It reveals not only ‘a violation’ of reality, but also an obvious thought disturbance and, from the standpoint of the content, reveals a need to focus on the body structure, on a support structure, which is however flawed, strange, little container, still reveals mark doubts about her identity and the danger of fragmentation and psychotic disorganization. Some epistemological notes: I add now some epistemological notes that I had already the opportunity to draw on a previous Campos

paper (Campos, 2004). What happens or should happen in psychological assessment is a movement toward the other, the subject, and a more or less immediate return, a cyclical movement, an empathic movement, just close enough to the person, but a dynamic attitude, attuned by an affection and trust tone, in which the psychologist mirrors the image of the other, mirroring that allows at the same time the projection of that same image, which in turn will be the object of the clinician’s intuition for the above mentioned empathic movement, and at the same time reflexive movement, in a closed loop, but not static, and therefore, in reality, only half-closed. Clinician and patient in a dialectic movement in which the absence of an excessive need of the psychologist to understand (which it is legitimate), will enable the patient to reveal himself or herself, in his or her psychological depth, so he or she can be understood, contained; because only then the assessment process makes sense, as a primer process or sub-process of another, more global process, which is the psychological treatment; addressing and helping to modify the subject problems, his or her psychological distress. ‘Him / her, the patient, me, the psychologist, us; now me, now you…‘. It is like that, we think the assessment process should be; at a close enough distance. And it is precisely this attitude that I think is compatible with the use of projective techniques and the Rorschach. It is this attitude which allows that the instruction of the Rorschach “What might that be” can be, in fact, responded by the subject of the assessment in a maximum likelihood, giving meaning to the title of this presentation: “It might be what I am…” Conclusion: Projective techniques are powerful tools in the psychological assessment process, specifically in personality assessment. They are sensitive to unconscious or latent aspects of personality and permit the subject a multiplicity of responses. The responses can be analyzed in a multidimensionality perspective, the subject’s is not aware of the purpose of the test and there is a profusion and richness of the response data they elicit. The richness of psychological data that can be obtained by means of a projective method enables a holistic analysis of personality. Despite their wide implementation in some ‘schools’ of psychological assessment, projective methods were and still are, much criticized. But projective techniques cannot be considered tests in a strict psychometric sense. They are methods, rather than tests, allowing an exploration of various aspects of personality. Rorschach is one of the more regarded personality assessment instrument and also one of the most widely used projective techniques. There are several Rorschach systems and the method can be conceptualized according to different theoretical perspectives, and perceived as appealing to different mechanisms or psychological operations, more as a perceptual-cognitive task or more as a stimulus for fantasy, an associative task. With the administration of the Rorschach we can collect structural, thematic and behavioral data, which can be interpreted using different theoretical perspectives. The clinical status of the Rorschach has been largely demonstrated. One of the most popular Rorschach systems is the Exner’s Rorschach Comprehensive System. According to Exner, the interpretation is global and holistic, taking into account all the protocol data. Besides the analysis of structural data (which is very important in this system, the interpretation of structural summary variables), the analysis of the response content and their possible symbolic implications is considered in a second phase of the process. Content analysis in a powerful tool It might be what I am

to look directly at the mental functioning and the content analysis can be extremely important, as a complement to structural analysis. If used properly Rorschach method allows a deep and meaningful assessment of the person. References: Cates, J. A. (1999). The art of assessment in psychology: Ethics, expertise, and validity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 631-6441 Cassell,W.A.and Dubey, B.L.(2003) Interpreting Inner World through Somatic Imagery. SIS Center, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 Exner Jr, J. E. (1986). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System; Basic Foundations (Vol 1, 2ª ed). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Exner, J. E., Jr. (2003). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System (Vol 1): Basic foundations and principles of interpretation (4rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons Exner, J. E., Jr. (2005). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System (Vol 2): Advanced interpretation (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons Erdberg, P. and Exner, J. (1984). Rorschach Assessment. In G. Goldstein & M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of Psychological Assessment (pp. 332-347). New York: Pergamon Press. Fernandes, I. B. (1994a). Rorschach e psicopatologia. Análise Psicológica, 12(4), 463-468. Fernandes, I. (1994b). O conceito de projecção e as técnicas projectivas: A sua tradução no Rorschach e no TAT. Análise Psicológica, 12(4), 441-445. Lindzey, G. (1961). Projective techniques and cross-cultural research. New York: Apleton- Century Crofts Marques, M. E. (1994). Do desejo de saber ao saber do desejo: Contributos para a caracterização da situação projectiva. Análise Psicológica, 12(4), 431-439 Silva, D. R. (1986a). Reflexões sobre algumas características das técnicas projectivas. Jornal de Psicologia, 5 (3), 20-22 Silva, D. R. (1986b). Exner e a reposição do teste de Rorschach. Revista Portuguesa de Pedagogia, 20, 135-168. Silva, D. R. (1987). O Sistema Integrativo do Rorschach (SIR) de John E. Exner, Jr. Revista Portuguesa de Psicologia, 23, 189-238. Silva, D. R. (1994). Metodologia de investigação e novos avanços no Sistema Integrativo do Rorschach (S.I.R.). Análise Psicológica, 4(12), 493-510. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health (1994-2010) Website: www. somaticinkblots.com Weiner. I. B. (1997). Current status of the Rorschach Inkblot Method. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(1): 5-19. Campos

Poly-trauma Survivors: Assessment using Rating Scales and SIS - II Suprakash Chaudhury, P.S. Murthy, Amitav Banerjee, Dolly Kumari, Sarika Alreja Soldiers with poly-trauma are reported to suffer serious psychological disorders. However, little is known about psychological distress associated with poly-trauma in Indian security force personnel. The present study aimed to assess psychological distress associated with poly-trauma in Indian security force personnel. The study included 100 consecutive polytrauma patients and 100 normal subjects. All the subjects were screened using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), Carroll Rating Scale for Depression (CRSD), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Impact of Events Scale (IES), Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI), Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ), The Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) and the SIS- II. As compared to normal subjects the poly-trauma patients obtained significantly higher scores on the GHQ, CRSD, IES and MFI but not on the MAST, STAI, and SWLS. Poly-trauma patients had a significantly higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders (34), depression (41%) and alcohol problems (24%). The results indicate that psychological intervention would greatly facilitate the management of these patients. As early as 1919, medical professionals started tracking a psychological condition among combat veterans of World War I known as “shell shock.” Veterans were suffering from symptoms such as fatigue and anxiety, but science could offer little in the way of effective treatment. Although there remains much more to learn, our understanding of war’s invisible wounds has dramatically improved. In this era of modern warfare, Security force personnel are sustaining new and complex injuries - the majority of which are blastrelated. In combat, sources of blast injury include improvised explosive devices (IEDs), artillery, rocket and mortar shells, mines, booby traps, aerial bombs and rocket propelled grenades. Poly-trauma is a term coined as part of the traumatic injuries inflicted upon soldiers. Simply defined as a condition in which the soldier exhibits serious and multiple physical and psychological injuries. From burns to amputations, from cuts, breaks and disease to psychological implications ranging from depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and even hypervigilence. For these soldiers, the diagnosis of poly-trauma is often made. Given the possible effects of explosions on the human body, it is not surprising that blast injuries are often “poly-traumatic.” Injured body systems and structures include auditory/vestibular, eye, orbit, face, respiratory, digestive, circulatory, central nervous system, renal/urinary tract, extremity, soft tissue, mental health, and pain. Particularly common is Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). It has been estimated that over Dr. (Col) Suprakash Chaudhury, MD, Ph.D., Prof & Head, Dept of Psychiatry, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi, Dr (Lt Col) PS Murthy, MD, Consultant Psychiatrist, Bangalore, Dr. (Col) Amitav Banerjee, M.D., Professor of Community Medicine, P.D.Y. Patil Medical College, Pune, Dolly Kumari and Sarika Alreja, Research Scholars, Clinical Psych., Ranchi Institute of Neuropsychiatry & Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Kanke, Ranchi-834 006, (Correspondence: Dr. Suprakash Chaudhury E-mail: suprakashch@gmail.com) Key Words : SIS in Polytrauma Patients, Polytrauma Patients, Psychological Morbidity, Alcohol Dependence.

60% of blast-injuries result in TBI and TBI has been labeled the “signature injury” in the Global War on Terror. In some ways, the high incidence of poly-trauma is in fact a sign of medical advancement, for in previous wars, soldiers with such multiple damage types simply did not survive in most cases, even if quickly transferred into hospital care. The downside is however that many of the victims, though surviving, will never fully regain their physical or mental form. They are also prone to psychological complications. In view of the above the US Department of Veterans affairs Poly-trauma / Blast Related Injuries quality enhancement research initiative aims to promote the successful rehabilitation, psychological adjustment and community re-integration of individuals who have sustained poly-trauma and blast-related injuries. It has both clinical and implementation science goals. Its highest priority clinical goals are to ensure that blast-exposed veterans receive screenings and evaluation for high frequency “invisible” problems, including TBI, PTSD and other psychiatric problems, pain, and sensory loss (vestibular, hearing, visual impairments) (Brenner et al, 2009; Baranyi et al, 2010; Hicks et al, 2010; Keel and Trentz, 2005; Lew et al, 2010) . According to a landmark 2008 RAND study, nearly 20 percent of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans screen positive for PTSD or depression (Tanielian and Jaycox, 2008). A major challenge to treating troops and veterans with TBI and/or PTSD is the fact that these two conditions are hard to distinguish. PTSD is strongly associated with a wide array of physical health problems, (Boscarino,2004; Hoge et al, 2007) and a study has suggested that infantry soldiers’ lasting symptoms like fatigue and even dizziness “could be attributed largely to PTSD and depression, rather than brain injuries themselves.” (Hoge et al, 2008). As a result, it is often unclear if a service member is suffering primarily from biological damage to the brain or a psychological injury. Another effect of troops’ mental health injuries has been an increase in drug and alcohol abuse (Jacobson et al., 2008). Rates of marital stress and suicide are all increasing. PTSD, TBI and major depression are treatable conditions, particularly when the symptoms are recognized early. Unfortunately, many troops and veterans have not been screened for neurological and psychological injuries and do not have access to high-quality health care. According to RAND, about 57 percent of those reporting a probable TBI had not been evaluated for a brain injury, only about half of troops screening positive for PTSD or major depression had sought help, and  trauma patients leads to much unalleviated and avoidable suffering to the patient. In addition, maladaptive behavior due to anxiety, depression, acute and chronic brain syndromes, psychoses and substance abuse may modify the clinical presentation and complicate the management of the underlying medical or surgical condition. Regarding the psychological effects of accidents, a follow-up study of 188 consecutive road accident victims with multiple injuries found that nearly one-fifth experienced an acute stress syndrome, characterized by mood disturbance and horrific memories of the accident. Disabling phobic travel anxiety was present in 14% of road accident victims, with posttraumatic stress disorder manifesting in 11%. Moreover, evidence of psychological squeal was present even among those with relatively minor injury (Mayou et al, 1993). Similarly assessment of 363 consecutive admissions to a trauma service (excluding TBI) revealed that over 20% of the group met the criteria for at least one psychiatric diagnosis 12 months after their injury. Comorbidity was common, with the most frequent being PTSD with major depressive disorder (O’Donnell et al, 2004). The injuries has not only increased psychiatric Chaudhury, Murthy, Banerjee, Kumari and Alreja

disability but, also increased in psychological distress (Li et al, 2001). Though the psychological distress consequent to poly-trauma is expected, it has not been systematically studied in Indian security forces engaged in LIC operations. As is well known the Indian Security forces have been almost continuously engaged in LIC operations for the past six decades. The complexity and sophistication of tactics and weaponry of the enemy has kept pace with global trends and blast injuries are occurring on a daily basis. In fact only one Indian study assessed PTSD in poly-trauma patients while a few studies have focused on psychological distress following severe limb injuries (Dubey et al, 1977; Chaudhury et al, 1998; Chaudhury et al, 2009). Saldhana et al (1996) reported that 24.3% of 601 poly-trauma patients from LIC had PTSD. Despite the evidence from clinical case series for the existence of post-traumatic psychological syndromes in polytrauma victims, the lack of a comparison group in this study raises the possibility that at least some of the effects may be etiologically unrelated to the injury. It is obvious that the identification and treatment of the psychological distress in these patients may not only improve the ease of treatment but also the speed and completeness of the patient’s recovery and help in their rehabilitation. The paucity of Indian work in this field prompted to undertake the present investigation. Material and Method: The study was conducted at the Orthopedic and Surgical Center of a Tertiary Care Hospital during the period Jan 1999 to Mar 2000 on consecutively admitted male patients with poly-trauma. Poly-trauma was defined as two or more injuries to physical regions or organ systems, one of which may be life threatening. Equal number of age and sex matched normal subjects without any known medical or psychiatric disorders formed the control group, and underwent all the evaluations along with patients. All the subjects were included in the study after obtaining informed consent. Socio-demographic data along with the details of the injury were recorded on a specially designed proforma. During the sixth week of hospitalization, after the initial surgical treatment had been completed the patients were individually administered the following rating scales and psychological tests: 1. General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) (Goldberg, 1972). 2. Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) (Gibbs, 1983). 3. Carroll Rating Scale for Depression (CRSD) (Carroll et al, 1981). 4. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) (Spielberger et al, 1983). 5. Impact of Events Scale (IES) (Horowitz et al, 1979). 6. Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) (Smets et al, 1995). 7. Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) (Pavot et al, 1991) 8. Somatic Inkblot Series II (SIS II) (Cassell and Dubey, 2003). The Sample characteristics are shown in Table 1. Poly-trauma Survivors

Table 1 Characteristics of Poly-trauma Patients (n=100) and Control Subjects (n=100) Characteristics Poly-trauma patients Control subjects Significance Age (in years) Mean 31.9 30.98 0.573 NS S.D. 6.92 6.33 Range 20-46 20- 44 Service (in years) Mean 12.77 11.72 0.428 NS S.D. 6.59 6.07 Education (in Yrs) Mean 9.73 9.64 0.772 NS S.D. 2.17 2.02 The psychological tests and rating scales were scored as per their scoring manuals and results were tabulated. Statistical comparisons were performed using the students ‘t’ test, Chi square est (with Yates correction) and Mann-Whitney U test Results: Demographic characteristics of the poly-trauma patients and control subjects are given in Table 1. No difference was found between the groups on any of the demographic characteristics. All the subjects were engaged in low intensity conflict operations or a brief war. The commonest cause of injury was blast injury, missile or bullet injury. The other cause of injury was road traffic accidents. Analysis of the scores on the psychological tests (Table 2 and 3) revealed that poly-trauma patients obtained significantly higher scores on GHQ, CRSD, IES and MFI. In addition, using the cut off criteria of the scales significantly higher numbers of poly-trauma patients were identified as cases as compared to controls on the GHQ, MAST and CRSD but not IES. On the MFI the poly-trauma patients obtained significantly higher scores as compared to the normal controls on all the subscales. Table 4 represents comparison of response pattern of poly trauma patients and normal control subjects on SIS-II. Discussion: The present study was conducted on a special group of subjects viz. the security force personnel in counter-insurgency area. Hence the results should be interpreted with caution. However, as seen below, some of the results are in agreement with studies conducted in civil hospitals and therefore the results of the present study can be depression with alcohol, it is also well known that alcohol can cause or aggravate depression. Though the IES scores of the poly-trauma patients was significantly more than controls, the IES identified PTSD in 14 Chaudhury, Murthy, Banerjee, Kumari and Alreja

poly-trauma patients and 6 control subjects (difference was not statistically significant). This finding is not in agreement with western studies which have highlighted the high prevalence of PTSD in soldiers returning from combat (Hoge et al, 2007; Hoge et al, 2008). However, this finding is in agreement with earlier Indian studies and also with our clinical experience during service in various Indian LIC areas (Chaudhury et al, 2005, 2006, 2009). Table 2 Scores on General health Questionnaire, Carroll Rating Scale for Depression, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, State Trait Anxiety Inventory and Satisfaction with life scale Tests Poly-trauma Control Significance Level Patients(n=100) Subjects(n=100) General health Questionnaire Mean 2.62 1.37 0.000 S SD 2.29 1.63 >2 <0.01 Carroll Rating Scale for Depression Mean 10.88 6.50 0.000 S SD 5.68 3.33 >10 <0.01 Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test Mean 4.07 2.49 0.132 NS SD 5.20 3.09 >5 <0.01 State Anxiety Score: Mean 37.31 35.39 0.248 NS SD 9.26 7.80 Trait Anxiety Score Mean 35.43 33.71 0.198 NS SD 8.33 6.81 Satisfaction with life scale Mean 23.06 22.49 0.522 NS S.D. 7.36 7.62 S = Significant, NS = Not Significant Poly-trauma survivors

Table 3 Score on Impact of Events Scale (IES) and Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) Tests Score Poly-trauma Control Significance Level Patients(n=100) Subjects(n=100) IES: Intrusive Mean 5.27 2.68 0.001 S SD 6.13 4.09 Avoidance Mean 11.20 8.70 0.003 S SD 6.48 7.36 Total Mean 16.47 11.38 0.000 S SD 10.38 9.02 Interpretation of 0 - 8 Subclinical range Total IES score 9 – 25 Mild range 26 – 43 Moderate range 44 +Severe range >26 <0.06 NS MFI General fatigue Mean 10.35 7.52 SD 3.51 3.08 Physical Mean 11.03 6.91 0.000 S SD 4.06 3.36 Reduced Activity Mean 11.00 8.76 0.000 S SD 4.02 2.82 Reduced Motivation Mean 9.02 7.11 0.000 S SD 3.00 2.40 Mental fatigue Mean 8.84 6.79 0.000 S S.D. 3.62 3.13 S = Significant NS = Not Significant Chaudhury, Murthy, Banerjee, Kumari and Alreja

Table 4 SIS-II Indices of Poly-trauma Patients (n=100) and Control Subjects (n=100) SIS II indices Poly-trauma patients Normal controls P Value Total Number of responses 61.9 63.2 NS Human response 15.7 24.6 <0.05 Animal response 9.6 8.3 NS Anatomical response 14.1 9.3 <0.05 Sex response 1.6 5.7 <0.05 Movement response 3.1 4.4 NS Most typical response 8.3 14.7 <0.05 Typical response 17.6 26.8 <0.05 Atypical response 40.9 11.1 <0.05 Rejection response 1.1 0.9 NS PA scale 1.7 1.2 NS Depression scale 3.2 1.1 <0.5 Hostile & Aggression scale 1.9 1.3 NS Paranoid scale 0.7 0.2 NS NS = Not Significant

The analysis of the SIS-II profiles (Table 4) indicates that the poly-trauma patients showed lowered productivity as compared to the normal controls but the difference was not statistically significant. The two groups were also found to be similar on animal responses and movement responses which imply that poly-trauma does not restrict their imagination and fantasy and does not cause any stereotypical thinking. Obtained findings reveal that poly-trauma patients have significantly less human responses (M= 15.7) than normal control group (M= 24.6) which suggests disturbed interpersonal relationship. But when corroborated with the animal responses, it shows that this reduction in interpersonal interaction may be a transitory condition caused by their temporary physical disability. Anatomical responses given by patients with poly-trauma (M= 14.1) was significantly more as compared with normal control subjects (M= 9.3) which suggest poor self image and preoccupation with internal body organs in patients with polytrauma. Findings reveal significantly low sex responses in poly-trauma patients (M= 1.6) as compared to normal controls (M= 5.7) may suggest sexual anxiety or conflict in their sexual life. The Most Typical responses (MT) were significantly low in poly-trauma patients (M= 8.3) as compared to normal subjects (M= 14.7) which indicate poor ego strength, illogical thinking and Poly-trauma survivors

inability to keep up with the demands of society in poly-trauma patients. Result also indicate that poly-trauma patients have significantly low Typical responses (M= 17.6) in comparison of normal controls (M = 26.8) indicate their poor physical health. Atypical responses are significantly high in the poly-trauma patients indicating their low social conformity and deviant thought process and emotions from that of the normal subjects. Both the group rejected only a few images indicating no serious psychiatric disturbance in both the groups. On Pathological scale both the groups scored low number of responses on Hostility and Aggression Scale (HAS), Pathological Anatomical Scale (PAS) and Paranoia (P). However, patients with polytrauma scored significantly high number of responses on Depression (M= 3.2) than normal controls (M= 1.1) which is indicative of dysphoric emotion in poly trauma patients which could be due to their poor health. No one comes home from war unchanged. But with early screening and adequate access to psychiatric treatment, the psychological effects of combat are treatable. Troops returning from combat may experience a wide range of psychological responses. Many veterans experience some level of sleeplessness, anxiety, irritability, intrusive memories, or feelings of isolation; the severity of these symptoms varies widely between individuals, and a single veteran’s symptoms usually fluctuate over time. If these symptoms become severe or persistent, they are often diagnosed as either major depression or PTSD. Even though both PTSD and depression are treatable the stigma associated with psychological injuries is the most serious hurdle to getting Iraq and Afghanistan veterans the mental health care they need (Hoge et al, 2004). About 50 percent of soldiers and Marines in Iraq who test positive for a psychological problem are concerned that they will be seen as weak by their fellow service members, and almost one in three of these troops worry about the effect of a mental health diagnosis on their career (MHAT, 2006). Military culture plays a significant role in this stigma; 21 percent of soldiers screening positive for a mental health problem said they avoided treatment because “my leaders discourage the use of mental health services.” Because of these fears, those mostly in need of counseling will rarely seek it out (MHAT, 2008). In addition the soldier also fears that a history of psychiatric treatment may impede career advancement within the military. Depression and post traumatic symptoms not only cause emotional suffering, but also may lead to pessimism, negativism or even self-punishing behavior, which could jeopardize treatment. The maladaptive behavior may alienate the patient from the caregivers leading to serious management problems and complicating recovery. The psychiatric assistance was found to facilitate the treatment processes and recovery of poly-trauma patients. Conclusion: The psychological distress associated with poly-trauma in Indian security force personnel was assessed in the study. One hundred (n=100) consecutive patients with poly-trauma and 100 normal subjects were screened using General Health Questionnaire, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, Carroll Rating for Depression, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Impact of Events Scale, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, Perceived Stress Questionnaire, Satisfaction with life scale and the SIS-II. The poly-trauma patients obtained significantly higher scores on the GHQ, CRSD, IES and MFI and had a significantly higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders (34), depression (41%) and alcohol problems (24%). Chaudhury, Murthy, Banerjee, Kumari and Alreja

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Saldhana D, Goel DS, Kapoor S, Garg A, Kochhar HK (1996). Post traumatic stress disorder in poly-trauma cases. Medical Journal Armed Forces India; 49: 7-10. Seal, K.H., Metzler, T. J., Gima, K.S, Bertenthal, D., Maguen, S. and Marmar, C.R.(2009). Trends and Risk Factors for Mental Health Diagnoses Among Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Using Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care, 2002–2008. American Journal of Public Health 99: 1651-1658 Speilberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene R, Vogg PR, Jacobs GA. (1983). State Trait Anxiety Inventory. California: Consulting Psychological Press. Tanielian, T. and Jaycox, L.H. (2008). “Invisible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive Injuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery,” New York: Rand Corporation. Poly-trauma survivors A case study is reported in every issue of the Journal. The readers are requested to send their comments to: Prof. Amool R. Singh, Ph.D., Editor in Chief, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health for publication in next issue of the journal. Also, please send your case study using projective test for publication in next issue of the journal.

Human Figure Drawings of Normal Indian Adults Nawab Akhtar Khan, Amrita Kanchan, Masroor Jahan & Amool R. Singh Projective analytic theory is based on the assumption that deep and often unconscious feelings and motives may be accessed through various means of self expression. The drawing of human figure was seen by Machover as an ideal vehicle for self expression. Various studies reveal the indicators suggestive of various clinical groups, but there is scarcity of studies revealing the profile of normal Indian people. The present study was conducted to prepare a profile of normal Indian people on Human Figure Drawing Test. After screening through GHQ-5, 250 normal participants in the age group of 20 to 40 years with minimum education of 10 years were selected from selected districts of three states of India. Participants were instructed to draw a male and a female human figure on a blank piece of paper. The figures were analyzed on the basis of specific features such as line quality, placement of figure, position of hands and legs, quality of hairs, pattern of clothes etc. The results reveal that most of the drawings were placed on the top. It had heavy or reinforced line. Figures were sophisticated. Hairs were appropriately groomed with clear indication of waist. Human figure drawing is the oldest and most widely used psychological testing techniques. Goodenough (1926) was one of the first to use this technique as a non-verbal measure of the intelligence of children and feebleminded adults; although in her original presentation she also offered suggestions for its use in the detection of emotional difficulties or personality characteristics. The latter use of the instrument became especially popular with the advent of projective measures and it is now included in psychological test batteries. The work of Machover (1948), Hammer (1958), Vernier (1952), and Buck (1948) in the projective field is well known to most clinical psychologists. One of the central assumptions of this procedure is that the self report and questionnaire have limited use in assessing personality and unconscious mind. From a psychoanalytic perspective then an indirect approach such as inkblots and projective drawing is more effective instrument. The projective drawings help in viewing the inner world, unconscious defenses and conscious resistance. Thus, Human figure drawing is assumed to be a means of self projection. Initially the interpretation of the test was restricted to intellectual aspect of the person, but researchers have found the test is effective in assessing neurological intactness (Clement et al., 1996, Handler, 1985), visual-motor coordination (Holmes and Stephen, 1984), cognitive development (Abell et al, 1994) and learning disabilities. The popularity of the test is not questionable due to its easy administration and scoring. Though a few researchers have questioned its reliability and validity (Smith and Dumont, 1995; Riethmiller and Handler, 1997), the test is widely used and accepted. The figure drawings may vary from culture to culture, e.g., a person from rural background of Indian culture may draw figures with traditional dresses whereas person from Nawab Akhtar Khan, Clinical Psychologist, District Mental Health Program, Sadar Hospital, Gumla, Amrita Kanchan, Lecturer, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, All India Institute of Speech & Hearing, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Masroor Jahan, Asso. Professor, and Amool R. Singh, Prof & Head, Department of Clinical Psychology, Ranchi Institute of Neuropsychiatry and Allied Sciences, Kanke, Ranchi (India). Corresponding Author: Amrita Kanchan, e-mail: amrita.kanchan@rediffmail.com Key Words: Human Figure Drawing, Normal Indian Adult, Pathological Indicators

urban background may draw figures with western outfits. Most of the earlier studies have highlighted pathological signs or indicators of emotional maladjustment, but there is lack of studies on normal Indian population. The present study is a modest attempt to establish the norm of normal Indian adults. Objective: The present study was conducted to find out the response pattern of normal Indian adult on human figure drawing test that differentiates between the normal response pattern and emotional/ pathological indicators. Material and Methods: Sample: Two hundred and fifty (250) normal individuals falling in the age range of 18 and above, literate and cooperative were taken from three states of India, i.e. Uttar Pradesh (Kanpur district), Jharkhand (Ranchi, Jamshedpur and Gumla districts) and Karnataka (Mysore district). All the three states are culturally diverse in language, food, traditions as well as clothing style. Individuals with any significant physical problem, having a history of seizure/ severe head injury or any other neurological problems, or who had suffered any traumatic event in last 3 months, illiterate and who were uncooperative were excluded from the study. Sample characteristics revealed that most of the participants were falling in the age range of 20-30 years (69.2%) belonging to either sex (male: 56.8% and female: 43.2%), majority being single (74.4%), graduate (75.2%) and belonged to middle socio-economic status (85.2%) of urban background (54.4%). Tools: Socio-demographic & Clinical Data Sheet: A semi-structured proforma developed especially for the study. It consisted of questions covering all areas of socio-demographic details like age, sex, domicile, education, employment, marital status etc., and questions related to co-morbid psychiatric condition, hearing or visual impairment or severe physical illness in the near past. General Health Questionnaire-5: It was originally developed by Goldberg and colleagues and was adopted for Indian population by Shamsunder et al. (1986). GHQ-5 is a short version of the General Health Questionnaire, which consists of 5 items.The short version is less time consuming and better screening instrument. Human Figure Drawing Test: Instructions and scoring procedure of Human Figure Drawing Test (Mitchell et al, 1993) and Draw a Person Test (Machover, 1949) was adopted. The patients were given an A4 size blank sheet and instructed to “Draw a picture of a person”. Once the first drawing was complete, Human Figure Drawings of Normal Indian Adults

the subjects were given another A4 size blank sheet and requested to “Draw a person of the opposite sex”. The drawings of the individuals were analyzed on the basis of 54 dimension classified specifically for the study, namely, size (large, small, average), placement (right, left, top, bottom, center), line quality (light, heavy, reinforced, tremulous, fine quality), sketching, shading, posture –tension (tense, relaxed), posture –arms (arms pressed to the body, hands behind back, arms folded, arms widespread, hands on waist), hands clenched, posture -legs (legs pressed together, relaxed position), posture-profile (front, side, side view of the front posture, back side), profile-body (standing, sitting, moving, standing with support), body built (lean. hefty, athletic, average), body curve (presence/absence), clothes (omitted, decorated, simple, partially clothed, naked, transparency, stereotyped), shoes (omitted, bare feet without clothes, bare feet with clothes, long boots, heeled shoes, without heels), accessories- female figure (earrings, nose pin, round sticker or vermillion on forehead, necklace, bangles, ring, anklet), accessories male-figure (belt, tie), accessories- general (handbag, mobile, spectacles, watch, others), hairs (omitted, disheveled, appropriate), beard (clean shave, moustaches, full grown beard), costume- girl (traditional outfit, western outfit), costume-boy (formals, casuals), waist not indicated, opposite sex drawn first, waist emphasis, large ears, nostrils shown, long feet, pointed feet, eye lashes shown, teeth shown, spiked fingers, petal like fingers, chicken like feet, omission (eyes, pupils, ears, mouth, hairs, eyelashes, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, fingers, trunk, legs, feet), large dominant male drawn, large dominant female drawn, effeminate male drawn by male, masculine female drawn by female, figure age appropriate (less than/ more than/ equal than to the persons’ current age), incomplete figure drawn, blank outlines drawn, primitive appearance, disconnected body parts, childlike figure, developmentally indistinguishable, genitals shown, grossly disproportionate, extreme asymmetry, genderless, stick figure, geometrical figure, thin arms and legs, emotion (smiling, laughing, angry, depressed, tension, misery, blank, euthymic). Results: Table 1 reveals the size, placement and line quality of the drawings of the normal individuals. The results reveal that most of the figures were of small size (4 inches), placed either at the top or at the center and drawn with heavy lines. The table also reveals the position of the figures which were mostly in standing position in front view in a relaxed manner. Light shading was also present in many of the figures. Table 2 highlights the body built, position of arms, legs as well as, the overall appearance of the figures drawn. The results reveal that most of the individuals had drawn figures with average body built with legs and hands posed in relaxed manner. Their outfits were appropriate with both western and traditional style and hairs were well groomed. Table 3 shows the emotions of the figures drawn, omissions of body parts and pathological indicators in the figures. The results reveal that most of the individuals had either drawn figure with euthymic affect or smiling expression, very few had drawn tense affect. Also almost all the figures were intact with little or no omission. Only a few people had omitted hands, legs and feet. Body curves are also not very prominent in the figures and eyelashes are not drawn in most of the figures. It was also found that many individuals had drawn the figure of opposite sex first; this is particularly found in females (79%). Khan, Kanchan, Jahan and Singh

Table 1 Major Drawing Features Related To Position and Posture of the Figure Dwawing Features Frequenc Size Small 58.4% Average 32.4% Large 9.2% Placement Right 2.8% Left 4.8% Top 45.6% Bottom 6% Center 40.8% Line Quality Light 20.8% Heavy 18.8% Reinforced 16.8% Fine quality 40.4% Shading No Shading 64.2% Light Shading 33.2% Heavy Shading 2.6% Tension Tense 44% Relaxed 56% Body Position Standing 95.2% Sitting 2.4% Moving 2.4% Standing 95.2% Sitting 2.4% Profile Front 83.6% Side 10.8% Side View on Front Profile 5.2% Back 0.4%

Human Figure Drawings of Normal Indian Adults

Table 2 Features Related to Position of Major Body Parts and their Appearance Dwawing Features Frequency Body Built Lean 40% Hefty 4% Athletic 8.4% Average 47.6% Arms Pressed to Body 22% Hands Behind Back 6% Arms Folded 10.8% Arms Widespread 8% Hands on Waist 4% Hands Relaxed 41.2% Legs Pressed Together 5.6% Relaxed 79.2% Outfit Simple 52% Decorated 20.8% Partially Clothed 9.6% Naked 9.2% Girl’s Costume Traditional 40% Western 45.6% Boys’s Costume Formal 33.6% Casual 51.2% Shoes High Heeled Shoes 29.2% Simple Shoes 28.8% Bare feet with Clothes 18.4% Hairs Well Groomed 88.4% Beard Clean Shaved 85.6% An important feature found in most of the figures was related to accessories. Almost all the individuals had drawn personal accessories like earrings (31.6%), necklace (19.6%), bangles (25.6%), rings (3.6%), nose pin (5.6%), bindi (round colored sticker on fore head, 40%) and anklet (3.2%) in girls. In male figures belts (36%) and tie (7.2%) was prominent. Some of the individual have even added handbags (6%), mobile (1.2%), watch (5.6%), spectacles (6%). Very limited individuals had drawn sceneries, bicycles, umbrella etc. Discussion: The overall results of the study reveal that normal Indian adult’s had drawn human figures with appropriate posture, profile and body built. Khan, Kanchan, Jahan and Singh

Table 3 Additional Features Found Significant in the Drawing Drawing Features Frequency Emotions Euthymic 35.6% Happy 34% Tense 11.2% Anger 3.6% Age Appropriate Less Than 26.8% Equal Than 57.6% More Than 15.6 Omission Hands 18.4% Legs 14% Feet 18.8% Body Curves 67.6% Hands 18.4% Eye Lashes 84.8% Pathologic Sign Gross Disproportion Extreme Asymmetry Primitive Experience Bizarre Drawing Internal Organ Shown Stick Figure 1.2% Geometrical Figure 2% Disconnected Body Parts 0.4% Developmentally Indistinguishable Genderless 1.6% Childlike 1.2% Thin Arm and Leg 0.4% Blank Outline Opposite Sex Drawn First 59.6% Most of the individuals had drawn figures of 4-5 inches. Generally, figures less the 5 inches (Mitchell et al., 1993) are characterized as small in nature and is not considered to be a healthy indicator and sometimes may be pathological in nature (Hammer, 1965; Urban, 1963), but the results reveal that 4-5 inches figure was mostly drawn by the normal Indian adults; therefore this aspect has to be kept in mind while interpreting the figures drawn by the individuals. With respect to Indian population, figures less than 4 inches should be considered as small in nature. The results also highlight that the normal individuals had also placed the figures either at the Human Figure Drawings of Normal Indian Adults

top of the paper or at the center. Top placement of figure is sign of optimism (Machover, 1949) and high level of aspiration (Buck, 1964; Jolles, 1964; Levy, 1950) but is also recognized as a sign of fantasy (Jolles, 1971; Urban, 1963). The probable reason for the top placement of the figures could be that the sample of the study mainly comprised of individuals between the age group of 20-30 years, who are supposed to have high aspiration level and are more imaginative and creative in nature and at times may have difficulty in attaining goals. Therefore, other interpretations for top placement like aloofness; fantasy etc. should be done carefully and should incorporate the analysis of other features of the drawings. The figures were also drawn with fine quality line with no sketching. It was also observed that in most of the figures individuals had shown light shading particularly on clothes rather than on body parts. The intention behind light shading could be to present the figure in more appreciable and attractive manner. Heavy shading in turn was almost negligible in the figures. Also there was no indication of heavy shading on body parts. The shading is considered to be a sign of anxiety (Handler and Reyher, 1964; Exner, 1962), but the result of the study shows that light shading can also be a way to draw figures in appreciable manner. However, heavy shading carries special significance and may be considered as a sign of anxiety. Therefore, light shading should not be considered as a sign of anxiety especially with Indian population. The figures were drawn mainly in front and standing profile in a relaxed manner. Figures in side view, back view, sitting or moving profile were very rare. Side view of the figures is thus not a feature of healthy drawing. Earlier studies have also revealed that the side view of figures may indicate evasiveness and paranoia (Machover, 1949) and withdrawal/oppositional tendencies (Jolles, 1971). Most of the figures were also of average body built, without concern on sexual characteristics of the figures which suggest their fair body image. Studies suggest that many obese individuals draw large figure than the person with normal weight (Bailey et al., 1970) and similarly subgroup of females with extra concern with their body parts and sexually abused females, have shown more concern on sexual characteristic in their drawings (Chantler et al., 1993; Van Hutton, 1994). Thus, the excessive body built in drawing the figure is considered to be an unhealthy sign. The figures were also characterized by hands and legs placed in relaxed manner. Figures with hand behind back or pressed to the body were negligible. No clenching of fists was observed. The outfits of the figures were appropriate to the norms of the Indian society as the females had well groomed hairs and male’s figures showed mostly clean shaved. The individuals had incorporated both traditional and western outfits for girls and casual outfits for boys. Omission of clothes or shoes was not seen in any figure. Transparencies of clothes were absent and partial omission of clothes was also very limited. Some individuals had drawn quiet decorated clothes and some had drawn simple outfits. The naked figures, partially clothed figures, transparent clothes and omission of shoes are considered as unhealthy indicators and these were not present in these figures. Almost all the individuals had added many personal accessories like bangles, necklace, tie, mobile etc. but the extraneous objects like bicycle, building, sun etc. were very rare. Mit-chell et al. (1993) in their manual has given two categories of objects as extraneous object. The Khan, Kanchan, Jahan and Singh

first category includes non human objects such as car, building etc and the second category includes adornments. Presence of extraneous objects is considered as a sign of obsessive or narcissistic tendencies (Mitchell et al., 1993). The analysis of figures suggests that personal accessories are drawn by almost all the individuals – a healthy signs in Indian population. The results also indicate that none of the pathological sign was found in the index study. Omission of major body parts was not found, but a few individuals had omitted hands, legs and feet. Omission of hands is interpreted as sign of inadequacy (Buck, 1966; Jolles, 1971) and omission of feet and legs is considered as a sign of immobility (Urban, 1963). Since, a very limited number of individuals had omitted these body parts, it may not be regarded as a sign of any major diagnostic feature. The results also indicate that the individuals did not focus on body curves and most have omitted eye lashes in the figures. Omission of eye lashes may not be considered as unhealthy sign. The individuals had also drawn figures which represented their own age and may project their self. An appropriate analysis may lead to both healthy as well as unhealthy signs. The affect/ emotion is also considered while analyzing the figure. The study reveals that smiling affect or euthymic affect is a sign of healthy personality. The results of the study also indicate that most of the individuals had drawn the figure of opposite sex first especially Indian females. Drawing of the opposite sex has been associated with strong emotional attachment to a member of the opposite sex, particularly in Indian family (Machover, 1949). The probable reason for the presence of this feature in Indian females might be because majority of Indian females are more dependent on male both emotionally and financially in comparison to males who mostly run the family financially. Presence of figures without waist or excessive waist is unhealthy indicator. Presence of large ears, nostrils shown, long feet pointed feet, teeth shown, spiked fingers, petal like fingers and chicken like feet is also considered as unhealthy. None of the individuals in index study had drawn figures with large dominant male/large dominant female and therefore, presence of these should be analyzed appropriately. Also, presence of effeminate male drawn by male and masculine female drawn by female may indicate conflicting gender role. An incomplete figure is also an unhealthy indicator. Conclusion: The present study was conducted on 250 normal male and female subjects to prepare the profile of normal Indians on Human Figure Drawing Test. They were in the age group of 20 to 40 years with minimum education of 10th standard. The figures were analyzed on the basis of specific features such as line quality, placement of figure, position of hands and legs, quality of hairs, pattern of clothes etc. The results reveal that most of the drawings were placed on the top. Hairs were appropriately groomed with clear indication of waist. The figures are analyzed for healthy and unhealthy features and discussed in the paper. References: Abell, S.C., Heiberger, A.M. and Johnson, J.E. (1994). Cognitive evaluation of young adult by means of human figure drawings: An empirical investigation of two methods. Journal of clinical psychology, 50, 900-905. Human Figure Drawings of Normal Indian Adults

Bailey, W.J., Shinedling, M.M. and Payne, I.R. (1970). Obese individual’s perception of body image. Perceptual and Motor skills, 31, 617-618. Buck, J.N. (1966). The House Tree Person Technique: Revised Manual; Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Chantler, J.R., Pelco, L. and Martin, P. (1993). The psychological evaluation of sexual abuse using the Lousiville Behaviour Checklist and Human Figure Drawing. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 271-279. Clement, .JP., Marchan, F., Boyon, D., Monti. P., Lbger. J.M. and Derouesne, C. (1996). Studies on Dementia Utilization of the Draw a Person Test in the Elderly. International Psychogeriatrics, 8:3, 349-364. Exner, J.E. (1962). A comparison of the human figure drawings of psychoneurotic, character disturbances, normals, and subjects experiencing experimentally induced fear. Journal of Projective Techniques. 26, 392-397. Goodenough, F. L. Measurement of intelligence by drawings. Yonkers-on-Hudson, World Book Co., 1926. Hammer, E. F. (1958).The clinical application of projective drawings, Springfield, 111: Charles C Thomas, Hammer, E.F. (1965). Acting out and its prediction by projective drawing assessment. In L. Abt & S. Weissman (Eds.). Acting Out. New York: Grune & Stratton. 288-319. Handler, L. (1985) The Clinical Use of the Draw –A-Person Test (DAP); In C.S.Newmark (ED.); Major psychological assessment instruments. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 165-216. Handler, L. (1985). The clinical use of the draw –a-person test (DAP). In C.S.Newmark (ED.), Major psychological assessment instruments Boston: Allyn & Bacon,165-216. Handler, L. & Reyher, J. (1964). The effect of stress on the draw-a-person test. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28, 259-264. Holmes, C.B. and Stephen, C.L. (1984). Consistency of edging on the Bender-Gestalt, Memory for Designs, and Draw-a-Person tests. The Journal of Psychology; 117, 269-271. Jolles, I. (1964). A catalogue for the quantitative interpretation of H-T-P. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Jolles, I. (1971). A catalogue for the quantitative interpretation of H-T-P (Revised). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Kahn, T.C. and Giffin, M.B. (1960). Psychological Techniques in Diagnosis & Evaluation; Permagon press; New York. Kumar, S., Sharma, V.D, Mohanty, S. & Kumar, R. (2004) A comparison of human figure drawing among schizophrenics, manics and control groups. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 11 : 47-51. Levy, S. (1950). Figure Drawing as a projective test. In E. Hammer (Ed.). Springfield, IL: Thomas, 83-112. Levy, S. (1950). The Clinical application of Projective Drawings. In E. Hammer (Ed.). Springfield, IL: Thomas, 135-161. Machover, K. (1949). Personality Projection in the Drawing of the Human Figure: A Method of Personality Investigation. Springfield, IL: Thomas. Khan, Kanchan, Jahan and Singh

Machover, K. and Liebert, R. (1960). Human figure drawing of schizophrenic and normal adult: change following administration of lysergic acid; A.M.A. Archive General Psychiatry; 3; 139-152. Machover, K. (1948) Personality projection in the drawing of the human figure, Springfield, 111.: Charles C Thomas. McElhaney, M. (1969). Clinical Psychological Assessment of the Human Figure Drawing. Springfield, IL: Thomas. McLachlan, J.F.C and Head, V.B. (1974). An impairment rating scale for human figure drawing; Journal of clinical Psychology; 30, 405-407. Mitchell, J.; Trent, R. and McArthur, R. (1993). Human Figure Drawing Test. Western Psychological Services; California. Overall, J.E. & Gorham, D.R. (1962). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological rehabilitation. 10, 799-812. Riethmiller, R.J. and Handler, L. (1997). Problematic Methods and unwarranted conclusions in DAP research: Suggestions for improved Research Procedures. Journal of Personality assessment; 69 (3), 459-475. Rosenthal, M.J., and Beutall, N.J. (1981). Movement and body image: A preliminary study; Perceptual and Motor Skills; 53, 758. Shamsunder, C., Sriram, T.G., Muraliraj, S.G, and Shanmugham, V. (1986). Validity of a short 5-item version of The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 28(3), 217-219. Smith, D., & Dumont F. (1995). A cautionary study: Unwarranted interpretations of the draw- a-person test. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 23, 298-303. Urban, W.H. (1963). The Draw A Person Catalogue For Interpretative Analysis. Los Angeles: Western Psychological services. Van Dyne, W.T. and Carsleadon, T.G. (1978). Relationship among three components of self concept and same-sex and opposite sex human figure drawings; Journal of Clinical Psychology; 34, 537-538. Van Hutton, V. (1994). House Tree person and Draw a person as a measure of abuse in children: A Quantitative scoring System. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Vernier, C. M. (1952) Projective test productions: 1. Projective drawings, New York: Grune & Stratton. William, H. and Frank, S. (1980). Handedness as a determinant of left-right placement in human figure drawings. Journal of personality assessment, 44, 5. Appendix 1 1. Size (Large, Small, Average) 2. Placement (Right, Left, Top, Bottom, Center) 3. Line Quality (Light, Heavy, Reinforced, Tremulous, Fine Quality) Human Figure Drawings of Normal Indian Adults

4. Sketching 5. Shading 6. Posture –Tension (Tense, Relaxed) 7. Posture –Arms (Arms Pressed To The Body, Hands Behind Back, Arms Folded, Arms Widespread, Hands On Waist) 8. Hands Clenched 9. Posture -Legs (Legs Pressed Together, Relaxed Position) 10. Posture-Profile (Front, Side, Side View Of The Front Posture, Back Side) 11. Profile-Body (Standing, Sitting, Moving, Standing With Support) 12. Body Built (Lean. Hefty, Athletic, Average) 13. Body Curve (Presence/Absence) 14. Clothes (Omitted, Decorated, Simple, Partially Clothed, Naked, Transparency, Stereotyped) 15. Shoes (Omitted, Bare Feet Without Clothes, Bare Feet With Clothes, Long Boots, Heeled Shoes, Without Heels) 16. Accessories- Female Figure (Vermillion, Earrings, Nose Pin, round sticher on forehead, Necklace, Bangles, Ring) 17. Accessories Male-Figure (Belt, Tie) 18. Accessories- General (Handbag, Mobile, Spectacles, Watch, others) 19. Hairs (Omitted, Disheveled, Appropriate) 20. Beard (Clean Shave, Moustaches, Full Grown Beard) 21. Costume- Girl (Traditional Outfit, Western Outfit) 22. Costume-Boy (Formals, Casuals) 23. Waist Not Indicated 24. Opposite Sex Drawn First 25. Waist Emphasis 26. Large Ears 27. Nostrils Shown 28. Long Feet 29. Pointed Feet 30. Eye Lashes Shown 31. Teeth Shown 32. Spiked Fingers 33. Petal Like Fingers Khan, Kanchan, Jahan and Singh

34. Chicken Like Feet 35. Omission (Eyes, Pupils, Ears, Mouth, Hairs, Eyelashes, Neck, Shoulders, Arms. Hands, Fingers, Trunk, Legs, Feet) 36. Large Dominant Male Drawn 37. Large Dominant Female Drawn 38. Effeminate Male Drawn By Male 39. Masculine Female Drawn By Female 40. Figure Age Appropriate (Less Than/ More Than/ Equal Than To The Persons current Age) 41. Incomplete Figure Drawn 42. Blank Outlines Drawn 43. Primitive Appearance 44. Disconnected Body Parts 45. Childlike Figure 46. Developmentally Indistinguishable 47. Genitals Shown 48. Grossly Disproportionate 49. Extreme Asymmetry 50. Genderless 51. Stick Figure 52. Geometrical Figure 53. Thin Arms And Legs 54. Emotion (Smiling, Laughing, Angry, Depressed, Tension, Misery, Blank, Euthymic) Human Figure Drawings of Normal Indian Adults

SIS-I Profile of Psychosexual Dysfunction Daniel Saldanha, L. Bhattacharya, Kalpana Srivastava and Bankey L. Dubey SIS-I has been used by a number of researchers on a variety of population. However, it has not been specifically tested on patients with sexual problems i.e. inadequate penile erection for a satisfactory sexual interaction with females and premature ejaculation. 40 normal individuals and 40 cases with psychosexual dysfunction were administered SIS -I. Scoring was done according to the original guidelines in “Body symbolism and the Somatic Ink blot Series” by Wilfred A Cassell (Cassell 1980).Findings of the study are discussed in the paper. Persons with sexual dysfunction are basically shy to disclose their problems to a clinician. Somatic inkblot tests are useful to address not only these issues but can be used effectively during therapy sessions as well. The SIS-I has been used widely by researchers on a variety of populations such as Opiate addicts (Mukhopadhyay et al, 1996) Heroin and Brown Sugar (Mitra and Mukhopadhyay,1996, 2000) Normal, Neurotics and Psychotic patients (Pershad et al 1997),Chronic male Schizophrenics (Kumar et al, 2001), Militants (Saldanha, 2002), Normal adults and Children (Jain et al, 2005, Kumar et al, 2007, Kandhari et al, 2010, 2010a), Mania and Depression (Kumar,2010, Kumar et al, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006), Police Personnel (Dubey and Dubey, 2005), Bipolar Depression (Shyam et al, 2009), Schizophrenia (Mohapatra et al, 2009, 2009a) and various case studies with sexual dysfunctions(Cassell and Dubey,2003). Kumar and Kumar (2009) compared common indices of SIS-I and Rorschach on a group of 50 normal subjects. The scores were converted into percent scores taking total number of responses as denominator and product moment correlations were computed on these transformed scores. Of eight analyzed common indices, the correlation coefficients were significant on Total Number of Reponses, Human, Animal, Sex, Movement, Most Typical/ Popular, Typical/Good Form, Atypical, and Rejection of Images. Cassell and Dubey (2009) presented an earlier unpublished study completed in 1978 with the SIS-I. It used a content analysis scoring system to quantify projective responses in a group of 13 women suffering from Premenstrual Dysphoric Syndrome (PMDD). As compared to a control group of 37 women, these subjects projected significantly more responses depicting reproductive and sexual symbols. Based upon chi squared analysis, statistically significant differences were found for such sexual related anatomical responses, but not for unrelated body parts such as heart and lungs. Cassell and Dubey (2004) summarized three cases using the original 12-card form of the SIS. The first case explored the notion that when the cardiovascular system is activated by exercise or emotional stress, the resultant sensory feedback lowers the perceptual threshold for visualizing SIS cardiac content. The second case introduced the potentially new diagnostic Dr (Brig) D. Saldanha, M.D., (Psy) Prof. Dept. of Psychiatry, L. Bhattacharya, M.D., Prof. & Head, Dept. of Psychiatry, Dr DY Patil Medical College, Pimpri, Pune 411018, Kalpana Srivastava, Scientist “F”, Dept. of Psychiatry, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411040, and Bankey L.Dubey, Ph.D., DPM, Director, 4406 Forrest Road, Anchorage, AK 99507(USA)Email: bldubey@gmail.com Key Words: SIS imagery, Psychosexual Projection, Sexual Inadequecy

category “Body Phobia” and illustrates how during deep relaxation, SIS stimulated imagery can provide an effective Cognitive Behavioral treatment aid. The third case examined the relationship of body consciousness, and heart rate in newly hospitalized patients of Schizophrenia. It revealed how psychotic patients experiencing high sensory feedback from tachycardia become unduly conscious of the heart and develop related somatic delusions. Cassell (2005) studied four case histories to illustrate how the SIS can provide important information regarding violent fantasies (Cassell and Dubey, 1998, Cassell, et al, 2002). The direct and symbolic imagery projected provided new insights enriching those obtained with standard clinical interviews. Savage (2001) administered SIS-I to three patients who were not responding with medical treatment. The SIS was able to identify deep seated conflicts which patients were unable to uncover through conventional therapy. The usefulness of therapeutic tool of reframing along with hypnotic relaxation was also demonstrated with the help of case studies. Savage (2003) further administered SIS and Hypnotic relaxation in a case of Child after the traumatic experience of the divorce of his parents. The therapist was able to help the patient to resolve his underlying conflict of his perceived rejection by father. The case history illustrated that the SIS is a very effective as a psycho diagnostic tool and therapeutic aid. Rathee and Singh (1996) administered Somatic Inkblot Series-I to 75 Normal Army Subjects (35 Male and 40 Female), and found that female subjects gave more responses and male subjects rejected more cards. Female subjects gave more of Animal responses and male subjects gave more sexual responses. Pandey et al (2003) reported the diagnostic utility of sex responses with extended quantitative scoring criteria. Three groups of psychiatric patients viz, anxiety neurosis, paranoid schizophrenia and undifferentiated schizophrenia (N=25 in each group) and a group of age matched normal controls (N=25) were individually tested on SIS-II. The protocols were scored for 1) Sex responses on sex-images, 2) Sex responses on non-sex images and 3) Non-sex responses on sex images. Analysis revealed that partitioning of sex responses on sex and non-sex images provided diagnostically more rich information compared to the conventional scoring of total sex responses. ‘Sex responses on non-sex images was found to be diagnostically redundant component and responsible for lowering the diagnostic efficacy of total sex responses. Freud’s emphasis on child’s perception of the body and Oedipal complex is based on the idea that children from very young age are strongly attracted sexually to the body of parent of the opposite sex. Related to this is the jealous competition with the parent of the same sex. The male child develops primitive fear that his father will physically assault him which in turn causes body anxiety focused on the genitals, the “castration anxiety”. In an optimal environment, the Child learns to be comfortable with information pertaining to the body and overall mental functioning to get over this fear. If the mind body integration is not optimally established, it may lead to the development of various body perceptual disturbances. Once the physical causes for sexual dysfunction are ruled out, due consideration should be given to underlying psychological causes. SIS-I in this respect is an excellent tool to unearth the hidden castration anxiety, phobic reaction to female genitalia or as Psychosomatic therapists speak of “Organ vulnerability” fears under stress. SIS-I Profile of Psychosexual Dysfunction

Interpretation of responses of the individuals to the card form SIS-I is both quantitative and qualitative. Most of the researchers combine both quantitative as well as qualitative approach for the interpretation of a given protocol. To understand the different psychological attributes it is necessary to understand the combination of two or more variables. The Somatic Inkblot series-I has 11 scoring indices such as Total number of Responses (R),Human Responses (H), Animal Responses (A), Anatomical Responses (At),Typical Responses (T), Atypical Responses (AT),Movement Responses(M), Sex Responses (Sex), Most Typical Responses (MT), Rejection of Images (Rej) and Pathological Responses (PAS, D, HAS & P) The responses to SIS-I are quantitatively scored and compared against the established norms to understand the existence of any deviation. The present inquiry was undertaken to study the nature of preoccupation with sex, somatization of anxiety if any and also to explore if there are any unique responses which can be attributed to sexual dysfunction. Except pathological responses, other 10 scoring indices were taken into consideration for this study. Material and Methods: The study was carried out in a large tertiary care hospital in Northern India.40 Normal adults and 40 patients with sexual dysfunction were included in the study. The period of the study extended from 2008 to 2010. The SIS-I consist of 20 inkblot images. Eight of them are black and red (Serial no 1-8), Three are exclusively red (10-12) and nine are achromatic (9, 13-20). The images provide enough anatomical structures to evoke spontaneous responses of naming body parts or colors. The normal adults were screened and those who had any medical or surgical related illnesses were excluded from the study. In the same way those patients with medical problems as well as organic basis for their sexual dysfunction were excluded. They were administered SIS –I in one sitting. The scoring was done as per the norms in the original protocols in “Body Symbolism and The Somatic Inkblot series” (Cassell, 1980, Cassell and Dubey, 2002). The results obtained were statistically analyzed. Results and Discussion: Both the normal and patient (Index) cases were male. Both were very well matched for age, marital status, Family Type and Education (Table 1). Table 1 Demographic Profile of Normal and Psychosexual Dysfunction Subjects Variables Normal(n=40) Psychosexual Dysfunction(n=40) X P Age in Years 26-40 20-44 Marital Status Married 0.46 Unmarried P=0.49, NS Family Type Nuclear 0.46 Joint P=0.49, NS Education 10 standard 0.91 12 &Under Graduate P=0.33, NS Saldanha, Bhattacharya, Srivastava and Dubey

The pattern of responses has been reflected in Table 2 which shows some interesting features in index cases compared to the normal adults. Table 2 Response Pattern of Normal and Psychosexual subjects on SIS-I Indices Normal (n=40) Psychosexual Significance Level Dysfunction(n=40) Mean SD Mean SD t- Value P value Human Responses (H) 3.13 1.82 1.25 2.45 15.19 Sig Animal Responses (A) 7.25 2.42 3.66 2.63 40.34 Sig Anatomical Responses(At) 6.75 3.98 5.04 4.79 3.02 NS Sex Responses(Sex) 0.34 0.73 5.95 5.40 42.40 Sig Movement Responses (M) 1.00 1.20 0.70 1.08 1.38 NS Most Typical Responses (MT) 2.13 1.43 1.66 1.33 2.32 NS Typical Responses (T) 16.56 5.41 12.16 9.79 6.19 Sig Atypical Responses (AT) 6.53 4.31 3.07 6.75 7.90 Sig Rejection of Images (Rej) 2.34 1.90 1.37 1.66 5.92 Sig Total Responses ( R ) 25.38 5.98 20.29 5.90 14.69 Sig Responses Range 1-8 2-15 These are specifically seen in human, animal and sex which are significant in this study. It is understandable that a person with sexual inadequacy in whatever form will have underlying anxiety to perform and failure thereof will result in a psychological conflict. The sex responses are glaring. The range of sex responses from the normal to the index shows much variation. This shows the relative somatization of sexual feelings on the female simulated external genitalia perceived by the index cases on SIS-I. Almost all the index cases felt quite comfortable with Card XIV and to a lesser extent with card XIII and Card VII. They clearly saw female genitalia in Card XIV without any body parts and in the Card XIII they saw body parts like buttocks and perineal area surrounding the female genitalia. In card VII even though they saw the female genitalia some said a deer is trapped inside the vagina of a female. “Trapped dear inside…” connotes wishful thinking to have proximity and close relationship which is denied due to impotency. This can also be interpreted as inability to perform sexual function because of being ‘trapped” by sexual dysfunction in index cases. They genuinely felt the need of therapy for their dysfunction. Although there is a relationship between sexual and aggressive behaviors one would have expected some responses suggestive of aggression i.e. headless blood splattered body on card XII, Lacerated and bleeding Vagina etc, but no responses were given by the index cases. Most of them gave sex responses on card IV(Given as a female gestalt is normal , but seeing female sex organs perse is not usual), card VI (Seeing female sex SIS-I Profile of Psychosexual Dysfunction

organ is not normal),Card XVI (seeing a female sex organ again on this card is not normal).These responses along with responses on the other female sex organ evoking cards VII,XIII,XIV is seen as preoccupation with female sex. Rejection of the cards VII, XIII and XIV was also expected but there were no such rejections in index cases which show that even though they suffered from sexual dysfunction, there were no inhibitions to discuss their problems of sexual dysfunction. It also showed that there were no signs of castration anxiety. Kumar (2009) commenting on factor structure of SIS in adults concludes that there are three factors which clearly indicate the strength of the responses. In that he comes to a conclusion that Factor I consisting of Atypical responses, Typical responses and Most Typical responses suggest individual’s original thinking. Factor II represents the latent trait of “Emotional maturity” characterized by more movement, Human, Anatomy response and less Animal responses. Factor III represents the dimension of “reaction to stress” by higher total number of responses (R) and lower image rejection. Strangely there is no comment on the sex responses. In the present study the Typical responses are more than the Atypical responses which agrees with the “original thinking” in Factor I. Animal responses are significantly higher in the present study which shows “emotional immaturity, aggression and frustration”. The study agrees with the third dimension as there is clear indication of reaction to stress as evidenced by higher number of total responses and lower rejection of images. Now the question arises as to where does Sex responses fit in. Whether the sex responses are independent of these clusters? As the Sex responses in index cases are statistically significant it can be concluded that “SIS-I brings out the hidden sex impulses to the surface”. Whether numerous sex responses given by the index cases are due to their impoverished sex drive because of their preoccupation with female sex can be designated an independent Factor IV or can it be merged with Factor III will require further scrutiny by research and validation. Conclusion: SIS-I provides valuable insights to a clinician to understand the underlying anxiety status of an individual suffering from sexual dysfunction which can be effectively addressed with psychotherapy and medication. The SIS-I is a good tool to compare the effects of treatment with the pre-morbid state by a re-test. References: Cassell, W A., (1980) Body Symbolism and the Somatic Inkblot Series. Aurora Publishing Co.213 West Sixth Avenue, Suite 8 Anchorage, Alaska 99501. Cassell, W. A (2005) Assessing Suicidal/Homicidal Impulses with the SIS, SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health,12: 2,99-106. Cassell, W.A. and Dubey, B.L. (2003) Interpreting Inner World through Somatic Imagery Manual of Somatic Inkblot series, Somatic Inkblot center, Anchorage, Alaska. Cassell, W. A. and Dubey, B. L.(1998) Mental Disorders Triggered by Exposure to Violent Imagery in the Media and in Electronic Games, SIS J.Proj.Psy & Mental Health , 5:87-104. Saldanha, Bhattacharya, Srivastava and Dubey

Cassell, W. A. and Dubey, B. L. (2002) Application of Somatic Inkblot Series-I: New Scoring System. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental. Health, 9: 5-22. Cassell, W. A., Schaeck,A.M. and Mohn, D. (2002) Symbolism in Violent Hallucinations. SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental, Health,9: 81-92. Cassell, W, A. and Dubey, B. L. (2004) Somatic Inkblot Series: Historical Background and Earlier Projects, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental. Health, 11:11-18 Cassell, W.A. and Dubey, B.L. (2009) Content Validity of SIS-I and SIS-II Booklet Version, Dubey, S.N. and Dubey,B.L. (2005) Effect of Psychological Intervention Through SIS-I Images on Police Personnel, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental. Health, 12:2,153-158. Jain R., Singh, B., Mohanty, S. and Kumar, R. (2005). SIS-I and Rorschach Diagnostic Indicators of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder SIS. J. Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health, 12: 2, 141-152. Kandhari, S., Sharma, J. and Kumar,R. (2010) Discriminating Power of the Comprehensive Scoring System for SIS-I, SIS J. of Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health, 17: 16-22 Kandhari, S., Sharma, J. and Kumar,R. (2010a) Development of a Comprehensive Scoring System for SIS-I, SIS J. of Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health, 17: 120-125. Kumar, R., (2009) Factor Structure of SIS-I in Adults. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health 16:124-127. Kumar, R. (2010) SIS Imagery in Depression with Somatization – Therapeutic Intervention, SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health, 17: 69-72. Kumar, R., Kandhari, S. and Dubey,B.L. (2008) Estimation of the Contribution of Gender in Productivity on SIS-I, SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, 15:1, 48-51. Kumar,R. and Khess, C.R.J. Kumar, R. (2005) An Extended Scoring System of SIS-I. SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health, 12: 123-128. Kumar, R. and Singh, A.R. (2007) A Comparison of Somatic Inkblot Series-I Indices in Normal Children and Adults, SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health, 14: 44-47. Kumar, S., Mohanty, S. and Kumar, R. (2003) SIS-l Profile and its Correlation with Rorschach in Manic Patients. SIS. J. Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health, 10: 201-204. Kumar, S., Singh, R. and Mohanty, S. (2001) A Study of Somatic Inkblot-I in Hospitalised Male Chronic Schizophrenics. SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health, 8: 31-34. Kumar, S., Singh,R. and Mohanty, S. (2004) Comparative Study of SIS-I Indices between Schizophrenic and Manic Patients, SIS. J. Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health, 11: 91-94. Kumar, S., Singh,R. Mohanty, S.and Kumar, R. (2006) SIS-I and Rorschach in Schizophrenia: A Co-relational Study, SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health, 13: 2,120-124. SIS-I Profile of Psychosexual Dysfunction

Mitra, G. and Mukhopadhyay, A. (1996) SIS and Social Anxiety -an Assessment of Presonality Factors of Drug Addicts. SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health,3: 153-164. Mitra, G. and Mukhopadhyay, A. (2000) Psychological Factors in Drug Addicts and Normals: A Comparative study. SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health, 7:53-78. Mohapatra,J. (2009) A Comparative study of Schizophrenia and Affective Disroders on SIS-I and Rorschach. Ph.D.Thesis, Sambalpur University, Orissa 2009 Mohapatra, J., Sahoo, D., Mishra, P.K. and R. Kumar, R. (2009a) SIS-I Indices as a Measure of Ego Strength in Schizophrenia, SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Ment.Health 16: 152-154 Mukhopadhyay, A., Banerjee, S., and Mitra, G., (1996). A comprehensive profile of personality characteristics of male drug addicts.SIS Journal of Projective Psychology& Mental Health, 3, 33-41. Pandey, R., Misra, M.and Dwivedi, C. B. (2003) Diagnostic Significance of Sex Responses on SIS-II 205-208

on Sex and Non-Sex Images SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health,10: 205-208. Pershad,D, Verma,S.K, and Bhagat, K.(1997).Body Image disturbances in Psychiatric cases. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental helath,14,75-84. Rathee, S. P. and Singh, A. (1996) A Comparative Study of Male and Female on SIS-I. J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health,3: 43-49. Saldanha, D. (2002). Profile of Militants: An attempt to study the mind of Militants.SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 9, 23-32. Savage, George. (2001) The Adjunctive Use of a Projective Technique with Hypnotherapy. SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health,8: 41-50. Savage, George. (2003) The Diagnostic Value of the SIS in Treating a Child with Panic Attacks during the Post-Divorce Period: A Clinical Case Study. SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health, 10: 219-224. Shyam,R., Cassell, W.A. and Dubey, B.L.(2009).SIS detection of Invisible Imagery in Bipolar Depression.SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental health 16,24-31 Saldanha, Bhattacharya, Srivastava and Dubey

Evaluating Ego-Strength in Depression on SIS-I Indices J. Mahapatra, D. Sahoo, P.K. Mishra and R. Kumar Projective techniques are commonly utilized to estimate the extent of ego strength. Somatic Inkblot Series is relatively a new addition to the family of inkblots. We have tried to explore if SIS-I can also effectively measure the ego strength in depressive patients. Somatic Inkblot Series-I (Card Form) was individually administered to 50 depressive patients drawn from Psychiatry OPD of VSS Medical College, Burla, Sambalpur (India). A matched control group of 50 normal participants was also drawn from general population. The following SIS-I indices were identified as measures of ego-strength: Total Number of Responses (R), Human Responses (H), Movement Responses (M), Most Typical Responses (MT), Typical Responses (T) and Atypical Responses (AT). The analysis of data suggested that Total Number of Responses, Movement Responses and Typical Responses were significantly lesser, and Most Typical Responses and Atypical Responses were significantly higher in the depressive group. The results indicate that SIS-I indices successfully measures ego-strength in depressive patients. Disturbance in ego-functioning for its poor development is the attributable dynamic factor of genesis of the disorders. Ego regulates balanced investment of psychical energy, libido and mortido, in conscious states that frequently deals with reality. It, thus, serves as regulatory mechanism controlling behavior and psychological functioning. In normal person, ego generally operates in conscious state where as in psychic illness it more often operates in unconscious governing the psychological functioning. In mood disorder, ego impairment invades pronouncedly to emotion and secondarily to perception and cognition; especially in depression ego submerges in superego, loosing its controlling ability over psychological apparatus. In turn, this condition results in depression accompanied by self-criticism, self-blame, guilt, suicidal ideation and retardation of activity. The ego gradually retreats and reappears to have control over psychic apparatus but fruitlessly utilizes compensatory defense (manic symptoms against depression) i.e. delusion of grandeur against underlying deep sense of psychological deficiencies. Freud and early psychoanalytic theorists argued that depression was not a symptom of organic dysfunction but a massive defense mounted by the ego against intra-psychic conflict. In his classic paper “Mourning and Melancholia”, Freud (1917) described depression as a response to loss (real or symbolic) but one in which the person’s sorrow and rage in the face of that loss are not vented but remain unconscious, thus weakening the ego. Projective techniques are known for their sensitivity in tapping unconscious mental processes reflected in responses to unstructured / semi-structured stimuli. These techniques are often J. Mahapatra, Ph.D., FIACP, Asst. Professor in Clinical Psychology, Dept. of Psychiatry, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack-753007, Orissa, Email  : jashobanta.orissa@gmail.com, D. Sahoo, Ph.D., FIACP, Consulting Clinical Psychologist, “The Mind” Bhubaneswar, P.K. Mishra, Professor, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar and R. Kumar, Ph. D.,FSIS, Senior Clinical Psychologist, Institute of Mental Health & Hospital, Agra – 282002, Email : jain.imhh@gmail.com Key Words: Ego strength, Depression, SIS - I

utilized to estimate ego strength. The SIS can help the therapists more sensitively ‘hear’ a suffering individual’s cry for help, the inner cry that is not only hidden from others, but often hidden from one’s own conscious awareness as well. An understanding of inner cry (the resultant outcome of somatic problems, represented by means of symbols) of depressive disorder was thought to be an aid for understanding the dynamics of the disorder, personality of the client and an additional tool for the diagnosis. Many empirical studies have demonstrated that SIS is useful in discriminating various psychiatric populations (Dubey et al,1993,1994,1995, 2001, 2004, Dwivedi et al,1995, Jain et al, 2005, Kandhari et al, 2010, Kumar et al, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2005a, 2005b, 2006, 2007, Mishra,1996,1997, Rathee, et al, 1995,1998, 2002) and also as a powerful therapeutic aid (Cassell and Dubey,1996,1997,1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, Cassell et al, 1997,1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, Kumar, 2010 and www.somaticinkblots.com/ journal). With this background, the present study “Evaluating ego strength in Depression on SIS–I Indices” was designed to investigate ego strength, operationally defined as reality orientation, in depression. Ego strength would be measured by SIS-I in terms of: Total number of responses (R), Human responses (H), Movement responses (M), Most-typical responses (MT), Typical responses (T), and Atypical responses (AT). Major Hypotheses: The study examines the following propositions in relation to SIS – I as a measure of ego strength: 1. There would be lesser R in depressives compared to the normal. 2. There would be reduced H responses in depressives as compared to the normal 3. There would be lower M responses in depressives as compared to the normal. 4. There would be lower MT responses in depressives as compared to the normal. 5. There would be reduced T responses in depressives as compared to the normal. 6. There would be elevated AT responses in depressives as compared to the normal. Method: The sample consisted of 100 subjects (Depressives (n = 50) and normal (n = 50). The clinical group was drawn from Psychiatry OPD, V.S.S. Medical College Hospital, Burla, Orissa, diagnosed on the basis of DSM – IV. The normal subjects were drawn from general population who were screened through PGI Health Questionnaire N - 1 (Verma et al. 1985). SIS – I was administered individually on each subject and scored as per the procedure developed by Cassell & Dubey (1998, 2003). The groups were matched on gender, age, education and domicile. The sample characteristics are displayed in Table 1. Mahapatra, Sahoo, Mishra and Kumar

Table 1 Sample Characteristics Characteristics Normal (n=50) Depressives (n=50) Gender Male Female Age Below 35 yrs Above 35 yrs Education Up to 10th Class Above 10th Class Domicile Rural Urban Statistical Analysis: Scores on each variable of SIS – I were converted into percent scores by taking total number of responses as denominator. Mean, S.D. and ‘t’ tests were used to analyze the data. Results and Discussion: The results are presented in Table 2. Table 2 Mean, S.D. and ‘t’-values of Rorschach Indices in Normal and Depressive Groups Normal (n= 50) Depressives(n= 50) ‘t’-values Indices Mean S.D. Mean S.D. R 37.70 15.618 20.22 3.472 7.725* H 15.45 6.925 11.70 6.339 2.825* M 05.37 05.508 02.17 03.789 03.392* MT 12.32 5.577 16.71 8.152 3.144* T 62.26 10.13 51.07 12.515 4.915* AT 25.78 12.874 32.44 13.846 2.489** * Significant at 0.01 level. ** Significant at 0.05 level Total Number of Responses (R): The normal subjects gave 37.70 responses in comparison to Depressive patients who gave 20.22 responses. (t = 7.725, P<0.01). Significantly low responses are reported in depressive patients (Cassell and Dubey, 2003, Kumar, 2003, 2005). The findings confirmed the hypothesis that there would be lesser R in depressive patients in comparison to the normal subjects. The total responses given by a subject after viewing the inkblots indicates productivity. Depressed Evaluating Ego-Strength in Depression on SIS-I Indices

patients because of psychomotor retardation, passivity, lack of interest in environment, hopelessness and worthlessness may produce low number of responses on the inkblots. The total responses (R) also indicate individual’s imaginative power, functional intelligence and interpersonal relations. These psychological functioning appeared to be low in depressives but in average range in normal subjects. Hence, the logic-laden hypothesis may be advanced that low R is an index of impaired reality testing, disturbed social interpersonal relation and tendency of isolation and social withdrawal. Human Responses (H): The normal subjects gave 15.45 Human responses and Depressive patients gave 11.70 human responses (t = 2.825, p<0.01) The present study confirmed the second hypothesis that there would be low H responses in depressive patients as compared to the normal subjects. The H responses correspond to a subject’s ability to have better interpersonal relationships with others and indicator of ego strength. A low human content is reflective of narrow range of interest with people, low self-esteem and empathy which is evident in depressive patients. Movement Responses (M): The Movement responses were 5.37 in normal subjects and 2.17 in Depressive patients (t = 3.392, P<0.01). The findings supported the third hypothesis that there would be low M responses in Depressives as compared to the normal subjects. The perception of actions in these blots is a psychological experience and thus indicates the creative energy of the individual. The projection of movement generally demonstrates active operation of dynamic forces in the individual. It indicates distribution of variant degree of unconscious psychic energy in different type of M responses as governed by ego-mechanism operational in the person. Most Typical Responses (MT): The MT responses was 12.32% in normal subjects and 16.71% in Depressives patients (t = 3.144, P<0.01). The findings did not confirm the hypothesis that there would be lower MT responses in depressives as compared to the normal subjects. The MT responses were slightly more in depressives than normal subjects. Higher MT responses in Depressives patients may indicate good contact with reality. The Mt responses will be significantly low among depressives with psychotic features and other depressives with suicidal attempt. The Depressives in present study were neurotics with no signs of suicidal ideation. The percentage of MT responses in both the groups as shown in table 2 falls within average range. Typical Responses (T): The normal subjects gave 62.26 % Typical responses and Depressive patients gave 51.07 % typical responses (t = 4.915, P < 0.01). The present study confirmed the fifth hypothesis that there would be low Typical responses in depressives as compared to the normal subjects. The Typical responses indicated common perception of the world. The gestalt projection of Mahapatra, Sahoo, Mishra and Kumar

SIS-I images are signs of positive health. A higher number of Typical responses therefore, are linked with the state of healthy physical, psychological and social functioning of an individual. It is an index of good ego-strength that evaluates reality in its own perspective. It utilizes individual’s physical as well as psychological resources with optimal functioning in a dynamic and coherent mode to adapt with reality, because the ego-strength is correlated with solving problems realistically instead of adapting avoiding / escape / withdrawal or aggressive mode of behavior. Atypical Responses (AT): The AT responses were 25.78% in normal subjects and 32.44% in depressives (t = 2.489, P < 0.05). The findings in the index study were in agreement with the hypothesis that there would be elevated AT responses in depressives as compared to the normal subjects. The AT responses represent poor quality and vague percept either in structure or verbalization. It is because perceived sensations are not processed and organized by secondary elaboration mechanism which involves ego-functioning. Higher involvement of ego-functioning is linked with higher functioning of secondary elaboration that makes up poor, vague percept a more logical, coherent and meaningful percept. Therefore, a decline of AT responses is an indication of sound ego functioning in normal subjects. A higher mobilization of secondary elaboration mechanism in normal and a deficient activation of this mechanism in clinical population are probably related to the number of AT responses in normal subjects and Depressive patients. Thus, the findings are in collaboration with conceptualization of Cassell and Dubey (2003) that “the number of AT responses is proportionate to the degree of Psychological or Psychiatric disturbance. Perseveration may be sign of neuropsychological impairment and usually absent in normal people”. Conclusion: The findings of the present study clearly demonstrated that depressive patients can be differentiated from normal subjects on the measures of ego strength in terms of different SIS - I indices. Despite several criticisms raised against projective tests by school of experimental psychology and social schools of thought, the status of projective technique for purpose of diagnostic formulation, psychodynamic and therapeutic utility remains undisputed. References: American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), Washington D.C. Cassell, W. A. and Dubey, B. L. (1996) The Use of the Rorschach and SIS in Releasing Somatised Grief. SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, 3 : 3 -32. Cassell, W. A. and Dubey, B. L .(1996) Efficacy of the Booklet and Monochromatic Version of the SIS in a Case of Repeated Miscarriages. SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, 3 : 131-145. Cassell, W. A. and Dubey, B. L. (1997) Therapeutic Dream Stimulation with SIS- Video. SIS J. Proj. Psy.& Mental Health, 4 : 3-23. Cassell, W. A. and Dubey, B. L.(1998) Application of Somatic Inkblot Series in Personality Evaluating Ego-Strength in Depression on SIS-I Indices

assessment, Screening, Diagnosis and Therapy, SIS J. Proj. Psy & Mental Health, 5:3-32. Cassell, W. A. and Dubey, B. L.(1998) Mental Disorders Triggered by Exposure to Violent Imagery in the Media and in Electronic Games, SIS J.Proj.Psy & Mental Health , 5:87-104. Cassell, W. A. and Dubey, B. L. (2000) Inkblot Responses as an Aid to Therapy. SIS Journal of Projective Psy. & Mental. Health,7:3-10. Cassell, W.A., Dubey, A. and Dubey, B.L. (2000) SIS Projective Responses in PTSD and Disociative Disorder SIS J. of Proj. Psy & Mental Health, 7:93-108 Cassell, W, A. and Dubey, B. L. (2003) Interpreting Inner World through Somatic Imagery: Manual of Somatic Inkblot Series. Anchorage (USA): SIS Center. Cassell, W. A. and Dubey, B. L. (2006) Tracing the Roots of Violence by associating Dream and SIS Images: A Vicarious Visit to an Adolescent’s Birthday Party, SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, 13: 2, 85-106. Cassell, W. A. and Dubey, B. L. (2007) Restructuring Rorschach Pathological Body Symbolism in the Somatoform Disorders with Truth Serum Behaviour Therapy SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, 1: 20-29. Cassell,W. A. and Dubey, B.L. (2009) SIS and Sand Tray Psychotherapy of Suicidal adolescents. SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health,14:2, 87-97 Cassell, W.A. and Dubey, B.L. (2010) Infectious Suicidal Imagery in Combat PTSD, SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, 17: 27-37. Cassell, W.A. and Dubey, B.L. (2010) SIS II-Video and Treatment of Alcoholism, SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, 17: 104-119. Cassell, W. A., Dubey, B. L., Molchanov,E. and Routh,L.C. (1999) Stimulating Beacon images for meditation and projective psychotherapy. SIS J.Proj Psy. & Ment. Health, 6:7-30. Cassell, W. A. Dubey, B. L. and Roth, G. J. (1997) Medical, Psychological and Spiritual Application of the SIS Inkblots. SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental, Health, 4, 89-112. Cassell, W. A., Illardei,F.J., Collins, A., Mishra, M. and Dubey, B.L. (2001) Optimizing Spiritual Healing by Assessing Dream and SIS Imagery. SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health,8, 75-94. Cassell, W.A., Mohn D., Ilardi, F. and Dubey,B.L.(2003) Unmasking the Devil with Projective Technique, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental. Health, 10: 167-188. Cassell, W. A., Schaeck,A.M. and Mohn,D. (2002) Symbolism in Violent Hallucinations. SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental, Health,9: 81-92. Dubey,B.L.,Cassell, W.A.,Pershad,D. and Dwivedi,P.(1995) Diagnostic Utility of Somatic Inkblot Series. SIS J. Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, 2: 77-84. Dubey,B.L., Agrawal, A. and Palia,R.S.(2001) Personality Profile and HRD Intervention in a Telephone Cables Company, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental. Health, 8: 127-134. Dubey,B.L., Ajith,C., Gupta,Somesh, and Kumar,B.(2004) Role of Somatic Inkblot Series in Psychosexual Disorder in India, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental. Health, 11:115-120 Mahapatra, Sahoo, Mishra and Kumar

Dubey, B. L. , Dwivedi. P., Cassell, W. A. and Sahay, M. (1993) Projective Value of Somatic Inkblot Series- II in a Case of Stammering. Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies,8: 173- 176. Dubey,B.L.,Mishra,M., Dwivedi,C.B.and Mishra,N.(1994) Diagnostic and Therapeutic Utility of SIS-II and Rorschach, SIS J. of Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, 1:18-25. Dwivedi, C.B., Mishra, M. and Dubey, B. L. (1995). Diagnostic Significance of the Indices of the SIS – II and the Rorschach Inkblot Tests. SIS J. of Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health, 2: 165-170. Freud, S. (1917). Mourning and melancholia. In Standard edition of the Complete Psychological Works, Vol. 14, 243 – 258. The Hogarth Press Ltd., London, 1963. Jain R., Singh,B., Mohanty, S. and Kumar, R. (2005). SIS-I and Rorschach Diagnostic Indicators of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder SIS. J. Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health, 12: 2, 141-152. Kandhari, S., Sharma, J. and Kumar,R. (2010) Discriminating Power of the Comprehensive Scoring System for SIS-I, SIS J. of Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health, 17: 16-22 Kumar,D.(2003) Diagnostic Indicators on SIS-I and Rorschach among Manic and Depressive Patients. Dr. B.R.Ambedkar University, Agra. Kumar,D. , Dubey,B.L. and Kumar,R.(2006) Gender Differences in SIS-I Profile of Manic Patients, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental. Health, 13:61-64. Kumar,D. , Kumar, J and Kumar,R. (2005) . Diagnostic Indicators on SIS-I and Rorschach Among Manic and Depressive Patients, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental. Health, 12:53-60. Kumar,R. and Khess, C.R.J. Kumar, R. (2005a) An Extended Scoring System of SIS-I. SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health, 12: 123-128. Kumar, R. and Khess,C.R.J. (2004) Special Scores of Rorschach Comprehensive System in Schizophrenia and Mania : A Comparative Study, SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health,11:85-90. Kumar, R. and Khess, C.R.J. (2005b) Diagnostic Efficiency of Schizophrenia Index and Perceptual-Thinking Index in Schizophrenia and Mania, SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health, 12: 2, 115-122. Kumar, R. and Singh,A.R. (2007) A Comparison of Somatic Inkblot Series-I Indices in Normal Children and Adults, SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health, 14: 44-47. Kumar, R. (2010) SIS Imagery in Depression with Somatization – Therapeutic Intervention, SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health, 17: 69-72. Mahapatra,J., Kumar,R., and Mishra,P.K. (2007). Comparison of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia on SIS – I and Rorschach Psychodiagnostik. Ph.D Thesis, Sambalpur University, Orissa. Mishra, M. (1996) Compatibility of SIS-II and the Rorschach Indices in Normal, Neurotics and Schizophrenics,. Ph.D. Thesis , Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. Mishra, M. and Dwivedi, C.B. (1997). Content Scale Based Diagnostic Compatibility of the SIS – II with Rorschach Test in Normals, Neurotics and Schizophrenics. SIS J. of Proj. Psy. & Ment. Health, 4:121-140. Evaluating Ego-Strength in Depression on SIS-I Indices

Rathee, S. P., Pandey, V. and Singh, A. (1995) Diagnostic Efficacy of Somatic Inkblot Series-II amongst Psychiatric Patents of Armed Forces. A Preliminary Study. SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health, 2: 1, 61-66. Rathee, S. P., Pardal,P.K. and John, T.R. (1998) Diagnostic Validity of SIS-II among Psychpathological Cases of Armed Forces. SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health,5:139-144. Rathee, S.P.,Pardal, P.K. and John,T.R. (2002) Diagnostic Value of SIS-II Among Sub-Groups of Psychotic and Neurotic Patients of Armed Forces. SIS J. Proj, Psy. & Mental Health,9: 38-48. Verma, S.K., Wig, N.N., and Pershad, D. (1985). PGI Health Questionnaire. National Psycholgical Corporation, Agra. Ziotnick, Caran, Franklin, C. Laurel, Zimmerman, MarK (2002) Is Co-morbidity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder Related to greater pathology and Impairment? American J. Psychiatry, 159: 1940-1943. Mahapatra, Sahoo, Mishra and Kumar Admission to Postgraduate Course-2011-2013/14 Session The Director, RINPAS, invites application for following courses commencing at this Institute from 1st May, 2011. Courses 1. M.D. (Psychiatry)..............................................................................................1 Seat 2. Diploma in Psychological Medicine (D.P.M.).................................................1 Seat 3. Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology.........................................................................4 Seats 4. Ph.D. in Psychiatric Social Work..................................................................4 Seats 5. M.Phil in Medical and Social Psychology..................................................12 Seats 6. M.Phil in Psychiatric Social Work...............................................................12 Seats 7. Diploma in Psychiatric Nursing....................................................................6 Seats Completed application form should reach on or before 05th February 2011 to the Director, Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry & Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 along with a non-refundable demand draft of Rs.500/- (Rs.250/- only in case of ST/SC candidates) drawn in favour of the Director, RINPAS payable at Ranchi as examination Fee. For detail informaiton please see website of RINPAS: www.rinpas.nic.in

Prof. (Dr.) Amool Ranjan Singh

Director, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi Govt. of Jharkhand Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry & Allied Sciences (RINPAS) Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Tele Fax: 0651-2450813 http://www.rinpas.nic.in

Oedipus: The Deep Rooted Reality to Homosexuality Jhelum Podder and Sonali De The present study investigates certain psychodynamic processes of homosexuals and compares it with that of heterosexuals. The objectives of the study were to: (a) explore the oedipal relations and conflicts of male and female homosexual subjects, (b) explore and compare the oedipal relations and conflicts of male and female heterosexual subjects, (c) compare the oedipal relations and conflicts amongst the homosexual and heterosexual subjects. Forty-four individuals participated in the present study of which 22 were homosexuals (13 males and 9 females) and 22 were heterosexuals (13 males and 9 females). The Klein Sexual Orientation Grid was used to assess their sexual orientation. Cohort matching technique was used to match the homosexuals with their heterosexual counterparts. 10 cards of Thematic Apperception Test were administered to elicit the unconscious oedipal desires and conflicts of both heterosexuality and homosexuality. Common themes were elicited by three raters who are experts in the fields of psychology and psychoanalysis. Both the homosexual and the heterosexual groups have oedipal desires towards the opposite sex parent, with over oedipal attachment and consequent inversional bond resulting from relatively stronger castration anxiety in the homosexual subjects. The unconscious dynamics of the gender role in male homosexuals was found to be feminine with an aspiration to be masculine at times, while female homosexuals were found to be more masculine. The oedipal stage and its consequent dynamic processes are crucial phenomena which contribute enormously upon sexual orientation. Homosexual orientation is a term used to refer to an enduring pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, affectional or romantic attractions primarily to “people of the same sex”; it also refers to an individual’s sense of personal and social identity based on those attractions, behaviours expressing them, and membership in a community of others who share them. The word homosexual is a Greek and Latin hybrid with “homos”, deriving from the Greek word for “same”, thus connoting affections between members of the same sex, including lesbian. In “The Psychogenesis of a case of Homosexuality in a Woman” (1920), Freud explains that the girl having homosexuality was experiencing the revival of the infantile Oedipus complex at puberty as she was disappointed, on not being able to bear a male child to her father, which her hated rival mother could do. Thus, she turned away from her father and from men altogether, changed into a man and took her mother in place of her father as her love-object. There arose the search for a mother-substitute to whom she could become passionately attached. If the girl becomes homosexual and left men to her mother (“retired in favour of the mother”), she removed something, which had hitherto been partly responsible for her mother’s disfavour. Freud also stated, “A man with predominantly male characteristics and also masculine in his love-life may still be inverted in respect to his ‘object’, loving only men instead of women. A man in whose character feminine attributes evidently predominate, who may indeed behave in love like a women, might be expected, from their feminine attitude, to choose a man for his love-object, but he may nevertheless be heterosexual and show no more inversion in respect Jhelum Podder, Research Student, email: jhelum.podder@gmail.com and Sonali De, Ph.D. Reader, Dept of Psychology, University of Calcutta, UCSTA, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata- 700009, email: sonalide2002@yahoo.com Key Words : Homosexuality, Psychogenesis, Hetrosexuality

of his object than an average normal man. The same is true of women here also mental sexual character and object-choice do not necessarily coincide” (Freud 1920). In man, identification with mother, resulting out of strong attachment (Winterstein, 1956) and inclination towards a narcissistic object choice (Bergler, 1944; Siegel, 1988; Bergerat, 2002) coincides with the high value set upon the male organ and the inability to tolerate its absence in a love object (Freud, 1920; Berliner, 1944; Hart, 1956, 1958; Jaffe, 1983). Colette Chiland (1994) also states that homosexuals in general suffer from a deficit in their capacity for a relationship with the same-sex parent. Ken Corbett (1993) goes against this view of homosexual’s feminine identification and argues that male homosexuality is a differently structured masculinity and not simulated femininity. Castration fear (Lewinsky, 1952; Winterstein, 1956; Dobson, 1999) at the hands of an angry father-rival leads to the renunciation of women, meaning that all rivalry with him (or with all men who may take his place) is avoided (Freud, 1920). The parental constellation most likely to produce a heterosexual with severe homosexual fixations or a homosexual person are a detached, hostile father and a close–binding, overly intimate, seductive mother who dominated and minimized her husband (Dobson, 1999; Dracoulides, 1954). Hart (1956, 1958) found that maternal narcissism and penis envy in some women intensifies the male Oedipus complex. Women with these traits overvalue their sons (who represent the mother’s penis) and correspondingly undervalue their husbands. The son, unable to identify himself with an adequately esteemed father, fails to achieve satisfactory masculinity for himself. Wulff (1941) rather considers fixation on father figure and not castration fear, to be the dynamics behind male homosexuality. Fisher and Greenberg (1996) negated Freud’s view of a distant father and a close attachment to mother as the basic dynamic of homosexuality. They found data, which reinforced the concept of the negative father but failed to support the idea of the overly close, seductive mother. They also suggest that there is a correlation between negative fathering and adult homosexuality but not the oedipal drama surrounding mother. Early childhood jealousy against rivals like elder brothers led to extreme hostile aggressive attitude against brothers or sisters, which might culminate actual death wish but could not survive further development. Thus, these feelings are repressed and transformed, so that the rivals became the first homosexual love-objects (Freud, 1920). Kenneth Lewes (1998) argues against the negative and positive oedipal mechanisms. He states of the plicate Oedipus complex, in which the father serves simultaneously as both the object and the prohibitor of erotic excitement in the oedipal-age boy. According to Saul and Aaron T. Beck (1961), homosexuality in the male serves as a pathway of gratification or discharge of diverse infantile needs, and is a defense against certain drives or affects that are potentially disruptive to the ego. Bergler (1944) found that selection of a love object in female homosexuals was based on introjective identification with mother and narcissistic projection of herself into the object. In men’s case it is too strong admiration and attachment to father. Terzaghi sees female homosexuality to be richly overdetermined with preoedipal and oedipal factors contributing to its development, which made it impossible for her to successfully resolve the Oedipus complex. According to Bergler (1943), homosexuality in women is determined by a preoedipal conflict. It represents the attempt to deny the maternal rejection and simultaneously allays guilt and anxiety by choosing mother substitutes as love objects. Bergler (1943) contends Podder and De

that actual traumatic experiences producing such hatred cannot in and of themselves lead to homosexuality; there must also be a biologic substratum of the ‘oral instinctual drive and a personality of the narcissistic-libidinous type’. Keeping this background in view the present study attempts: (a) to probe into the oedipal relations and conflicts of both the male homosexual and the female homosexual groups and compare the same, (b) to probe into the oedipal relations and conflicts of both the male heterosexuals and female heterosexuals and compare the same, and (c) to compare the oedipal relations and conflicts amongst the homosexual and heterosexual groups. Materials and Method: Forty four individuals (22 Homosexuals : (13 Male and 9 Female) and 22 heterosexuals: (13 males and 9 females) were taken for the study. All were above 18 years with Mean age 23.50yrs. The Klein Sexual Orientation Grid was used to assess their sexual orientation. Cohort matching technique was used to match the homosexuals with their heterosexual counterparts. 10 cards of Thematic Apperception Test were administered to elicit the unconscious oedipal desires and conflicts of both heterosexuality and homosexuality. Common themes were elicited by three raters who are experts in the fields of psychology and psychoanalysis. Sample: The sample consisted 2 groups (22 Homosexuals : (13 Male and 9 Female) and 22 heterosexuals: (13 males and 9 females) with minimum age above 18 years, education above Secondary level and whose both parents were surviving after the subject turned 10 yrs of age. Subjects with history of Bisexual, organics and psychological disorder were excluded from the study. 1. Homosexuals: People having an erotic desire or sexual preference for members of the same biological sex have been selected in the sample of homosexuals. It is intended to refer to sexual ideation or activity involving members of the same biological sex. This selection was based according to the ratings provided in the Klein’s Sexual Orientation Grid – whoever scored 6 or 7 in all of the 6 variable components (except for that of social preference*) were included in this group. 2. Heterosexuals: People who have an erotic desire or a sexual preference for members of the opposite biological sex been selected in the sample of heterosexuals. It is intended to refer to sexual ideation or activity involving members of the opposite biological sex. This selection was based according to the ratings provided in the Klein’s Sexual Orientation Grid – whoever scored 1 or 2 in all of the 6 variable components (except for that of social preference*) were included in this group.(The words male and female are used in this research report to indicate biological sex of the person and not gender).The two groups were matched on the basis of sex, age and educational level. Tools Used: Information schedule, prepared by the researcher, to acquire personal background

information. Oedipus : The Deep Rooted Reality to Homosexuality

Fritz Klein Sexual Orientation Grid (KSOG), by F. Klein (1948) to assess sexual

orientation of the subjects. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), by L. Bellack( 1975), to probe into the dynamics

of oedipal relations.

Cards: (1, 6BM, 7BM, 8BM, 9BM, 13MF for male) and (1,6GF, 7GF, 9GF, 13MF,18GF for Females). Procedure: The data for the present study were collected from two institutions based in Kolkata – Swikriti and Sappho for Equality, for the homosexual sample. The subjects of the heterosexual group were matched following the cohort matching technique according to their age, sex and educational qualification with the homosexual sample. All the subjects, of both the groups, came from urban and semi-urban residential areas. Those subjects were included as homosexuals, who scored either 6 or 7 in all the variable components of the KSOG (except the variable of social preference, as cultural influences mostly guided the subjects to socialize with members of both biological sexes) and those with scores ranging between 1 and 2 were selected as heterosexuals. Personal information was extracted by administering an information schedule. Subsequent to this, the TAT was administered to the subjects with the relevant cards for males and females separately. The obtained data were then qualitatively analyzed and discussed. Treatment of the Data: Three raters interpreted the data obtained from the administration of the TAT cards. The raters were experts in the fields of psychology and psychoanalysis. The common themes that were elicited through inter rater agreement were taken for interpretation in the total context of the study. Results and Discussion: Research shows that dynamic development during the pre-oedipal and oedipal phases shapes a child’s personality structure, sexual orientation being an important part of it. The following results focus mainly on the contribution of the oedipal phase of a person’s development guiding his/her sexuality. The results obtained from the TAT protocols show the relation between the perception of mother figure, father figure and the oedipal relations amongst both the male and female homosexuals. All the 22 homosexuals participating in the present research had been found to show an oedipal conflict resulting in an inversional orientation. The results point to a very inherent root of positive oedipus in the childhood, which worked behind as the dynamic force. In case of the male homosexuals, there was possibly a strong oedipal desire to possess mother sexually, and also a substantive wish to replace father from mother’s life or remove him totally, as he was perceived to be the rival. Podder and De

Table 1 Showing Analysis of TAT Protocols for Male Homosexual Subjects Dimensions Male Homosexuals Mother Figure There is restriction of oedipal fulfillment by mother. Father Figure They desire father’s absence and show ambivalence towards him (presence is threatening). They apprehend authority intervention. Dominant male power is the constant source of anxiety for them. Oedipal Relation Open oedipal desire and its pain leads to drawing of attraction to father figure leading to inverted oedipus (origin-oedipus). Castration anxiety is coming from dominance. Heterosexual Interest Heterosexual inclination is present in them. There is quite a lot of interest in heterosexuality. Feels resistance because of fear of punishment. Homosexual Relation They feel extremely conflicted in homosexual orientation. Attempted inversional processes arouse more anxiety rather than pleasure in them where the system ultimately succumbs to punishing superego. Apprehension, confusion and ambivalence of inversional domination are felt. Masculinity/Femininity There is a presence of masculine inadequacy and a doubt regarding masculine virility. They portray feminine qualities and lack in masculinity. Adequacy/Identity There is a sense of inadequacy. Intense need to have distinctive identity is also evident. Table 2 Showing Analysis of TAT Protocols for Male Heterosexual Subjects Dimensions Male Heterosexuals Mother Figure There is a presence of attraction and affinity towards the mother. Father Figure There is a proper source of masculine identification. Dependence on support of father figure to prove self sufficiency is evident. Apprehension of and apathy towards authority intervention is shown at times. Oedipal Relation Strong oedipal conflict is causing the fear of passivity. (Castration fear). Heterosexual Relation Opposite sex member is directly appreciated, but sexual resistance is present in many subjects. Self / Adequacy Lack of self confidence, esteem and sense of adequacy is prominent. There is a presence of personal insufficiency and a lack of confidence. There was the presence of a firm fear of being castrated by the father, which possibly is the reason for the consequent inversion in the individual. The open oedipal desire had with it the natural provocation to get more and more attached to the mother figure, but perhaps the guilt of bearing or even openly expressing such incestuous desire prevailed over the infantile wish and so there occurred a conflicting desire to distance themselves from the object of incest, i.e. the mother or to defensibly incline towards the father figure and develop a superficial inverted oedipal relation which later develops into homosexual trends and orientation. In certain cases, however, a non-submissive attitude towards their father figure had been observed and even Oedipus : The Deep Rooted Reality to Homosexuality

a reactive aggressive attitude. Perhaps they wanted to possess their mother and therefore a claim on their mother’s virginity by any other men (specifically father) is not tolerated. This could possibly be another reason to show distance and recluse or reactive aggression towards the father to protect the oedipal mother and enjoy its direct satisfaction. Apart from fixation on mother, there occurred identification with mother in the men, which is the outcome of the strong attachment, and in a certain manner, this helps the son to be loyal to his first love object, i.e. the mother. Thus in case of the present sample, the homosexual orientation is perhaps itself an outcome of strong mother figure identification which develops from the oedipal desire towards her (Jonas, 1944; Winterstein, 1956). It is unconsciously a wish to remain faithful to mother in a more socially acceptable way. Thus a strong fixation in being identified with the mother gives rise to the sexual interest in father from the mother’s point of interest. In heterosexual males if the father loves enough then the reciprocation between them develops and the child is able to identify with him and looks upon the mother from father’s viewpoint, i.e. as his wife. But in case of the homosexuals, they are fixated at the stage of mother identification and therefore develop to be a homosexual. G.S. Bose (1956) contended that the male child turns homosexual when the libido is fixated at the action identity phase of the mother–father relationship where the child places itself in the position of the mother (identity of the ego) and finds pleasure in playing the mother’s role and also gets interested in whatever interests the mother, including the father. Thus if a male child gets fixated at this phase the sexual interest remains as it was upon the father and his oedipus conflict does not get resolved and hence develops into a homosexual individual. In the present gay group, there had been a recurrent feature of strong castration fear amongst almost all of the subjects, along with which there was the presence of domination felt from an authority figure. The homosexual individual actually fears being punished by the father in the form of castration for this unimaginable sexual desire, and thus renounces from being sexually involved with any women at all so that the rivalry with the father or any such man who could take his place is avoided (Freud, 1920; Lewinsky, 1952). Castration anxiety is a common phenomenon even in the male heterosexuals as is evident from the present sample of male heterosexual individuals, who showed castration fear developing from the guilt of oedipal inclinations. The difference between the two groups lie in the fact that in case of the heterosexual individual the castration fear helps him to develop his superego which then guides him to identify with his father and turn his sexual wishes towards the mother into love and affection (Freud, 1900), whereas in case of the homosexual individuals the castration fear is so strong that they totally renounce from having sexual attraction or feelings towards the opposite sex and incline towards men. It therefore seems that castration anxiety is much stronger in case of the present homosexual population because of the perception of a punitive father. It might then as well be concluded that homosexual males loses the oedipal battle with their father, of possessing their mother and thus deviates towards inversion. Based on the information collected about their background and personal life, in the present sample, it was observed that except for 3 subjects the rest of the male homosexuals mostly had elder brothers and few had elder sisters. The sibling jealousy perhaps could be so intense that it gave rise to extreme hostility against them which was actually repressed and transformed so that they became their first love objects (Freud, 1922). If the heterosexual male group is compared in this case it is found that except for 5 subjects the rest were either only child or had younger siblings in their family. Podder and De

Table 1 shows that there was an inherent interest in heterosexual relationship in mostly all of the male homosexuals. But perhaps because of a fear of castration they repressed this need for heterosexual relation or even reacted negatively towards it. It might be for this fear they totally renounce heterosexual relations leaving women for the father (Freud, 1920). The fact of having an unconscious heterosexual tendency is also evident from the expression of apprehension, doubt and conflict felt in the homosexual life in the present sample. They seem to be in conflict in the inversional context and cannot trust the inversional bond because of this apprehension. Even though some might feel comfortable in male bondage, they apprehend being exploited and dominated by the partner. Thus guided by the infantile fear of castration, most of them play submissive and subjugative passive role in their relation. The Neo Freudian standpoint, according to Bieber et al (1963), is that homosexuality is a pathologic, biosocial, psychosexual adaptation consequent to pervasive fears surrounding the heterosexual impulses. While compared to the heterosexual male group, it can be seen that they show open attraction and interest towards the opposite sex people. This heterosexual inclination, in spite of going through a phase of castration anxiety, might be explained by the fact that in them castration fear is quite low in strength and they could resolve their Oedipus conflict by turning their sexual interest upon mother to affection and substituting her with a contemporary female on reaching the genital stage. Table 3 Showing Analysis of TAT Protocols for Female Homosexual Subjects Dimensions Female Homosexuals Mother Figure Mother is perceived extremely negative, non-understanding, highly dominating punishing and critical about their deficiencies and differentiating. They show partial respect towards mother’s decision hence compromises with her and so cannot identify. Father Figure Perception of father figure is abusive, not trustworthy, no support, driving towards immorality. There is also a need to be close with father. There is a desire to possess a penis. There is a feeling of over interference and domination from the desired oedipal figure. Oedipal Relation Oedipal impulse is evident. Oedipal orientation and inclination towards father is also present. Heterosexual Interest Root lies in heterosexuality. Seclusion is preferred to avoid tensions of heterosexual life. Intense ambivalence is present towards heterosexuality. Doubt and instability is associated with heterosexual support. Homosexual Relation Being well understood, reciprocated and respected in their own form of identity. Feels supported in life and attracted towards such partners. They seek support from homosexual partner. Masculinity/ Femininity Female roles are well appreciated and seen in positive frames. Prominent negativity is associated with male temperaments and attitudes. Nonacceptance of femininity in self is evident. Adequacy/Identity There is no clear identification with any parent due to negligence which leads to injured self. Oedipus : The Deep Rooted Reality to Homosexuality

Most of the homosexual males in the present sample showed less of masculinity and expressed doubts about their masculine virility. There was a tendency to aspire for masculinity and selfidentity as they suffered from identitycrisis, which seems to be related to their doubt regarding their gender role. Due to the lack of masculine identity most of them were effeminate in their attitude. The conflict between their biological sex, sexual orientation and the stereotypical gender roles, create confusion and inadequacy with a resultant sense of diffidence. However, the underlying unconscious process working behind might be that they have a strong identification with the mother figure, which turns them into the feminine self. Bose (1929) noted that there’s a fixation in the feminine attitude towards the father in which the male child develops feminine traits and passive homosexuality. According to Bakwin (1968) there is a high risk of homosexuality in children with deviant gender-role behavior, that is,effeminate or”sissy boys”and”tomboyish girls” A significant number of homosexual men also have been found to have histories of cross-gender behavior during childhood (Raphling, 1989). Table 4 Table Showing Analysis of TAT Protocols for Female Heterosexual Subjects Dimensions Female Heterosexuals Mother Figure There is a feeling of lose of interpersonal bond with parents; particularly the negativities are regarding the mother. Mother domination is felt. Father Figure Lack of trust upon father figure is prominent. Separation anxiety is present. Oedipal Relation Oedipal leanings are evident giving rise to guilt, conflict, confusion and sense of rejection regarding incestuous involvement. Heterosexual Relation A generalized apprehension is there regarding heterosexual advances in life. Self / Adequacy There is a lack of self confidence and presence of low self image. The analysis of the TAT protocols show that in case of the female homosexuals (Table 3) they portray a negative attitude towards their mother, perceiving them to be dictating, dominating, non-understanding, punishing and highly critical. They showed less respect, and had a noncompromising and non-submissive attitude towards the mother figure. Though not much is evident about the perception of the father figure but there was presence of strong oedipal attraction towards the father figure and complexities of a triangular relation is clearly present. The findings of an over oedipal attraction to the father on the part of the female leading to homosexuality is similar to the findings of dynamics of male homosexuality. Thus, inversion is a defensive way to be distant from the oedipal object choice because of interference and domination of the mother felt in a triangular relationship. Homosexuality thus gives riddance from incest guilt of the girl child. The inversional process puts up a blockade in front of Podder and De

unendurable oedipal impulses. This is possibly because their over oedipal wish to bear a child to their father in order to possess his penis remains ungratified and they feel rejected by the father in such an incestuous relationship. Therefore they become disappointed and move away from men in general to become a man themselves and as they look for a woman now it is obvious for them to take the mother to be the love object. The disapproval of the mother on desiring the father sexually too is removed if she ‘retires in favour of the mother’, thus leaving the father and men in general for the mother (Freud, 1920; Lagache, 1950). According to Bose (1956) “a female if fixated at the feminine attitude towards the father becomes incapable of loving any male, except her father. In case of the homosexual who are overly attracted to their father it can be deduced that they are basically fixated at the stage of the feminine attitude towards their father. He also states that homosexuality is the outcome of the libido being fixed at the Oedipus point, where the child’s ego feels like the father’s ego. The father’s interest becomes the child’s interest. The child imagines itself to be a grown up man like the father and thus the mother becomes the new sexual object and is looked from the father’s view. Thus female homosexuality is the outcome of desiring the mother being a male herself” (Bose, 1956). Bergler (1943) presses on the fact that homosexuality in women is determined by a preoedipal conflict, denying the maternal rejection and allaying guilt and anxiety by choosing mother substitute as love object. Terzaghi (1992) noted that homosexuality results out of neurotic development during the oedipal level, based on central unresolved conflicts of sexuality and aggression which are internalized in a personality structure. Early difficulties surrounding fear of loss of the mother and her love influenced each successive stage of development so that loss is a leitmotif throughout. Thus, homosexuality appears to be richly over-determined with pre-oedipal and oedipal factors contributing to its development which made it impossible for her to successfully resolve the Oedipus complex. Similar to the female homosexual sample, the female heterosexual sample also possessed the oedipal desire to possess the father sexually and expressed direct enjoyment of it. However, unlike the female homosexual group the female heterosexual individuals identified themselves with their mothers (even if with negative attitude) and had heterosexual interest along with some apprehensions. They might have resolved their oedipal conflict by identifying with their mother and starting to look for a father substitute as they grew up to be adults, on remaining ungratified by both the parents on the demand of a penis. Like the homosexual male group, the homosexual female group also tends to show an interest in heterosexual relations but still feel more comfortable in a homosexual relationship. The comfort felt in the inversional bond could rise out of two major causes. First, inversion being a defense helps to get rid of the guilt of over-oedipal attachment and seek mother’s approval. Second, many of the females having a distant relation with their fathers dreaded of being abused by them and men in general, as they could not generate a trustful relation with their father and thus show apprehension and negative attitude to have a heterosexual relation. The same sex relation seems to be more trustworthy, supporting and understanding than the opposite sex relation where they are insecured, fearing rejection and exploitation (Socarides, 1963; Lagache, 1950). They also fear that they would be losing their virginity by force if they go into an opposite sex relation. Elaine V. Siegel (1988; reviewed by Buttenheim and Contratto, 1993) stated that female homosexuals have failed to “take full possession of their vaginas”. Being unable to possess their vaginas fully seems the resultant of identifying as a Oedipus : The Deep Rooted Reality to Homosexuality

man and seeking mother as the sexual object during the oedipal phase of their development. Nevertheless, there remains the primitive oedipal desire because of which most of the lesbians show interest in and wish to have a heterosexual relation and expresses doubt about the consequences of the inversional relationship. From the TAT protocols it is evident that most of the female homosexuals in the present sample reject femininity or show negativity to the social pattern of appraisal of femininity. It shows that the attributes of feminine individual is shown utter reactive protest. Though few show appreciation of maleness, most of them possess a negative attitude and non-submissive nature towards the stereotypical masculinity as well. It might be that majority of the lesbians unconsciously despise such masculinity, yet none of them consider themselves feminine in the stereotypical term. Despising masculinity comes from the unconscious fear of the distant father’s rejection and abuse, and of men in general. According to Bakwin (1968) children with atypical gender role behaviour grow up to be homosexuals like ‘sissy boys’ and ‘tomboyish girls’. Many other researchers like Oldham, Farnill, and Ball, (1982); Shavelson et al,(1980) have found masculine gender role orientations among lesbians. Heinmann (1951) stated that when the feminine desires are frustrated because of ungratification she reverts back to the mother and comes finds out that her male organ is inferior; it is not a proper penis and cannot rival the father’s penis whom she hates for rejecting her. Because her phallicism is largely a secondary and defensive phenomenon, she comes to develop penis envy at the expense of femininity. She disowns her vagina, attributes superior qualities to the penis, hopes for her clitoris to grow into one and meets with further disappointment. Devaluation of femininity thus underlies overvaluation of penis. It is perhaps this disowning process of their vagina, because of which the female aspires to be masculine, but as it remains ungratified they develop a despise towards such masculinity. In case of the heterosexual females it is observed that they have a poor feminine identification along with lack of self confidence and confused self concept; some of them even possess distorted self image. It seems that the homosexual individuals are not only traumatized inside their conscious lifestyle but also within their individual unconscious reality. Conclusion: Both the homosexual and the heterosexual sample develop oedipal desire and experience an oedipal conflict is corroborated in the present study; while the heterosexual group overcomes the incestuous desires by transforming the sexual impulses into affection and thoroughly identifying with the same sex parent, the homosexual group turns their oedipal desire towards the same sex parent. A much stronger castration fear is present in case of the present homosexual male sample when compared with their cohort group. In case of the female homosexual the inversion is the result of being ungratified in their oedipal wishes. It is also found that heterosexual interests are present in both the homosexual samples but both groups are apprehensive about domination by the opposite sex or distrust them. Certain apprehensions and inhibition are felt in the heterosexual relation by the heterosexual group but they do not resort to any kind of homosexual relations. Thus it might be concluded that the oedipal stage and its consequent dynamic processes are a crucial phenomena which contribute enormously to the sexual orientation of a person. Podder and De

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Impact of Meaning in Life and Reasons for Living to Hope and Suicidal Ideation: A Study among College Students Atanu K. Dogra, Saugata Basu and Sanjukta Das The present study attempts to discern whether meaning in life predicts trait hope, state hope and suicidal ideation beyond the effects predicted by reasons for living, personality and stressful life events ; and whether reasons for living predicts beyond the effects predicted by personality and stressful life events. Personal Information Schedule, EPQ(Eysenck,1975), Stressful Life Events Scale (modified after Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale, Singh et al.,1984), Reasons for Living Inventory (Gutierrez et al.,2002), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006), Adult State Hope Scale (Steger et al.,1996), Adult dispositional Hope Scale (Snyder et al.,1991), Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (Reynolds,1991) were administered on 711 undergraduate college students in small groups. The obtained data have been statistically analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis. Results suggest that future expectations and coping beliefs of reasons for living and presence of meaning in life act as common factors for both hope and suicidal ideation but in opposite direction and the meaning in life influences hope and suicidal ideation beyond the effect of other factors. As the incidence of suicide continues to rise in recent times (Barlow and Durand, 2005), it becomes important to investigate factors affecting suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation is directly related to hopelessness as hopelessness mediates a tremendous amount of variance in the successful suicide (Beck et al., 1985). On the other hand, hope could mediate positive aspects of mental health and hence reduces suicide rate. The old saying goes like, ‘while there’s life, there’s hope’ but the converse ‘while there’s hope, there’s life’ is rather appropriate. Hope is described by Snyder et al. (1991) from two dimensional perspectives. One dimension of hope is positive motivational state that is based on an interactively derived sense of successful agency (goal - directed energy) and second one is pathways (planning to meet goals).This is state hope. Another dimension of hope is as a cognitive set that is based on a reciprocally derived sense of successful agency (goal directed determination) and pathways (planning to meet goals). This is trait or dispositional hope. So hope is the sum of perceived capability to produce routes to desired goals, along with the perceived motivation to use those routes. But sometimes goal- directed thinking is impeded repeatedly due to goal blockages, lack of agency and pathways, individuals go through a series of increasingly serious and lethal phases from hope to rage, from rage to despair, and from despair to apathy, later it leads to a state of extremely low hope ,i.e., hopelessness (Snyder,1994). Feeling of hopelessness may lead to suicidal ideation and later suicide (Beck et al., 1985, Sil and Basu, 2007). There is a growing emphasis on identifying individuals at risk for suicidal behaviors. Suicidal behavior may be considered as a domain of psychological disturbance and is associated with Atanu K.Dogra, Ph.D., Research student, Saugata Basu, Ph.D., Asso. Professor and Sanjukta Das, Ph.D., Reader, Dept. of Psychology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road. Kolkata-700009 ( India) Tel:91-9830526320, Fax 91-33-23519755, Corresponding Author: SAUGATA BASU E-mail: saubasu2005@yahoo.co.in Key Words: Meaning in Life, Reasons for Living, Hope, Suicidal Ideation

potentially severe mental and physical health outcomes. Suicide has been defined by Comer (2002) as self inflicted death in which one makes an intentional, direct and conscious effort to end one’s own life. Suicidal behaviors may be categorized to include suicide completion, suicide attempts, overt intentions, and suicidal ideation (Reynolds, 1991). Suicidal ideation is the first step down the dangerous road to suicide is thinking about it. Suicidal ideation – specifically the thoughts and cognition about suicidal behaviors and intent – may be considered an early marker for the risk of more serious suicidal behaviors (Bonner and Rich, 1987). Several studies on college students have suggested that suicidal ideation is common among this population (Brener et al., 1999; Barrios et al., 2000; Dhar and Basu,2006). Borum (1996) suggested that alcohol and drug abuse, intense stress or personal loss such as failure in school or breakup, may be precipitating factors in suicide attempts. Majority of suicides (37.8%) in India are by those below the age of 30 years (National Crime Record Bureau,2005). In Indian context, Dhar and Basu (2006) found out that stressful life events along with personality traits are related with suicidal ideation in this group. A phenomenon that may parallel increased rates of suicidal ideation is the loss of existential meaning or existential neurosis, lack of proper reasons for living and excessive stress perception (Dogra et al., 2007). Moreover, stress perception is often related to personality traits (Taylor, 1999). Several studies have examined the positive relationship between life events and suicidal behavior (Schotte and Clum,1982;Yang and Clum, 1984; Dhar and Basu ,2006; Guha et al.,2006).However, whether encountering life events contributes to hope negatively or insignificantly; or, there are other factors like personality traits which modulates life events contributing to hope is yet to be discerned. life events contributes To hope negatively or insignificantly; or, there are other factors like personality traits which modulates life events contributing to hope is yet to be discerned. Reasons for Living is a set of life sustaining belief and expectancies which may be prominent in non-suicidal individuals and act as cognitive barriers in committing suicide or may potentially influence the intensity of suicidal ideations in suicidal individuals (Linehan et al.,1983). They stated that people with high amounts of reasons to live would not want to commit suicide. Various studies have examined protective factors of reasons for living among young people in combination with known risk factors such as stress level and hopelessness (Dyck, 1987; Hirsch & Ellis, 1996) Existential psychological research emphasized on meaning in life to enhance trait and state hope and prevent suicidal ideation (Frankl, 1965; Mascaro and Rosen, 2005). Frankl (1965, 1973) has conceived of meaning in life as a process of discovery within a world that is intrinsically meaningful. Each one has to individually discover the meaning of each particular situation. Each meaning is unique to each person. The basic striving of man is to find the meaning in life. Steger et al. (2006) proposes 2 constructs: (i) presence of meaning and (ii) search for meaning. Presence of meaning refers to subjective sense that one’s life is meaningful whereas search for meaning refers the drive and orientation towards finding meaning in one’s life. Studies suggest that perceiving a meaning in life is related to positive mental health outcomes while meaninglessness is associated with pathology (Mascaro and Rosen, 2005; Dogra et al., 2008a, 2008b; Zika and Chamberlain, 1992). Dogra, Basu and Das

The present study aims to find out whether reasons for living and meaning in life act as protective factors against suicidal ideation and whether reasons for living and meaning in life enhance state and trait hope. To find out them, this study is designed to investigate whether meaning in life predicts trait hope, state hope and suicidal ideation beyond the effects predicted by reasons for living, dimensions of personality and the number of stressful life events in last one year; and various components of reasons for living predict trait hope, state hope and suicidal ideation beyond the effects predicted by dimensions of personality and the number of stressful life events in last one year among college students. Materials and Method: Sample: The sample comprises of 711subjects (362 males and 349 females) in the age range of 19 to 21 years, residing in Kolkata at least for the last 5 years, students of Graduate Classes(B.A.,B. Sc.and B.Com), with a predominant Bengali culture, family income between Rs.5,000 to Rs.10,000, and Unmarried. Subjects with known history of any acute physical and mental illness were excluded from the study. Tools Used: 1. A detailed information schedule was used to collect personal and familial related information. 2. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) (Eysenck & Eysenck; 1975). 3. Stressful Life Events Scale (Modified after Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale or PSLES, Singh et al., 1984): PSLES consists of 51 life events. This scale is specially prepared for adult Indian population. Modified version of the test with 38 items (Dogra 2009) was selected for the present study. 4. Reasons for Living Inventory for Young Adults (Gutierrez et al., 2002): It is a 32 itemself-report inventory designed to assess reasons (protective factors) for living in college adults aged 17 -30 years. There are 5 subscales: Positive Self Evaluation (PSE) contains 5 items; Coping Beliefs (CB) 7 items; Future Expectations (FE) 7 items; Peer Relations (PR) 6 items; and Family Relations (FR) 7 items. 5. The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006): It is a 10 items measure of the meaning in life. Five items measure presence of meaning in life and 5 items measure search for meaning in life. 6. Adult State Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1996): It is desired to measure State hope. The questionnaire consisted of 6 items including 3 agency and 3 pathway items in which respondents describe themselves in terms of how they are “right now”. 7. Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991): It is a self report, 12 item inventory designed to tap an individual’s dispositional hope or trait hope in adults. The scale tapping dispositional hope consists of 8 hope items (4 agency items and 4 pathways items) along with 4 filler items. Impact of Meaning in Life

8. The Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ)( Reynolds,1991): It is a self –report measure designed to assess a specific aspect of suicidal behavior -thoughts about suicide. It consists of 25 items. Procedure: Subjects who fulfilled the criteria of inclusion were asked to fill up the detailed Personal Information Schedule followed by different tests: Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, Stressful Life Events Scale, Adult State Hope Scale. Adult Dispositional Hope Scale were given on the first day. Within a week, Reasons for Living Inventory for Young Adults, The Meaning in Life Questionnaire, Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ) were given. The scales were administered in small groups (a group of 8 to 10 students). Statistical Analysis: To reach the research objectives, the obtained data have been analyzed using means, standard deviations, t- tests between males and females with respect to criteria variables and hierarchical regression analyses. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS 17.0. Table 1 Means and Standard Deviations of Males and Females and the t-values Representing Significance of Difference between Male and Female Students’ Scores on all Criteria Variables Variables Mean SD T Value Significance Trait hope Male 24.04 3.76 0.485 NS Female 23.90 4.01 State hope Male 30.73 4.10 0.633 NS Female 30.53 4.39 Suicidal ideation Male 16.50 19.34 1.411 NS Female 14.53 17.61 NS = Not Significant In the present study, as no significant differences exist between male and female students with respect to all criteria variables, further statistical analyses were done combining males and females together. Results and Discussion: Results suggest that i) various components of reasons for living have significant effect in predicting trait hope (Table 2) and state hope (Table 3) beyond the effects of three dimensions of personality and the number of stressful life events in last one year. And ii) presence of meaning in life and search for meaning in life have significant effects in predicting trait hope (Table 2) and state hope (Table 3) beyond the effects of three dimensions of personality , the number of stressful life events in last one year and various components of reasons for living. Among all variables, extraversion, coping beliefs, future expectation and presence Dogra, Basu and Das

of meaning in life contribute positively to trait hope (Table 2) and state hope (Table 3) as the direction of beta values suggest. Table 2 Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analysis of the Roles of PEN, Stressful Life Events, Reasons for Living, Presence of Meaning in Life, Search for Meaning in Life Predicting Trait Hope among College Students Predictor Variables R2 Adjusted R2 R2 Change Beta value F change Extraversion 0.057 0.052 0.057 .220** 10.644** Neuroticism -.024 Psychoticism .013 Stressful life events in last 1 year -.078 Extraversion 0.161 0.150 0.104 .187** 17.342** Neuroticism -.018 Psychoticism .003 Stressful life events in last 1 year -.061 Positive self evaluation .046 Coping beliefs .165** Future expectations .212** Peer relations -.031 Family relations .065 Extraversion 0.204 0.191 0.043 .167** 18.839** Neuroticism -.019 Psychoticism .010 Stressful life events in last 1 year -.053 Positive self evaluation -.053 Coping beliefs .133** Future expectations .186** Peer relations -.044 Family relations .024 Presence of meaning in life .232** Search for meaning in life -.009 * p<0.05. ** p<0.01. Impact of Meaning in Life

Table 3 Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analysis of the Roles of PEN, Stressful Life Events, Dimensions of Reasons for Living, Presence of Meaning in Life, Search for Meaning in Life Predicting State Hope in College Students. Predictor Variables R2 Adjusted R2 R2 Change Beta value F change Extraversion 0.056 0.051 0.056 .215** 0.470** Neuroticism -.010 Psychoticism .044 Stressful life events in last 1 year -.093 Extraversion 0.151 0.140 0.095 .185** 15.676** Neuroticism -.031 Psychoticism -.035 Stressful life events -.076 in last 1 year Positive self- evaluation .055 Coping beliefs .166** Future expectations .183** Peer relations -.017 Family relations .072 Extraversion 0.190 0.177 0.039 .167** 16.829** Neuroticism .031 Psychoticism .041 Stressful life events -.069 in last 1 year Positive self- evaluation -.063 Coping beliefs .135** Future expectations .159** Peer relations -.028 Family relations .033 Presence of meaning in life .221** Search for meaning in life -.007 * p<0.05 ** p<0.01. Dogra, Basu and Das

Table 4 Summary of Hierarchical Regression Analysis of the Roles of PEN, Stressful Life Events, Reasons for living, Presence of Meaning in Life, Search for Meaning in Life Predicting Suicidal Ideation among College Students. Predictor Variables R2 Adjusted R2 R2 Change Beta value F change Extraversion 0.061 0.056 0.061 -.054 11.527** Neuroticism .181** Psychoticism .071 Stressful life events in last 1 year .114** Extraversion 0.210 0.200 0.149 -.020 15.676** Neuroticism .132** Psychoticism -.059 Stressful life events .088** in last 1 year Positive self-evaluation -.061 Coping beliefs -.162** Future expectations . -.186** Peer relations -.033 Family relations -.139** Extraversion 0.231 0.219 0.021 -.007 9.673** Neuroticism .130** Psychoticism -.065 Stressful life events .081* in last 1 year Positive self-evaluation -.063 Coping beliefs -.140** Future expectations -.165** Peer relations -.027 Family relations -.110* Presence of meaning -.166** in life Search for meaning .029 in life * p<0.05 ** p<0.01. Results from Table 4 suggest that i) various components of reasons for living have significant effect in predicting suicidal ideation beyond the effects of three dimensions of personality and the number of stressful life events in last one year. And ii) presence of meaning in life and search for meaning in life have significant effects in predicting suicidal ideation beyond Impact of Meaning in Life

the effects of three dimensions of personality, the number of stressful life events in last one year and various components of reasons for living. Among all variables, neuroticism, stressful life events in last one year positively and coping beliefs, future expectation, family relations of reasons for living and presence of meaning in life contribute negatively to suicidal ideation as the direction of beta values suggest. Different components of personality and hope and suicidal ideation: Two components of personality, i.e., extraversion and neuroticism are observed as influencing factors for two dimensions of mental health, i.e., hope and suicidal ideation respectively. The present study portrays that extraversion is a predictor for trait and state hope (as reported in Tables 2 & 3). It means that extravert people are more hopeful than introvert people. Due to sociability, activity, expressiveness and tendency to experience positive emotion as characteristics of extraversion, extravert persons are more capable to find out various sources of goals and sum of perceived capability to produce routes to desired goals, along with the perceived motivation to use those routes. This finding is in agreement with researches done by Eysenck and Eysenck (1985). According to Eysenck and Eysenck (1985), being characteristically hopeful and optimism are the products of stable extraversion but pessimism is product of introversion. Present outcome is further supported by Mascaro and Rosen (2005) and Dogra et al. (2008b). They observed extraversion as a positive predictor of hope. ‘Williams (1992) and Marshall et al (1992) found that extraversion is positively correlated with optimism. The present study found that neuroticism also acts as a significant positive predictor of suicidal ideation (Tables 4). This can be explained by theoretical constructs given by Eysenck (1971). Neuroticism, in its extreme point, while confronting with a stressful life event might give rise to neurosis. The typical high N scorers are more prone to be an anxious, worried individual and they are overly emotional, reacting too strongly to all sorts of stimuli, and find it difficult to get back after each emotionally arousing experience and they appraise self , other people and world around them very unrealistic manner. So overall, it affects their social, personal adjustment and that’s why, their interpersonal relationship is highly disturbed. Besides this, due to high amount of emotional instability, they interpret ordinary situations as threatening and respond poorly to environmental stressors. They perceive minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult and thus a great chance to form suicidal ideation. This finding is supported by Dogra et al. (2008a), Enns et al., (2003), Kerby (2003) and Velting(1999). Stressful life events in last one year on Suicidal ideation: The present study reveals that the number of stressful life events in last one year acts as a significant positive predictor of suicidal ideation( Tables 4). If stress increases, suicidal ideation will increase. In other words, the more number of stressful life events a person encounters in last one year, more suicidal ideation he feels. Detrimental influence of number of stressful life events in last one year on suicidal ideation might have occurred in following ways: Firstly, when a student faces high amount of stressors (for examples high amount of interpersonal conflict with parents, disruption of a romantic attachment, lack of proper identity Dogra, Basu and Das

and academic stresses) but may not be able to adapt and may experience lowered capability to deal with future events, s/he will breakdown under stress and the stage of exhaustion occurs. During this phase, people may employ inappropriate defensive measures to deal with the problems they face and choose suicidal ideation, a behavior to escape from the stressors. On the other hand, the perception of threat leads to an increasingly narrow perceptual field and rigid cognitive processes. This situation often leads to suicidal behaviour. Dhar and Basu (2006) showed a significant positive relationship of numbers of life events, amount of presumptive stress with suicidal ideation. Secondly, stressful life events may lead to suicidal ideation through producing existential crisis. Existential psychologists emphasized that stress is the result of industrialization, loss of traditional values and modern bureaucratic society. Here individuals have to confront with others to live. This external circumstances block humans ‘will to meaning’ and produce an ‘existential frustration’ (Wong,1997). This existential frustration leads to suicidal ideation in individual (Frankl, 1965). Reasons for living and hope: The present study reveals positive influences of reasons for living on hope and negative impact of it on suicidal ideation. The present study also reveals that, only two components of reasons for living ,i.e., future expectation and coping belief act as predictors for trait hope and state hope significantly (on the basis of beta value). People, who have high amount of future expectation, believe that they have many good things to look forward as they grow older and they are hopeful about their plans or goals for the future (have a job, career, or family) and consequently lead to optimistic thinking. These expectations from the future life help to survive successfully. In other side, people who have several coping beliefs regarding own ability to cope with whatever life has to offer (coping belief) , they are very confident about their goal directed activities and it enhances goal directed determination and finally leads to more hopeful thinking. So person with high coping belief has confidence in problem–solving skills, beliefs in personal control, optimistic thinking, and respect for and enjoyment of life. This finding was supported by Mehrotra (1998a) and Dogra et al. (2008b) conceptualizing that proper reasons for living help to enhance hope. Reasons for living and suicidal ideation: The present study also reveals that three components of reasons for living, i.e., coping belief, family relations, future expectation act as predictors for suicidal ideation significantly. So individuals, who have few personal and social reasons for living, are vulnerable to the development of hopeless expectation because when they are placed under negative life stressful conditions and crisis situations, such negative schema about life are likely to be activated. A person, who has inadequate coping beliefs, believes himself to be unable to cope with most of the losses of his life and also incapable of taking the right decisions at the right time, s/he lacks confidence and optimism to deal with life stressors. Thus this lack of confidence and pessimistic thinking may finally lead to the development of suicidal ideation in college students. In other side, people, who have inadequacy in family relationship, have lesser probability to Impact of Meaning in Life

get informational support about stressful events and emotional support from family. As a result, they do not get family relation as a stress buffer in their life. In other side, future expectations act as significantly negative contributing factor for development of suicidal ideation. Bonner and Rich (1991), Mehrotra (1998b) and Dogra et al.(2008a) have also suggested that a person’s reasons of living act as stress buffer and prevents suicidal ideation. Meaning in life and Hope: The present study revealed that presence of meaning in life helps to enhance trait and state hope which promote psychological well-being and prevents despair and that the very presence of ideals and values can weave the slender threads of a broken life into a firm pattern of meaning and responsibility among college students. It may enhance hope in following ways: A: Setting appropriate goal, if necessary, more goals of hope through meaning in life: When individuals state that their lives are meaningful, they can meaningfully choose a set of appropriate goals from various sources - achievement, relationship, religion, self –transcendence, self – acceptance, intimacy and fair treatment of their life and take proper sense of successful agency and pathways and finally it leads to hopeful thinking .So, meaning in life helps to person to realize about proper implication of a goal. In this context, creative and experiential values of meaning in life (Frankl, 1965) are more effective for hopeful thinking. As creative values, If a person can a deed meaningfully, i.e., involving in one’s own projects in art, music, writing, invention of life, or any work, people can more actualize utilization of works and associated goal in his hopeful life. In other side, sometimes hope about essence in present and future life can be enhanced through meaning derived from experiential values, i.e., by experiencing something—or someone. B: More Pathways and More Agency: An individual, who is meaningfully alive, has the capability to produce workable routes of goals and the requisite mental energy to initiate and sustained progress alone those route. In fact, even in the face of failure or negative feedback, proper meaningful life generates more pathways and sustained more agency than person with low amount of presence of meaning and leads to hopeful life. So meaningful multiple pathways and agencies help to enhance hope of an individual. It is also revealed that meaning in life predict trait and state hope beyond the effect of stress suggesting meaning in life acts as a buffer against stress. when individual perceives the life meaningfully, s/he perceive life stressors in a manner which makes coping easier by viewing the world as meaningful, comprehensible and manageable. Through this way, individuals may be able to find some positive aspect in seemingly negative events and hopeful about future goals. Even in front of “tragic triad”– pain, grief and death, potential meaning is only way to survive without hopelessness. Such perceptions may preserve or restore the notion that if one’s life has purpose, value and worth, this perception enhances one’s hope and well-being. This finding was empirically supported by the studies done by Emmons (1997), Mascaro and Rosen (2005, 2006) and Dogra et al. (2008b). Dogra, Basu and Das

Meaning in life and suicidal ideation: The present study found significant evidence of the contribution of “presence of meaning in life” in prevention of suicidal thoughts and the absence of which intensifies suicidal tendencies and hence acts as stress buffer. Meaning in life is a natural consequence of experiencing in a balanced, mindful, and unbiased manner the various fruits that existence offers. Some of the more common fruits are the various activities relating to others and the world, related to oneself, and related to whatever it is that allows self to relate to others. And when something within individuals blocks them from engaging in those activities from which person naturally derives meaning, or when something within them inhibits awareness of the meaningfulness of the activities in which they are already engaged, then a sense of meaninglessness (absence of ‘presence component of meaning’) is evident; consequently, they feel that their life have no clear purpose and they have no good sense of what makes their life meaningful. As a result, they have general sense of meaninglessness and emptiness, i.e., existential frustration that leads to existential vacuum associated with feelings of boredom, apathy and emptiness is experienced (Frankl, 1969). Hence they may feel that their life has become purposeless and devoid of any sort of challenge. Finally, it leads to suicidal ideation. The finding is in agreement with the findings by Mascaro and Rosen (2005, 2006) and Dogra (2008a). Thakur and Basu(2010) also showed that lack of existential meaning is related to clinical depression. All of these findings including the present one supported Frankl’s (1984, 1992) theory, which portrayed the detrimental influence of the feeling of total and ultimate meaninglessness of people’s lives, a void within themselves, which he called existential vacuum. Under prolonged conditions this experience of meaninglessness can lead to a “noogenic neurosis”, a condition typified by boredom and apathy, ultimately the propensity towards suicidal behaviour increases. Conclusions: It can be concluded from the present study that reasons for living and meaning in life negatively predict suicidal ideation during stressful period and positively predict hope among college students. Precisely, the individuals with inadequate meaning in life and insufficient reasons for living are less resourceful regarding their existential as well as their cognitive coping repertoire in dealing with life-battle during the stressful period; consequently they often assume suicide as a solution to their problems in life. This study further suggests that the meaning in life (existential coping repertoire ) and reasons for living (cognitive coping repertoire ) act as stress buffers and could predict the ability to cope against the life adversity and help to generate hope or hopelessness which in turn leads to either rebuff or accept suicidal ideation in college students. References: Barlow, D.H. & Durand, V.M. (2005). Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach. Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth. Barrios, L.C., Everett, S.A., Simon, T.R. & Brener , N.D. (2000). Suicide ideation among US college students. Journal of American College Health, 48,229-234. Impact of Meaning in Life

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Frankl, V.E. (1969). Self-transcendence as a human phenomenon. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 6, 97-106. Frankl, V.E. (1973). The doctor and the soul : From psychotherapy to logotherapy. New York : Vintage Books. Frankl. V.E. (1984). Man’s search for meaning. New York: Simon and Schuster. Frankl, V.E. (1992). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy, Boston : Beacon Press. Guha, R., Banerjee, M., Basu,S. & Das, N. (2006). A study of stressful life events and cognitive styles in attempted suicides and normals. Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies,22(1-2), 73-76. Gutierrez, P.M., Osman,A., Barrias, F.X., Kopper, B.A., Baker, M.T., & Haraburda, C.M. (2002). Development of the Reasons for Living Inventory for Young Adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 339 – 357. Hirsch, J.K. & Ellis, J.B. (1996). Differences in life stress and reasons for living among college suicide ideators and non ideators. College Students Journal, 30, 377-386. Kerby,D.S.(2003).CART analysis with unit-weighted regression to predict suicidal ideation from Big Five traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 249-261. Linehan, M.M., Goodstein, J.L., Nielson, S.L. & Chiles, J.A. (1983). Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The reasons for living inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 276-286. Marshall,G.N., Wortman , C.B., Kusulas, J.W., Hervig, L.K. & Vickers, R.R. (1992). Distinguishing optimism from pessimism: relations to fundamental dimensions of mood and personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1067-1074. Mascaro, N. & Rosen, D.H. (2005). Existential meaning’s role in the enhancement of hope and prevention of depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality, 73, 1467-1494. Mascaro, N. & Rosen, D.H. (2006) .The role of existential meaning as a buffer against stress. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 46, 168-190. Mehrotra, S. (1998a). Reasons for living : Exploring its potential correlates. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 39-45. Mehrotra, S. (1998b). Correlates of suicidal ideations: Looking beyond depression and hopelessness. NIMHANS Journal, 16, 167-175. National Crime Records Bureau (2005). Accidental deaths and suicides. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Reynolds, W. M. (1991). Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources Inc. Schotte, D.E. & Clum, G.A. (1982). Suicidal ideation in college population: A test of a model. Journal of Counselling and Consulting Psychology, 50, 690-696. Sil, M. & Basu, S. (2007). A study of hope, hopelessness, reasons for living and suicidal ideation in college students. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34(1), 76-82. Singh, G., Dalbir, K. & Harsharan, K. (1984). Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale (PLSES) : A new stressful life events scale for use in India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 26, 107 – 114. Impact of Meaning in Life

Snyder, C.R., Harris, C., Anderson, J., Holleran, S.A.& Irving, L.M. (1991). The wills and ways : Development and validation of an individual differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570 – 585. Snyder,C.R.(1994).The psychology of hope: You can get there from here. New York: Free Press. Snyder, C.R., Sympson, S.C., Ybasco, F.C., Borders, T.F., Babyak, M.A. & Higgins, R.L. (1996). Development and validation of the state hope scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 321 – 335. Steger, M.F., Frazier, P., Kaler, M. & Oishi, S. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 80-93. Taylor, S.E. (1999). Health Psychology. Boston: McGrawhill. Thakur, K. & Basu, S. (2006). A study of reasons for living and suicidal ideations in college students. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33,40-46. Velting, D.M.(1999). Suicidal ideation and the five-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 27 ,943-952. Williams, D.G. (1992).Dispositional optimism, neuroticism, and extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences,13, 475-477. Wong,P.T.(1997).Meaning–centered counseling : A cognitive-behavioural approach to logotherapy. The International Forum for Logotherapy ,20,85-94. Yang, B. & Clum, G.A. (1994). Life stress, social support and problemsolving skills predictive of depressive symptoms, hopeless and suicide ideation in an Asian student population: A test of a model. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behaviour, 24, 127-139. Zika, S. & Chamberlain, K. (1992). On the relation between meaning in life and psychological well-being. British Journal of Psychology, 83, 133-145. Dogra, Basu and Das SIS Instruments can be Obtained from : Somatic Inkblot Centre 4501E, 104th Avenue Anchorage, AK. 99516 (USA) E-mail : siscassell@yahoo.com & Somatic Inkblot Centre 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage AK. 99517 (USA) E-mail : bldubey@gamil.com

Anil Agrawal, B.E.,MBA, Executive Director, B145, Sector 50, NOIDA- 201301 Tel: 91-120 -4212247(H), 3237258(H) Cell:91- 9990556111, Cell: 99582 82999 Email: anil.agrawal@omega-icehill.in E-Mail: anilagrawal33@yahoo.com (SIS FM 19) N. N. Aggarwal, M.D., Professor, Director, Guru Nanak Hospital and Research Center, Railway Station Road, Ranchi (Jharkhand) Cell: 91-9431701974 (SIS LM 333) Rakesh Aggarwal, 364, Sector 15, Panchkula 134113 Tel. 0172-2591824,E-mail : rakesh17@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 210) Sakshi Aggarwal A 46, Lok Vihar, Pitumpura, Delhi- 110034 E-mail : a_sakshi@rediffmail.com (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 28) Nimisha Ahuja H.No 47, Abchal Nagar, Factory Area, Patiala Cell: 9878605179 Tel: 91-9815500108 (LM) 2004 Email:- ahujanimisha@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM 46) Sanjay Ahuja 1602, New Janta Colony, N.I.T., Faridabad- 121001 Email : sanjay_ahuja80@yahoo.co.in (LM 03) Tel.: 91-129-25442877, (SIS Membership No. 92) Saurabh Ahuja, C-211, Anand Vihar New Delhi 110085 Tel. 011-22158920 E-mail : sau_2k4@rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 211) Deoshree Akhouri C/o Prof. A. B. B. Lal Aryapuri, Ratu Road, Ranchi — 834001 Cell — 91-9905578833 (SIS Membership No. 309) Shah Alam, Ph.D. Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology, Women’s College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002 (India) Email: shahalam_captain@yahoo.com (LM 97) (SIS LM 148) Kristian Aleman, Ph.D. Psychoanalyst, Vidargatan 5, entréplanet, 113 27 Stockholm, SWEDEN. Phone: 00 46 8 32 82 08 (M 2004) Email: kristian.aleman@ka-psychoanalysis.se (SIS Membership No. 96) Zahirunnisa Ali Specialist in Physical Therapy, Plot No. 65, Ayppa Nagar, P.O. Katol Road, Nagpur (India) Tel.: 91-712-2539418 (LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 171) Sarika Alreja, MA C/o Shri A. N. Alreja 117/K/103, R.S. Puram, Sarvodaya Nagar Kanpur — 208025 (U.P.) (M) 91-9835947497 (SIS Membership No.234) Dr.Vijaylaxmi Aminabhao Professor, Dept of Psy, Karnatak Univ. Dharwad (Karnataka) Email: vijaylaxmi_aminabhavi@rediffmail.com (LM 2004)(SIS FM No.260) Abhinit Anand, M.Phil M&SP C/o R. B. Singh, Near AVKS School Morhabadi, Ranchi — 834008 (Jharkhand) (M) 91-9334427965, Email: anand6364@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No.306) Tulika Anand Research Scholar, 154, Maya Bazar, Reti Road, Gorakhpur-273001 Ph.: 91-551-2344781, 98394-80442 (LM 03) Email: tulika_anand@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 8) T.P. Antony Principal, Avila College of Education, Aquinas Grounds, Edacochin, Cochin-682006 (M 2005) Tel: 91-484-2328166,2328167,2328567 (SIS Membership No. 10 ) Roohi Arora 802, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109 Tel: 91-172-2573187 (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No.11) Shweta Arora 58,Sector 12A, Panchkula-134112 (India) Tel: 91-171-2571627 Email: shweta_arora5@yahoo.com (LM) 2004) (SIS Membership No. 12) Nidhi Ayri 723 B,Sector 36 B, Chandigarh Mob.: 9814195022, Email : nidhi1180@hotmail.com (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 13) Gagan Preet Singh Bakshi, 120/320, Lajpat Nagar, Kanpur-208005 Tel. 0512-2297996, Mob: 9872891055 Email id: gaganbakshi15@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 212) Rajni Bala C/o Jawahar Lal, Kokar, H.B. Road, Ranchi - 834 001 Jharkhand. Cell : 91-9835334105 E-mail : rajni_b_80@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No.250) Somatic Inkblot Society (Membership Directory – 2010) Membership Directory 103-122

Priyanka Banerjee, M.Sc.(Psy) 1B, Lovelock Place, Flat # 1A, Lovelock Apartments, Kolkata-700019. E-mail: ms_p_banerjee@hotmail.com Mobile: 91-9830066754 (LM2004) (SIS Membership No.15) Shubhra Banerjee, Ph.D. “Shubhalaya”, 7, Mahaveer Colony, Kamachha, Varanasi - 221 010, (India) (LM 97) Tel. : 91-542-2312049 (H) (SIS Membership No.16) Pankaj Bansal, MBA, 52, Preet Nagar, Ferozpur City-152002 Tel: 91-1632-220641 Email : pankajkbansal79@yahoo.com (LM 03) (SIS Membership No.17) Manav Bansal 659, Sector 12, Panchkula-134112 (India) Tel: 91-172-2563427 Email:manav_bsl@yahoo.com (LM) 2004 (SIS Membership No.18) Jayanti Basu, Ph.D. AE 692, Salt Lake, Sec. 1, Kolkata- 700 064, (India) (F97) Tel. : 91-33-23341421,(H) (LM 95) E-Mail : jaybc@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No.20) Saugata Basu, Ph.D., M.Phil. Surendranath Cooperative,201, Manikatala Main Road, Flat No.12, Kolkata - 700 054, (India) Tel. : 91-33-23559772 (H) (F 97) E-Mail : saubasu@cal3.vsnl.net.in (SIS Membership No.21) Wilfred A. Cassell, MD, FAPA, APC, Director, SIS Center, 4501E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska - 99507 (USA). Tel : 907-346-3450 (H) (F 92) E-Mail : siscassell2@yahoo.com Email: soroptimary@yahoo.com (SIS Founder Member No.1) J.S. Bedi, Chairman Gian Jyoti Inst. of Mgt. & Technology, Phase-II, Mohali-Chandigarh (LM 99) Tel. : 91-172-2228806, 2661327 (H) (SIS Membership No.25) Mansij Bhan Exe.Director, R.S.Careers Traders Pvt. Ltd, 505 Sector-38A, Chandigarh-160036 Mob: 9814332988 (LM2004) Email: roadkingindia@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No.22) Nidhi Bhardwaj 3G/169, N.I.T., Faridabad (Haryana) Phone : 91- 129- 2417087, 5054993 Ell: 91-9873709916 Email Nidhibhardwajnidhi@Yahoo.Com (SIS LM 23) Suruchi Bhatia, MBA C/O Mawana Sugars Ltd. Plot No.15, Institutional Area, Sector 32, Gurgaon-122001, Ph:91-124-4298000 Email: suruchi1711@gmail.com (LM2003)(SIS LM 24) Anindita Bhattacharya D/o Shri Aloke Kumar Bhattacharya 4A/1 Indira Nagar, P.O. Durgapura, Jaipur-302018 Cell:91-9771566819, Tel: 91-141-2545398, 2724292 (H) E-mail: itsanindita@gmail.com, (SIS LM No. 328) Sanjay Kumar Bhogta Vill.+P.O. Dumroun, P.S. Ichak, Dist. Hazaribagh-825402 (Jharkhand) Cell: 91-9199869427 (SIS LM No. 322) Mahesh Bhargava, Ph.D. Director, National Psychological Corporation, 4/230, Kacherighat, Agra - 282 004 (India) (F 95) Tel. : 91-562-3257708 (W), 2464926(W) 562-2150113 (H) Telefax: 2155497(H) Mob: 9837061093(MB), 9412253754(Vivek) Email: npc_agra@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No.26) Hitkar Pushpa Bhengra, M.Phil (M&SP) C/O Mr. Eman Dan Bhengra, Vill : Dongrakata (Near The Block) P.O. : Manoharpur, Dist : West Singhbhum Mob.: 91-9835166504, 91-9304489084 (SIS Membership No. 254) Nitesh Bhatia, R-7/B-28, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad, (UP) (LM 2001) Tel: 91-120-24719685 (SIS Membership No.27) Parbhtej Singh Boparai, 119, Ph-II, SAS Nagar-160055 Tel. 0172-2271339, Cell: 91- 9953150333 Email: prabtej_boparai@hotmail.com (SIS LM 214) Amardeep Singh Brar 123,Sector-11, Chandigarh-160011 (India) Tel: 91-9814033830 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No.57) Ameet Brar, 2261, sector-19 C, Chandigarh-160019, Tel: 91-172-774466(H) (LM 02) (SIS Membership No.29) Prakash Chandran, Ph.D. Kammathiparambil , Elamakkara, Kochi-682026(Kerala) Tel: (0484)2536709, 2537556, Mobile: 9847039971 Email: prakasharackal@rediffmail.com (F 1995) (SIS Membership No. 30) Membership Directory

Ariban Chakraborty, B 2/9, Golf Green, Phase 1, Kolkata-700095, tel: 91-33-24737465 Email id: anirban_ubs@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 215) Harpreet Kanwal Chhabra, Ph.D. House No. 21, Phase 3A, SAS Nagar-160059 Tel:91-172-227059 (LM 2002) (SIS LM 32) Manav Chhabra, MBA Gh-10, 29D, Sunder Apt., Paschim Vihar, New Delhi -110063,Ph.011 25262897 (LM 03) Email : Chhabramanav@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 33) Tarlok Singh Chhabra Bangalow No. 889, Phase-3/B-2, Sector-60, Mohali, SAS Nagar-160059 (Punjab) Mobile: 91-9888687760, 91-9814410162 (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 208) Rita Chaudhury C/O. Col. S. Chaudhury A-2/9, Ravi Park, 77 Jagtap Nagar P.O. : Wanowrie, Pune - 411040 Maharashtra (India) (SIS Membership No. 34) Col. S. Chaudhury, MD, Ph.D. Prof. and Head, Deptt. of Psychiatry, RINPAS, Kanke,Ranchi-834006, (India) Cell: 91-9334386496 E-Mail: suprakashch@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 35) (FM 1997) Aman Chahal, MBA, 240, Sector-11 A, Chandigarh-160011 Tel: 91-172-2740978 Email: amanchahal_ubs@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 216) Deepak Chawla # L398, Model Town, Panipat-132103 (Haryana) Phone 91-1742-652169, Email: Deepakl_Chawla@Indiatimes.Com (SIS Membership No. 36) Neeti Chopra, MBA, 555, Sector-8B, Chandigarh-160008 (SIS Membership No. 37) Alfred Collins, Ph.D. Consultant Clinical Psychologist 615 East, 82nd Ave, Suite 102, Anchorage, AK - 99518 (USA) Tel. (907)-344-3338(W), E-Mail : acollins@alaska.net (LM 95)(SIS Membership No. 38) Carina Coulacoglou, Ph.D. Psychologist, University of La Verne, 40E, Esperou Str. Kifissia, Athens 14561 Greece (M99) Telefax : (301) 6252269 E-mail : carina@fairytaletest.com Email:carinacoul@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 31) Silvia Daini, M.D. Instituto di Psichiatria e Psicologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome ( Italy) Mobile: 0039 339 3798428, Tel/fax (0)6 3054850, Email: daini@katamail.com (LM 2006)(SIS Membership No. 209) Samridhi Dalal, E2 Sector 14, Chandigarh-160014 Tel. 0172-2542110, E-mail : samridhi_dalal@ rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 217) Sanjukta Das, Ph.D., M.Phil. Flat No.2, 1st Floor, P-32, Moti Gheel Ave, Kolkata-700074(LM01) Tel:91-33-23508386(H) (SIS Membership No. 39) Manisha Das Gupta, D 4/202,Peerless Nagar, Panihati, Distt: 24 Pargana(N) Kolkata-700114 (LM 2004) Email: manisha_peu@rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 218) Sonali De, Ph.D. B-1015, Karuna Moyee Housing Estate, Salt Lake, Kolkata - 700091 (India) Tel. : 91-33-23590561 (H) (LM 2000) email: sonalide2002@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 40) Karl DeSousa, M.A. 635 Atafondem Pular Moira, Bardez , Goa-403514 (India) Tel : 91-832- 2470319 E mail: himnkarl@gmail.com (SIS Life Member No.272) Renu Dewan, Ph.D. Reader, Dept. of Psychology Ranchi Women’s College, Ranchi (SIS LM - 319) Gurbir Singh Dhaliwal, 2535, Hargovind Nagar, Bhatinda-151001, Tel. 0164-2215927 (SIS LM No. 219) Vikramjeet Singh Dhillon, 131 Sector 18-A, Chandigarh -160018 Tel. 91-172-2724284, 9872486677 (SIS LM No. 220) Sanmeet Dhillon 84R,Model Town, Jalandhar-144003 Tel: 91-181-2272871(H) Cell: 9814133743 (LM04) (SIS Membership No. 41) Gyanender Dhillon, MBA 17, Phase-VI, SAS Nagar(Punjab) Tel.: 0172-2268430 (LM 2003) E-mail: gyaninderdhillon@hotmial.com Membership Directory

Pratibha Dhondia, M.A. 1138, Sector 43-B, Chandigarh - 160 034. Tel. : 91-172-2664562 (H) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 43) Dipti 78, Sector-2, Industrial Area, Kurukshetra Tel.: 91-129-25442877, (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 44) Dipti Dhingra # 1069, Sector 44-B, Chandigarh E-mail: deeptidhingra@hotmail.com (LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 45) Vidhata Dixit D/o Shri Raj Pal Dixit A.P.M. Accounts officer Head Post Office II Meerut (U.P.) Cell:91-9771695807, 9412203856, 9456830810 (H) (SIS LM No. 327) Atanu Kumar Dogra, Ph.D. 40/1, Tangra Road,Tangra Housing Estate, Block-O, Flat-5, Kolkata- 700015 Ph: 033- 23281426, Cell: 91- 9836588451 SIS LM – 341 Vanita Dua, Ph.D. A1-504 Mayank Appts, Plot No. 21, Sector – 6, Dwarka, New Delhi-110 045 Tel:91-11-25071935, 25071936, Cell: 9311810864 E-mail: vanita.dua@gmail.com (SIS LM 311) Anand Dubey, B.E., MBA Editor, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK - 99517 (USA) E-Mail: anand.dubey@gmail.com (F 97) (SIS LM 47) Asheem Dubey, M.B.A. 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 (USA) E-Mail:asheem.dubey@gmail.com Mob: 917-446-2452, (F 97) (SIS Membership No. 48) Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D. Director SIS Center India, President Somatic Inkblot Society, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 Cell:9417036655(India) Cell:907-250-8834(USA) E-Mail:bldubey@gmail.com (SIS Founder Member No.2) (F 92) S.N.Dubey, Ph.D. New Colony, Bachhra Road, Faizabad-224001 Tel :91-5278-2241070(H) 2232305(W) Email: drsurendra_fzd@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM 49)(LM 2003) Ankur Dutta 18, East Lane, Sunderpur, RGB Road, Guwahati-781005 (India) Tel: 91-361-2202515 (LM 2001) (SIS Membership No. 50) Moon Moon Dutta, MA (Psy), M.Phil 17 Girish Banerjee Lane, Howrah-711101 (WB) Tel: 91-33-26410311 (H), Cell:91-9830416586, E-mail: moonmoon2nov@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 331) Rajan Dutta, M.P.M.I.R. President HR, Lupin Ltd., Luxmi Towers,’B’Wing, 4th Floor, Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai-400051 Tel: 91-22-66402222 E-mail: rajandutta@lupinpharma.com (SIS Membership No. 51) Padma Dwivedi, M.A. PHILIPS Tower, Flat No.A-501, Plot No.3, Sector-23, Dwarka, New Delhi-110075 E-mail : bldubey@gmail.com (FM 92)(SIS Founder Member No.3) Amanda M. Fernandes, M.A. House No.133/A, Quirnin, Quitula, Aldona. Bardez, Goa-403508 (India) (LM 2008, SIS LM No.312) M. Irfan Farooqi, Ph.D. Street Maqbarian, 1/5, sarahandi Gate, Malerkotla-148023 Tel:91-1675-2252694(H),9855186967 (SIS Membership No. 52) (LM01) Roberto Ferro, Ph.D. Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Via Bernardino Bellincione -14, 20134 MILANO (ITALY),(M 95) Tel: 39-2-2154874(H) E-Mail : csguazzin@fsm.it (SIS Membership No. 53) Megha Gagneja, 270, Sector 32-A, Chandigarh 160030 Mob. 9814174233 ,E-mail : m_gagneja@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 221) Bhawna Gandhi Quality House,Vikas Nagar, Shimla-171009 (India) (LM 2004) Tel: 91-177-2620512 Cell: 9418011151 (SIS Membership No. 54) K. L. Garg, MD Consultant Neuro-Psychiatrist, SCO-6, 1st Floor, Sector 17-E, Chandigarh - 160 017 (India) Tel.:91-172-2702281(W) 2564800(H) (LM95) (SIS Membership No. 55) Divya Ghai, MBA 1162 Sector 21-B, Chandigarh-160022 Tel.: 91-172-2703266, Email: divyaghai@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 56) Tulika Ghosh, MA C/o Shri Subhash Chandra Ghosh 7th Lane, Kantatoli Colony, Netaji Nagar, Ranchi — 834001 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9905757898 E-Mail: tulikaghosh_rinpas@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 305) Membership Directory

Ankush Girdhar, 75 Bhagat Singh Colony, Makhu Road, Ferozepur City-152002 Tel. 01632-222539 Mob. 9855435539 E-mail : ankushgirdhar_ubs@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 222) Sonali Giri, 538 KA/187/1A, Tulsipuram Triveni Nagar-3, Lucknow-226020 Tel. 2757149 E-mail : sona_smarti@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 223) Deepak Kumar Giri, M.D. C/o Mr. P. K. Mutt, 95, LIG (Near RITPS) Adityapore Colony, Adityapore, Jamshedpur Saraikela, Kharswan (Jharkhand) Tel.: 91-657-2308945 E-mail: deepak29giri@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 310) Shilpa Goyal 94 A, Tagore Nagar, Civil Lines, Ludhiana-141001 (India) Tel: 91-161-2471710 (LM 2004)(SIS Membership No. 59) Philip Greenway, Ph.D. Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton Campus,Clayton, Victoria-3168 Australia. Tel : 99052842(W),94585052(H) (M-2001) E-Mail: philip.greenway@education.monash.edu.au (SIS Life Membership 60) Ravikant Gunthey, Ph.D. A-111, Shastri Nagar, Jodhpur-342003 (India) Tel.: 91-291-2433943(H) Cell.: 9414127931 E-mail: guntheyravi@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM 61) (F 96) Aditya Nath Gupta, 101, SFS Flats, Gulmohar Enclave, New Delhi-110049 Tel.9872749369, 011-26851463 Emaild: adionthenet@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 224) Abhishek Gupta Subhash Cottage, 670, Sector 6, Panchkula - 134 109. (LM2001) Tel: 91-172-2773834, Email:abhishek_gupta@spiceindia.com (SIS Membership No. 62) Hemant Gupta House No. 275, Sector 16, Panchkula-134113 Ph.:0172-2572101 Email: hemant_gupt@yahoo.com (SIS LM 63) Nitin Gupta, Gupta Cloth House, Near Arya Samaj Mandir, Main Bazar, Dina Nagar, Distt Gurdaspur-143531 Mob. 9814506329 E-mail : ernitingupta@rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 225) Nehra Gupta, 529/5-4, Shastri Nagar, Mandigobindgarh (Punjab) Tel.01765-266268 E-mail : guptanehra16@hotmail.com (SIS LM No. 226) Priyanka Gupta, A-2,Doctor’s Enclv,Gangawal Park, Jaipur (LM01) (SIS Membership No. 64) Piyush Gupta, 3349, Sector 21-D, Chandigarh Tel. 9872222623 (SIS LM No. 227) Rama Gupta, M.B.A. 553, Dhanas, Chandigarh Tel:91-172-2696993 (SIS Membership No. 65) Sapna Gupta, Vidyarthi Prakashan, P.B.No.161, Bhagat Singh Marg, Saharanpur-247001 (LM2001) Tel : 91-132-2726298 (SIS Membership No. 66) S. C. Gupta, Ph.D. 1/5, Balda Road Colony, Nishat Ganj, Lucknow-226007 F 1996) Tel.: 91-522-2780891 E-Mail: sureshcguptaskg@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 67) Sarita Gupta, M.A. D-54/18, Aurangabad, Varanasi-221001 Tel.: 91-542-2421488 (LM 96) (SIS Membership No. 68) Rajat Gupta J-143 Sakel, New Delhi-11017 Tel. 91-11-26855973, 9888138382 (SIS LM No. 228) Shivani Gupta Flat No.11, Young Dwellers Society, Sector 49, Chandigarh-160047 Email : shivanigupta_78@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 69) Vishal Gupta 1297, Sector 15, Panchkula -134113(Haryana) Phone 91-172-2593999(H) Email mbavishal78@yahoo.com (SIS LM 70) Susmita Haldar, M.Phil M&SP T-2, 4/4, Ruchira Residency, 369 Poorbachal Kalitala Main Road, EM Bypass, Kolkata-700078 Ph.: 91-033-25575910 (SIS Life Membership No. 235) Pankaj Handa B-23, New Saraswati Society, Plot 26/1, Sector-9, Rohini, New Delhi-110085 Email: handap1@rediffmail.com, Tel: 91-9899196886 (SIS LM 330) LM 2009 Membership Directory

Mohd. Saif Ul Haq D1165 Indra Nagar, Lucknow-226016 (India) Tel: 91-0522-2353896 (LM 2004) Cell:9780467095 Email: m_saif_h@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 71) Smita Hemrom, M.Phil (M&SP) C/O R. Hemrom, At –Dela Toli, Tiril, Kokar, Bariatu, Ranchi – 834009 Cell: 91-9431576989 (SIS Membership No.251) Ishani Police Flat no.3,Sec 17, Chandigarh-160017 Tel:91-172-2728706 (SIS LM No. 229) Sudarshan Kumar Jagga 531/3, Shaheed Udham Singh Nagar, Malout, Distt: Muktsar (Punjab) Tel: 91-1637-264411(H), Cell: 9815964429 (LM 2005) (SIS Membership No. 72) Masroor Jahan, Ph.D., M.Phil. Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Cell:91-9835165223 E-mail: masroorjahan@hotmail.com (LM and SIS FM No. 237) Ruchi Jain, Ph.D. c/o Vidya Books Agency, Bhagwan Mahavir Marg Baraut, Bagpat- 250611(India) LM 2004 (SIS Membership No. 73) Shilpa Jain, Ph.D. B-50, Vinoba Kunj, Plot No.9, Sector-9, Rohini New Delhi-110085 Tel: 91-11-30914703, 91-11-27569635 Email: shilpajain77@yahoo.co.in (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 261) Sonal Jain AE15, Tons Colony, Dak Pat har, Dehradoon (India) (LM 2004) Tel: 91-1360-222128, Email: jnsonal@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 74) Vandana Tara Janveja, A-23, Nizamuddin East, New Delhi- 110013 Mob:91-9810753858, 91-11-24352533 Email: tara.artprinters@sify.com (LM 2006) (SIS LM No. 230) Anuradha Jatana, M.A. 118, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109 (Haryana) (LM 2000) Tel. : 91-172-2567187,Cell:9815067187 E-Mail : ritzu999@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 75) Mukesh K. Jha, M.A. Dept. of Yoga Psychology, Bihar Yoga Bharati, Ganga Darshan, Munger - 811201, Bihar (India) Tel. : 91-6344-2222430 (W) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 76) M. R. Jhanwar, DPM Deva Institute of Mental Health,B-27/70, Barhal Kothi,Durga Kund, Varanasi - 221 005. (India) (LM 94) Tel. : 91-542-22310670 (W) (SIS Membership No. 77) Lt. Col. T. Rajan John, MD. Classified Specialist (Psychiatry) 92 Base Hospital C/o 56 A.P.O. (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 78) Marina Joseph, M.A. Francis House, Mission Quarters, Urakkam P.O., TRICHUR (Kerala) (LM 2004) Email: jmerina@hotmail.com (LM 2004) Tel: (0487) 2343944. Cell: 971 506964376. (SIS Membership No. 79) Hardeep Lal Joshi, Ph.D. Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra - 136119 Email: drhardeep_joshi@yahoo.co.in (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 80) Kabir Julka, M.B.A. Julka Cottage,Tank Road, Solan-173212(HP) Tel: 91-1792-2222048, 2222809 E-Mail: kabirjulka@hotmail.com (LM 2001) (SIS Membership No. 81) Abhisekh Kalra,M.B.A. WZ 410, C/8, Hari nagar, Clock Tower, New delhi-110064, Tel: 91-11-25496652 Cell:91-9833633899 Email id: abhishekkalra2003@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 262) R. Kamala 15 Amul Colony, Amul Dairy Road, Anand-388001 (Gujrat) (LM 2002) (SIS Membership No. 82) Amrita Kanchan, M.Phil (M&SP) 1/155 Nawabganj, Kanpur -208002 (U.P.) Mob: 91-9234610083 E-mail: amrita.kanchan@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 253) Sunita Kandhari, Ph.D. Asst. Professor 82, Marudhar Vihar, Khatipura, Jaipur, Rajasthan-302012 Cell: 91-9783307022, E-mail: bhawanaarya75@gmail.com (SIS LM No. 336) Preet Kanwal, MBA, # 6, Village & P.O.Sansarpur, Jalandhar -144024 (LM03)Tel:91-181-2265627 (SIS Membership No. 85) Membership Directory

Payal Kapoor, 96, Jillians Blvd, Snrith Rs Parsipang, NJ 07054 (USA) Tel. 973-887-6317 (SIS Member No. 263) Peony Kapoor, Consultant Psychologist, 2070, Frontier Drive, Oak Ville, Ontario, L6M 3V5 Email: nkapoor@cogeco.ca Tel: 001-905-469-4065(H)Cell:001-416-804-4065 (SIS Membership No. 83) Bhupesh Kashyap SDA Residential Complex, Block 62, Set No. 943, New Shimla-171009 Phone : 91-177-2270155 Email Bhupesh_Kashyap@Yahoo.Com (SIS Membership No. 86) Maj. Sanjay Kaul, 477 Sector 7, Panchkula (India) Tel. : 91-172-2561960 (H) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 84) Harpreet Kaur, Ph.D. 11, Greenview Colony, Rajbaha Road, Patiala 147002 (Punjab) Cell: 09815501369, (LM 98) Email:harprit.kaur@yahoo.com, (SIS Membership No. 87) Jasleen Kaur WZ 197, Gali No. 3, Virender Nagar, New Delhi-110058 (India) (LM 2004) Tel: 91-11-25505284 Email: jasleenseera@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 88) Rajinder P. Kaur, Ph.D. 364,Sector -38A, Chandigarh-160037 (LM 98) (SIS Membership No. 89) Ravneet Kaur, MBA # 5466, Sector 38 West, Chandigarh-160014 (LM 03) (SIS Membership No. 90) Rupinder Kaur, MBA, 7, K.M.Colony, Bhiwani-127221 Tel:91-1664-2246434(LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 91) Kunal Kaushesh, House No.401, GH 22, Manasa Devi Complex, Panchkula (SIS Membership No. 264) Deepak Kaushik 41, Pocket11, Sector 5, Rohini, New Delhi 110085 Tel. 011-55196524 E-mail : kaushikdeepak@hotmail.com (SIS LM No. 231) Nawab Akhtar Khan, M.Phil. C/o A. H. Khan, Patratoli, P.O.: RVC Kanke, Ranchi-834007 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9234892942 (SIS Membership No. 249) Anatoly Khromov, Ph.D. N6, Micr, VI apt. 163, Kurgan,Russia - 640023 Tel. : 007-352-2-485740 (H) E-Mail : anatolykh@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 93) Rohini Khullar 22 A, Ring Road, Lajpat Nagar-IV, New Delhi - 110 024 (India) (LM 95) E-Mail: rohinik3@gmail.com Cell: 91-9810626161 LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 94) Manisha Kiran, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of P.S.W. RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 (SIS Membership No. 241) Shalu John Koikara, S.H. L.D.(Psy), M.D. Clinical Psychologist, Dept of Mental Health Care,OAC Clinic and Guidance Center for Children, Holy Family Hospital, Muthalakodam P.O.,Thodupazha-685605(Kerala) Cell:9447522232 Email: shakj2001@yahoo.com, Tel: 91-4862-227870, (LM2004) (SIS Membership No. 95) Sajeet Kujur Vill. Banhora, P.O. Hehal, Dist. Ranchi-834005, (Jharkhand) Tel: 91-651-2513214 (SIS LM No. 321) Amit Kumar, M.Phil. S/o Sri Arun Kumar Singh At/PO: Sukurhutoo, Via-Kanke Dist: Ranchi — 834006 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9835528311 (SIS Membership No. 308) Deepak Kumar, Ph.D. 36 Arvind Puram-A,Sikandara, Agra (UP) (LM2004) Cell: 91-9414893206, Email: deepak.hypnotism@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 97) Ganesh Kumar, F31 Raag Complex, Subhan Pura, Baroda-390023 Tel. 91-265-2281678 (SIS Membership No. 265) Harmesh Kumar, Ph.D. President, Therapeutic Residential Services Inc, 2075 Pacheco Street, Concord, CA 94520 (USA) Cell: 925-285-9881 Email: harmeshkumar@sbcglobal.net (SIS Membership No. 318) (LM 2000) Hridesh Kumar, Ashirvad Building, Sunny Side,Solan-173212 (HP) Tel: 91-1792-2220233(H) (LM 2001) (SIS Membership No. 98) Indra Bhushan Kumar, Ph.D., Clinical Psychologist, DMHP, Sadar Hospital Campus, Dumka, Jharkhand SIS LM - 337 Membership Directory

Rakesh Kumar, Ph.D. Sr. Cl. Psychologist, Institute of Mental Health & Hospital,Agra-282002(India) Cell: 91-9410290094 Tel.91-562-2602729(H) Email: mindpowerlab@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 99) (LM 98) Ranjan Kumar, M.A. S/o Er. R. P. Gupta, Smiriti Pravesh Kunj New Area, 2nd Lane, Hazaribagh - 825301 Mob: 91-9835212873, E-mail: ranjan_counsellor@yahoo.com (SIS LM 2003) Ranjeet Kumar, Ph.D.,M.M & S.P, Assistant Professor of Clinical psychology Gwalior Mental Hospital, Gwalior (M.P) Cell: 91-9406586814 , E-mail: ran_psy@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 100) (LM 2003) Vijay Kumar Flat No. 306, G.H. 27, Sector 5, MDC, Panchkula (Haryana) Ph.: 91-172-2557021, E-mail vijay_306@hotmail.com (SIS LM 101) Anjali Kumari, M.Phil. C/o Dr. Jay Lal Mahto Dept. of Plant Breeding & Genetics Birsa Agriculture University, RVC, Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 E-mail : anjalikumari@yahoo.com Cell : 9835147454, Phone : 0651-3202533 (SIS Membership No. 243) Anju Kumari, M.Phil.(M.M.&S.P.) C/o Omkar Nath Upper Cuitia, Beni Gali Ranchi — 834001 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9334317911, 91-9431591030 (SIS Membership No. 255) Dolly Kumari, M.Phil.(M.M.&S.P.) C/o A. Sharma Hesag, Near Donbaco School Hatia, Ranchi — 834003 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9931315272 (SIS Membership No. 256) Shantna Kumari, M.Phil, W/o Shri Sanjay Kr. Sahu Vill. Bukuru Jatra Tar, P.O. Kanke Dist. Ranchi-834006, (Jharkhand) Cell: 91-9431360082 E-mail: k.shantna@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 323) Sita Kumari C/o Dr. D. Mehta Tetartoli, Near Akanksha Enclave, P.O. RMCH, Harihar Singh Road, Ranchi-834009, (Jharkhand) Cell: 91-9431358022, Tel: 91-651-2546391 (SIS LM No. 324) A. S. Kundu Dy. Director General & Chief Social & Behavioral Research, ICMR, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110 029 Tel. : 91-11-22653980 (W) (F 94) E-mail: azadskundu@hotmail.com (SIS Founder Mem.No. 4) Ravinder K. Labana, M.B.A. 335, Sector-44A, Chandigarh-160044 Tel:91-172-2665309 (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 102) Ramjee Lal, Ph.D. Dept. of Applied Psychology, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur (U.P.) E-mail : drramjeelal@rediffmail.com Mobile: 91-9415207100 (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 103) Manisha Lamba, 620 Sector 49-A, Chandigarh-160047 Mob. 9872634876 E-mail : manishalamba@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 266) Anu Singh Lather, Ph.D. Professor, University School of Mgt.Studies, G.G.S Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110006 Tel: 91-11-23866082, 91-9871433504 Email: anusinghlather@yahoo.com (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 267) Prithpal Kaur Lohat V&P.O.-Thandia, Distt Nawanshahar (India) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 104) Jagdip Singh Lotay, 315, Field regiment, C/O 56APO(India)(LM99) (SIS Membership No. 105) Geeta Rani Magoo, Ph.D. 1/69,Alice Road, Mount Wavereley, 3149 Melbourne, Victoria(Australia) Email:geetamagoo@yahoo.com, Mobile:91-9812147284 (SIS LM No. 301) LM 2007 Jyoti Mahajan 130, Phase XI, Mohali.Tel: 91-172-2231231, E-Mail:jyotimahajan_80@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 106) Karan Mahajan 1048, Sector 27 B, Chandigarh-160019 (India) Tel: 91-9815300454(LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 107) Mrinalini Mahajan 1 Batala Rd, Vijay Nagar, Mahajan Villla, AMRITSAR-143001, Tel. 0183-2271006 E-mail : munmun_82@radiffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 268) Membership Directory

Vineet Mahajan House No. 874/1, Sector 41-A, Chandigarh-160036 Tel: 91-172-2627620, 9815149887 (SIS Membership No.269) Jashobanta Mahapatra, Ph.D. Asst. Professor of Clinical Psychology Deptt. of Psychiatry, SCB Medical College Cuttack, Orissa - 753007, (India) LM 2004 Cell: 91-9437256903 Email:hypnoagra@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 108) Akash Kumar Mahto, M.Phil M&SP C/o Mr. Gajadhar Mahto At-Kapuria, PO- Bhelatand Dist: Dhanbad — 828103 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9431314809 (SIS Membership No. 236) Neha Majumdar SN 15/149, Gautam Budha Marg, Sarnath, Varanasi-221007 Ph.: 91-542-2591366 (LM 03) (SIS Membership No. 109) Puneet Makkar 59, Nyaspuri, Karnal, (India) (LM 2001) Tel : 91-184-250888 (SIS Membership No. 110) Mamta Malhotra, 908, Gowshalla road, Harbans Pura, Ludhiana-141004 Tel: 91-161-2702085(H) (LM01) (SIS Membership No. 112) Seema Malhotra, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof. in Clinical Psychology, NIMHANS, Bangalore-560029 (India) (LM 95) E-mail: seema@nimhans.kar.nic.in (SIS Membership No. 113) Simran Malhotra, 2228 Sector 21 C, Chandigarh 160022 Tel. 0172-2700939 (SIS Membership No. 270) LM 2005 Subhanish Malhotra, MBA 281/7A, Dunger Mohalla, Vishwas Nagar, Shahdara, Delhi-110032 E-mail:subhanish@gmail.com Tel: 91-9811847404, 22389761 (LM 2006)(SIS LM 271) L. Sam S. Manickam, Ph.D. Professor in Clinical Psychology Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College & Hospital, Ramanuja Road, Mysore 570004, India 91-9444492423 Email:lssmanickam@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 114) Ankit Markan E1-8, Sector-14, Panjab Univ campus, Chandigarh-160014 (LM01) Tel:91-172-2778236 (SIS Membership No. 111) Namita Mehtani 404, Skati Apts, Sector-14, Panchkula-134109 (India) Tel: 91-172-2579012 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 115) Vivek Mehndiratta 5764-A, Sector-38West, Chandigarh-160014 Tel: 91-172-2694989 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 116) Navjot Singh Miglani, 462A Guru Teg Bhadur Nagar Jalandhar City (Punjab) Ph.: 91-181-3111038 E-mail : shelly2109@hotmail.com (LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 117) Lisa Milne, Ph.D. 266, Middleborough Road, Blackburn South, Victoria-3130(Australia) (LM-2001) (SIS LM 118) Abhisekh Mishra 60, Sector 7A, Chandigarh – 160007 Tel:91-172-2794945,2794810, EM: abhishek_misra@hotmail.com (SIS LM 273) Deepak Kumar Mishra W.N./H.N.-13/299, Ramgulam Tola Eastern Shastri Nagar, Dist: Deoria — 274001 (U.P.) Mob: 91-9905586321 E-mail: deepak2821@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 302) Mridula Mishra, Ph.D. Prof. Dept. of Management, LSB, Lovely University, Phagwara-144002 (Punjab) Email:sismishra@rediffmail.com Cell: 91-9860906644 (FM and SIS Founder Membership No. 5) Nalini Mishra, Ph.D. Plot No. 196, Saket Nagar, Naria, Varanasi-220005 (India) Cell: 91-5415221900 Email: sisnalini@rediffmail.com (FM) (SIS Founder Membership No. 6) Nishi Misra, M. Phil., Ph. D. Scientist ‘D’ 201, Nag Chaudhuri Hostel, DRDO Residential Complex, Lucknow Raod,Timarpur, Delhi-110054 (India) Tel.: 91-11-23955058(H) Cell.: 9811128239 E-mail.: nishi201in@yahoo.com (LM 1995) (SIS Membership No. 119) Praveen Mishra, M.B.A. Asst Manager, Bharti Tele-Ventures Ltd. Infotel Office, 224 Okhla Industrial Area, Phase III, New Delhi - 110020 Cell: +91 98181 9948791, 98181 99487 E Mail: pravmis@gmail.com (SIS LM 120) Membership Directory

P. K. Mishra, Ph.D. Professor, Center for Advance Studies in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar-751004 (India) Tel.:91-674-2583286(H) 2581739 (W) (LM97) (SIS Membership No. 121) Rashmi Mishra, Ph.D. Lecturer,Dept. of Psychology, PPN College, Kanpur, U.P. -208001 Ph: 0512- 2822361, cell: 91- 9454142639 SIS LM – 339 Sarita Mishra, Ph.D. 7/157,Swaroop Nagar, Kanpur-208002 (LM 2001) Tel: 91-512-2552006 (SIS membership No. 122) Sunil Mittal, M.D. Psychiatrist, Delhi Psychiatry Center, 35 Defence Enclave, Vikas Nagar, Delhi-110 092 (LM95) Tel.: 91-11-2214726(W) 222767(H) (SIS Membership No. 123) Reetinder Mohan, Ph.D. 269, Sec. 16-A, Chandigarh - 160016 (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 124) M. Mohandas, Ph.D. Avinaash, Cheruparambath Road, Kadavanthra P.O, Kochi-682020 Tel: 91-484-2311011, Cell: 91-9847239916 Email: mohanmdas@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No.259) Anish Monga, MBA 428, Model Town,Phase-I, Bathinda-151001 (Punjab) Tel: 91-164-2211333,(LM 2003) Email: anishmonga@indiatimes.com (SIS Membership No. 125) Anjana Mukhopadhyay, Ph.D. Dept. of Psychology, Women’s College, BHU, Varanasi - 221 005 (India) Tel.: 0542-2367482, Email:anjanamukhopadhyay@yahoo.co.in (F 94) (SIS Membership No. 126) Piyali Mukherjee, Ph.D. C/o Mr. D. K. Mukherjee 94, B.R. Ghosh Road, Kolkata - 700040 E-mail : mukherjee_piyali@yahoo.com Phone : 033-24118963 (SIS Membership No.244) LM 2006 Ashok Kumar Nag, M.D. Medical Supritendent, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006, (Jharkhand) Cell: 91-9431176091 (SIS LM No. 332) Rahul Nagpal House No-668; Sector-8; Panchkula, Haryana-134109 Tel:91-9814469203 (SIS Membership No. 274) LM 2005 Subhanker Nath, 173, Sector-11A, Chandigarh-160011 Tel:91-172-2746878, Cell:91 9971666330, Email: shubhankar_nath@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 275) LM 2005 Anshuman Nayak, MBA, Charigharia, P.O. Madhav Nagar, Bhadrak-756181(Orissa) Tel:91-6784-2240873 (LM03) Email:anshuman_nayak@indiatimes.com (SIS Membership No. 127) Sanjay Kumar Nayak, M. A. At+Post : Chalkari Basti Dist. : Bokaro, Jharkhand - 829114 (SIS Membership No. 320) Himanshu Nayar B-107, Sector 30, Noida-201303, Tel. 0120-2452739 E-mail: nayyar_himanshu@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 276) LM 2005 Manisha Nayar 484, Sector-20A, Chandigarh-160020 Tel:91-172-2708950 (LM2001)(SIS Membership No. 128) Vivek S. Natarajan, Ph.D. Asst Prof., Dept. of Mgt. and Marketing, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas-77710 (USA) Email: vivek.natarajan@lamar.edu Tel: 409-880-8643(W), Cell: 817-917-3727 (SIS M 277) Abhilasha Negi, HIG Cottage No 11, Lower Jakhoo, Housing Board Colony, Shimla-171002 Tel. 0177-2620938, E-mail abhinegi@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 278) LM 2005 Paola Nicolini, MA Via Enrico Fermi 14, Lomagna (LC) 23871, Italy (LM 99) E-mail : pnicolini@skindeep.it Email:paola.nicolini@libero.it Telefax : 039-9220187 (W) (SIS Membership No. 130) K. N. Ojha, 1/213, First floor, Vikas Nagar, Lucknow-226022 Phone: 0522-2769375 (R)09335235596 (M) Email: knojha85@yahoo.co.in (LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 131) Ann M. O’Roark, Ph.D. 866, Amelia Coart, NE St. Petersburg, Fl 33702-2784(USA) Cell: 727-492-5731, Tel/Fax:(727) 527-9863 E-Mail: AnnMORoark@aol.com (M 98) (SIS Membership No. 132) Membership Directory

Yash Pal Village & PO- Keharwala, Dist- Sirsa (India) Tel: 91-1698-286204, 286205, Cell: 9416167312 (SIS LM No. 133) Ravinder S. Palia 609 Bristol Road west Mississauga. ON - L5R 3J6 (Canada) Tel: 905 890 6286(H) Cell: 416 779 2113 E-Mail: ravipalia@hotmail.com (SIS Life Membership No. 134) Rakesh Pandey, Ph.D. Associate Proffesor, Deptt. of Psychology, B.H.U., Varanasi-221005 (India) Cell:91-9415812329, 91-542-2304723,2369967O) 91-542-2318246(R), http://ijssr.110mb.com E-Mail: rpan_in@yahoo.com (F 1996) (SIS LM 135) Col. Vijay Pandey, M.D. Classified Specialist (Psychiatry), Military hospital, Kirkee, Pune (M 95) (SIS Membership No. 136) Lt. Col. S. S. Panglia, M.D. Consultant Physician,1446, Phase-10, SAS Nagar, Mohali Distt. Ropar (India) Tel.: 91-172-2212536 (SIS Membership No. 137) Paul E. Panek, Ph.D. Associate Dean, OSU Newark Campus, 1179, Uni. Drive, Newark, Ohio-43055, USA. Tel. : (614) 366-9315 E-Mail : panek.1@osu.edu (F 98 )(SIS Membership No. 138) Suresh Parekh Prof. Deptt. of Psychology, MMG Mahila College, Junagarh-362001, Gujrat (India) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 139) Fr. Babu Payikkattu, M.Phil M&SP Payikkattu-House, Chennalode-PO Kalpett-Via, Wayanad-Dt, Kerala-673121 Mob: 91-9905158767 E-mail: antobabuclpsy@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 307) Edward M. Petrosky, Ph.D. 1 Station Square, Room 102 Forest Hills, NY 11375 Email:EPetrosky@iona.edu (SIS Membership No. 279) LM 2005 Marisa Porreca, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology Via Valsesia 8, 20152, Milano (Italy)(LM 99) Tel. : 024531624 (SIS Membership No. 140) Jai Prakash, Ph.D., M.Phil. Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Cell:91-9934582290, Email:drjaiprakashrinpas@rediffmail.com (LM & FM No.151) Anil Prasad 1691, Sector-4, Panchkula Tel: 91-172-4638811 Email: anilprasad19@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 280) LM 2005 Divya Prasad, M.Phil. Research Officer RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 (SIS Membership No. 248) Sheetala Prasad, Ph.D. Lecturer in Psychology, Ewing Christian College, Allahabad-211008 Mob.: 9415216779, Tel.: 91-532-2413645 (W) (F 95) (SIS Membership No. 141) Sourabh Prasad GF-1, Flat No 41 Golmuri Flats, Jamshedpur 831003 (Jarkhand) (SIS Membership No. 281) LM 2005 Richa Priyamvada, M.Phil (M.& S.P.) C/o Mr. Bipin Kumar Sinha, Q.No. 1581, Sector - 12/A, Bokaro Steel City — 827 012 (Jharkhand) Cell : 91-9835066228 E-mail : richaprivambada@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 252) Vikram S. Pujara Opposite Mohal Rest House, Distt. Kullu-175125 (H.P). Email: Vickyshashni@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 142) Nandhini Rajgopalan “ASWINI”, No. 10, 6th street, Karumari Amman Nagar, Vijay Nagar, Velachery, Chennai-600042 E-mail : nandhini15@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 282) LM 2005 Raj Kishore Ram S/o Sri Puran Ram Vill. Jamsingh, P.O. Ichatu, P.S.+Dist. Ramgarh-825101, (Jharkhand) Cell: 91-9835116528 E-mail: rajrinpas@yahoo.com E-mail: rajrinpas@rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 329) Dalbir Kaur Randhawa, DM&SP, 3214 Firhill Dr., Abbotsford, BC, V2T 5L4 (Canada) Tel.: 604-504-3562 (H) (L.M.97) E-mail : rdalbir@hotmail.com E-mail gdrandhawa@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 144) Geeta Rani Director, Alaknanda Hospital, Ravindrapuri Extn. Ravindrapuri, Varanasi-221005 (SIS LM No. 334) Membership Directory

Kamlesh Rani, M.Phil (Psy) 612/1, New Railway Road, Sector-4/7, Chowk, Dayanand Colony, Gurgaon-122001, (Haryana) Cell: 91-9891916007, 9990484007, E-mail: kammoviren@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 335) Bhavana Ranjan House No. 1415 Sector 39-B, Chandigarh-160036 Tel: 91-172-2699208 (SIS Membership No. 283) LM 2005 Jay Kumar Ranjan, M.Phil (M&SP) C/o Prof. Nagendra Prasad At — Kusum Vihar, East Morhabadi, Ranchi — 834 008 Cell : 91-9304153083 E-mail : jay_kr_ranjan@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No.257) Varun Rao, MBA 302 Sector-16A, Chandigarh-160016 Mob:9815671000, 0172-2773123(H) (LM 2003)(SIS Membership No. 145) S.P. Rathee, Ph.D Dept. of Psychiatry, Command Hospital (WC), Chandi Mandir Cantt -134 107 Tel: 91-172-2866574 (W) 2550080(H), 9876422259 (LM 94)(SIS Membership No. 146) Stefano Reschini Via Anna Frank No.11/C, 20040 Usmate, Usmate Velate, MI-Italy Tel.39+39-672092(W) E-mail : resco@lombardiacom.it (LM 2002)(SIS Membership No. 147) Tushar Roy 3077, Sector-44D, Chandigarh-160047 Tel 91-172-2660733 (LM2001) (SIS Membership No. 149) Ayesha Sagar 619 Sector-8, Panchkula 134109 (Haryana) Tel:91-172-2560259 (SIS Membership No. 284) LM 2005 Gaurav Sangwan, MBA 18 KM Colony, Bhiwani-127021 E-mail : g_sangwan@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 151) Ratnabha Saha, M.B.A. 3/28,Central Avenue, A-zone, Durgapur-713204 (WB) Tel: 91-343-2568953 (SIS Membership No. 285) LM 2005 M. Sahay, Ph.D., 95, Doctors Apts, 4, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi - 110096 (FM 92) Tel. : 91-11-22632807, 9811 545 145. 22621789 Email: manoranjansahay@hotmail.com (SIS Founder Membership No. 14) Brig. D. Saldanha, M.D. Vice President Somatic Inkblot Society, Flat # 1102, N Block, Grevillea, Magarpattacity, Hadapsar, Pune 411013 Tel:91-20-26899813,67220600, Cell: 9373337606 Email: d_saldanha@rediffmail.com Email: saldanhavalsa@gmail.com (F1994) (SIS LM &Fellow 152) Lt. Col. Sudhir Kumar Salujha, M.D. Military hospital, Jalandhar (LM-01) (SIS Membership No. 153) Amandeep K. Sandhu, MPMIR Tej Form, Manimajra, Chandigarh-160101 Tel. : 91-172-2740991 (H) 2782135 (LM98) (SIS Membership No. 154) Binod K. Sao, M.B.A. 302, Padmrao Nagar, Secunderabad-500061 (India) Email:binod.kumar@mafoi.com, Mobile: 91-9885127668 (SIS Membership No. 155) LM 2004 George Savage, M.Sc. Consultant Clinical Psychologist, “Deo gratias” 37 Victoria Road, Retreat 7945, South Africa Telefax. : (27) 21-712-1281 (H) FM 95) E-Mail : gsav@worldonline.co.za (SIS Membership No. 156) Savina, MBA, 20, Type-5, Power Colony, Kurali Road, Roopnagar-140001 Tel:91-1881-2225250(LM03) (SIS Membership No. 150) K. S. Sengar, Ph.D., M.Phil. Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Cell; 91-9431769001 Email: kssengar2007@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 238)LM 2006 Shashi Sethi, Ph.D., ISHH Guidance and Counselling Center 723 ,Sector -7, Panchkula -134109 (Haryana). Email: dr_ssethi_723@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 157) Dhrub Sharma, Panch Pallav Mytheestal, Upper Kailtheu, Shimla-170003 Tel. 9872547696 (SIS Membership No. 286) LM 2005 Geetika Sharma 2182,Sector 45C, Chandigarh-160047 (India) Tel: 91-98815832650 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 158) Harish K. Sharma, M.Phil. Lecturer in Psychology,SBS (M) College, Kotkapura, Punjab (India) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 159) Membership Directory

Hemant K. Sharma, Ph. D. Hemant Mansion, Near Haveli Barkat Sahib, Nai Sarak, Jodhpur -342001 (India) Tel.: 91-291-2540088 (H) (LM 96) (SIS Membership No. 160) M. G. Sharma, Ph.D. Director, S.I. Mental & Physical Health Society, C-33/204 -1B-1, Chandua Chhittupur, Varanasi-221002, Cell:91-9415448519 Email: gopal.simphs@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 232) (LM 2006) Narendra K. Sharma, Ph.D. Professor Marketing Area Head, Dept. of Industrial and Mgt. Engineering Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur 208016 Tel: +91-512-259-7376, 7622, E-Mail : nksharma@iitk.ac.in Homepage: http://home.iitk.ac.in/~nksharma (LM 98) (SIS LMF 161) Neha Sharma 526, Sector 10-D, Chandigarh-160011(LM 2004) Ph. 91-172-2742555 Email Nehasharma@Nikmates.Com (SIS Membership No. 162) Neha Sharma 1057,Sector 44B, Chandigarh-160047 (India) Tel: 91-172-2664269 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 163) Pallavi Sharma B-8/24,Hospital Road, Sujanpur, Tehsil Pathankot, Distt-Gurdaspur-145023 (India) Tel: 91-9417470168, 91-186-2244402(H) (LM 2004)(SIS Membership No. 164) Swarit Sharma, MBA, 161, Sector-16, Chandigarh-160016(LM 04) Tel: 0172-2542668(H) (SIS Membership No. 165) Vibha Sharma, MBA 207, Vasant Vihar, Kasumpti, Shimla-171009 (LM 2003) Ph. 91-177-2221548 (H) Email: vibha.sharma@tatatel.co.in (SIS Membership No. 166) Vinod Kumar Sharma, Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology, S.P. College, Dumka (SKM University) Dumka, Jharkhand (SIS LM - 315) Radhey Shyam, Ph.D. Professor, Dept. of Psychology, M.D.University, Rohtak- 124001(India) Cell:91-9466515045, Tel: 91-1262-266661 (R) Email : radheyshayam1111@yahoo.co.in, rshyam033@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 258) LM 2005 Abhay Sidhu, MBA House No. 120, Sector-9-B, Chandigarh-160009 Email: abhaysidhu@yahoo.com, Cell:.: 91-9915326270 Tel:172-2742105, 2743917 (SIS LM 167) Abha Singh Sr. Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology, PPN College, Kanpur, U.P. Ph: 0512- 2361924 Cell: 91- 9450130802 SIS LM - 338 Agyajit Singh, Ph.D. 136, Civil Lines, Patiala. (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 168) Amitinder Singh, MBA, 401, Sector-37A, Chandigarh-160036 Tel:91-172-2692755(LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 169) Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., M.Phil. Director, RINPAS, Professor & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006, (India) (F 95) Telefax: 91-651-2451121(W), 2450813(W) 2233687(H) Mobile:91-9431592734 Email: sisamool@yahoo.com (SIS FM No. 170) LM 1996 Archana Singh, Ph.D. Psychiatric Social Worker, Deptt. of P.S.W., RINPAS Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Cell: 91-9934521695 (SIS FM No.233) LM 2005 Archana Singh, M. A. A-1, Heritage Housings, 87/3, Ganga Pradushan Road, Bhagwanpur, Lanka, Varanasi- 221005 Ph: 0542- 2367120 Cell: 91- 9450786894 SIS LM – 340 Dharmendra Kumar Singh S/o Prof. Ram Chandra Singh (Dept. of Psychology) Ayodhyapuri, Club Road Arrah - 802301 (Bihar) Phone : 06182-232427 Email: dharmendra-07@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No.242) LM 2006 Lt. Col. Gurpinder Singh 1098, Sector 8-C, Chandigarh (India) Tel. : 2547825 (W) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 172) Gurpreet Singh 6,Sector 33 A, Chandigarh-160020 (India) Tel: 91-9815410115 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 173) Membership Directory

Hardeep Singh, MBA, Amloh Road,Shanti Nagar, Near Petrol Pump, Mandi Gobind Garh-147301 Ph.91-1765-2542303 (SIS Membership No. 174) Hardeep Singh 35-A, Shastri Colony, Ambala Cantt,-133001 Tel. 0171-2611225 (SIS Membership No. 287) LM 2005 Harminder Singh 192 Ph. 3B1, SAS Nagar 160059 Tel. 9888222372 , E-mail : harminder_ubs@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 288 LM 2005 Harminder Singh 3360, 35-D, Chandigarh. Ph. 91-172-2601393 E-mail: harry3360@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 175) LM 2005 Jasmeet Singh 2156 Phase-10, Mohali-160059 Mob. 9815251000 E-mail: jassarora_in@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 289 LM 2005) Kavindra Singh C/o. Mr. N.S. Tolia SDO State Elec. Dept. Didihat, Distt Pithoragarh-262551 (Uttaranchal) Tel:05964-232283 (SIS Membership No. 290) (LM 2005) Kumar Surya Narayan Singh Shanti Niketan, Pandav Colony, Vill. Muram Kala, P.O. Gosha, Dist. Ramgarh-829122, (Jharkhand) (SIS LM No. 325) Lok Nath Singh, Ph.D. Professor, Deptt. of Psychology, M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi-221002(UP) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 176) M. P. Singh, Ph.D. 1329, Sec. 70, Guru Teg Bahadur Complex, SAS Nagar (Punjab) Tel. : 91-1675-20583 (W)91-172-2223658 (H) Email: mpsingh1329@gmail.com (F 95) (SIS LM 177) Navneet Singh, MBA S-20/6, DLF, Phase-3, Gurgaon-122002 (LM 95)Tel: 91-124-2387544 (H), 9810058444 E-Mail : navnit.singh@hsbcam.com (SIS Membership No. 178) LM 1997 Neetu Singh, MBA 909, Sector-21D, Faridabad-121003 Tel:91-129-25422170(LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 179) LM 2004 P. K. Singh, Ph.D. Lecturer of Yoga & Philosophy Deptt. of Clinical Psychology RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 Cell : 91-9430194744 (SIS Membership No. 239) LM 2006 Col. Rajinder Singh. M.D. Consultant Psychiatrist, 1734, Sec. 33-D, Chandigarh-160 047 (India) Tel. : 91-172-2600694 (H) (LM 96) (SIS Membership No. 180) Col. Rajinder Singh Management Consultant,1526, Sector 34-D, Chandigarh-160 047 (India) Tel. : 91-172-601398 (H) Mob.: 9815728220 (F 98) (SIS Membership No. 181) R. K. Singh, Ph.D. Lecturer cum counsellor, DISHA Deaddiction Centre, Beur Jail, Patna. SIS LM- 313 R. P. Singh, Ph.D. Reader, Deptt. of Psychology, M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi-221002(UP) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 182) Rajendra Singh, Ph.D. Lecturer, Deptt. of Psychology, M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi-221002(UP) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 183) Ravinderjit Singh 108,Sector 18-A, Chandigarh-160018 (India) Tel: 91-9815500108 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 184) Ripudaman Singh 17, Ward No. 24, Mohalla Mata Rani, Khanna-141401 Tel. 91-1628-231165 (SIS Membership No. 291)(M 2005) S. K. Singh, Ph.D. Lecturer, Department of Psychology, MBS PG College, Gangapur, Varanasi (UP) SIS LM- 314 Simral Singh 2939, Phase-7, Mohali-160062 Mob. 9815604640 (SIS Membership No. 292) LM 2005 Surpreet Singh 28 Shanti Nagar, Ludhiana-141002 Tel. 0161-2404389 E-mail : sunnybhatia_22@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 293) LM 2005 Surinder Suman (Mgr. Pers) 1574/1, Sector 30B, Chandigarh (India) Tel: 91-172-2657254 (LM 2004) Cell:91-9920360934 Email:surinder_suman@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 185) Membership Directory

Col. Surinder Singh Col.G.S HQ,KK & G Sub Area, Cubbon Road, Bangalore-560001 Tel: 91-80-25006202 (SIS Membership No. 186) (LM 99) Umardeep Singh 6078, Modern Housing Complex, Manimajra, Chandigarh-160005 Tel. 0172-2738956 (SIS Membership No. 294) (LM 2005) Umed Singh, Ph.D. Chairman, Department of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, D-78, University Campus, Kurukshetra -136119. Cell: 91-941678400, Tel: 91-1744-238267 (H) E-mail: umed.psy@gmail.com (SIS FM No. 295) (LM 2005) Virender Singh Vill. & P.O. Bir Banga, Distt. Kaithal, Haryana (India) (SIS Membership No. 187) (LM 98) Pankaj K. Shrirange, MBA Bharkapara, Ward 25, Rajnand Gaon, (Chattisgarh, India ) Tel: 91-7744-2222005, (SIS Membership No. 188) Ramachandra Srinivasaiah, Ph.D. 292, 2nd Main, 3rd Phase, J.P. Nagar, Bangalore-560 078 Tel. : 91-80-26584267 E-Mail: ramayess@yahoo.com (LM94)(SIS Membership No. 143) Ajai K. Srivastava, Ph.D. Psychiatric Social Scientist, Institute of Mental Health & Hospital, Agra-282002 Tel. : 91-562-2602600(H)Cell:9412723058 Email: drajaik@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 189) (LM 2002) Kranti K.Srivastava Prasad Psycho Corporation, Director, Prasad Psychological Corporation, 10 A, Veer Savarkar Block, Shakarpur, New Delhi - 110092 E-mail : prasadpsycho@yahoo.com Tel:91-11-30903349, Cell:91- 9810782203 (SIS LMF 190) Kalpana Srivastava, M.Phil., Ph.D. Scientist ‘E’ Deptt. of Psychiatry, Armed Force Medical College, Pune-411040 (India) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 191) Purnima Srivastava, Ph.D. MM-22, VDA Colony, Central Jail Road, Shivpur, Varanasi-221002(India) (LM 2004) Cell: 9415389407 (SIS Membership No. 192) Rakesh Kumar Srivastava 5/5, Railway Colony, Sewa Nagar, New Delhi-110003 Cell:9815616908 +6594892153 Singapur Email:rinku555@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 193) Sowmya K. Sukumaran, M.Phil. C/o K. K. Sukumaran, Kalarikkal House, Ollukkara - P. O., Trichur - Dist., ( Kerala) Tel : 0487-2373155, Cell - 91-9835343054 E-mail : sowsmmsp@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 246) Bharat Suri 35 Sector 6, Panchkula-134109 Tel. 9815042250, E-mail : bharat35suri@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 296) (LM 2005) Rahul Suri, S.D/ 509, Pitampura, Tower Apartments, New Delhi- 110034 (SIS Membership No. 297) (LM 2005) Swati B 28/812, Punjab Mota Nagar, Pakhowal Road , Ludhiana Phone 2561673, Email Swatz_13@rediffmail.com (LM 2003)(SIS Membership No. 194) Aditendra Takshak 2, Canal Colony,Circular Road, Rohtak E-Mail: addy_takshak@yahoo.com (LM01) (SIS Membership No. 195) Gurav Tandon, 354/1, New Tajore Nagar, Haibowal, Ludhiana-141001 Tel. 0161-2470835 (SIS Membership No. 298) (LM 2005) Rubey Rashmi Tigga, M.A. Catholic Ashram, PO — Bhurkunda Dist. - Ramgarh, Jharkhand Cell : 91-9334655409 E-mail : honeyrubyrashmi@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 304) Lalti Tirkey Vill : Chauri Basti P.O.+P.S. - Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 Jharkhand, Cell : 09334286206 (SIS Membership No. 245) Ajay Tiwari, Ph.D. Director, Nai Subah Councelling center, Jawahar Bhavan, Sankat Mochan (Turn), Lanka Area, Varanasi-221005 Cell: 91-9415302922 Email: drajaytiwari_vns@yahoo.com (LM 2008, SIS LM 316) Membership Directory

Pragya Tiwari, MBA 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 (USA) Cell: (907) 250-7860 E-Mail: purva.dubey@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 317) Ailo Uhinki, Ps.D., Ed.I., Psykologitoimisto, Synteesi, Linnankatu-37a A 9, Fin-20100 Turku, Finland Tel.: +358-(0)2-232 2001 Fax : +358-(0)2-232 5007 E-Mail : a.uhinki@synteesi.inet.fi (LM 98) (SIS Membership No. 196) Sambhu Upadhyay, Ph.D., Reader, Dept. of Psychology, M.G. Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi-221002 (LM 203) Tel. 91-542-2315991(H) (SIS Membership No. 197) K. C. Vashistha, Ph.D. Reader, Faculty of Education, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra (India), Tel. 91-542-2315991(H) (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 265) Rohita Vikash, M.Phil. C/o Dr. Geeta Sharma Gitanjali Juhu Park, Opp — Holy Cross Hazaribagh — 825301 Cell : 91-9835512394 E-Mail : rohitavikas@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 247) Acharya Vinay Vinekar Institute of Universal Consciousness, 21, Milton Street, Cooke Town, Bangalore - 560005 (India) Tel. 91-80-25472603 (W),2 5548348 (H) 9448962696 Email: vinay.vinekar@gmail.com (LM 2000) (SIS LMF 198) A. N. Verma, Ph.D. Associate Professor of P.S.W. RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 Cell : 91-9430378133 E-mail : anverma2003@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM - 240) Brijesh Pratap Verma 2/270, Vivek Khand –II, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow-226010 Phone 0522-2397523, Email brijverma3@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 199) S. K. Verma, Ph.D. 5522, Modern Housing Complex Manimajra, Chandigarh-160001 Tel.: 91-172-2730993 (H) (SIS Founder Membership No. 7) Pravina Vimal Pravina Villa,Bhudram Colony,Near Civil Line, Hoshiarpur. (Punjab) Tel.: 91-1882-2244154 Mob: 9117180473 (SIS Membership No. 200) Nikhil Vohra, MBA 649, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109 Ph.91-172-2563334, (SIS Membership No. 201) Sanjay Vohra, M.A. Psy-Com Services, B-4, 80/2, Safadurjung Enclave, New Delhi-110029 (India) Tel.: 91-11-26106433 Fax: 91-11-26175191 (LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 202) Nitin Wadehra 134, sector-18A, Chandigarh-160018 Tel:91-172-2543638 (SIS Membership No. 300) (LM 2005) Ashima Nehra Wadhawan, Ph.D. Asst. Prof. Clin. Psychology, Cardiothorasic and Neurosciences Center, A.I.I.M.S., New Delhi-110029 Tel. : 91-11-25597173 Cell:91-9810882765 (LM 96) Email;ashimanehra@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 129) Mala Walia #1011, Sector 43-B, Chandigarh. Ph. 91-171-2601011 (SIS Membership No. 203) Robert B. Williams, Ph.D. Psychology Faculty CRANDALL UNIVERSITY Box 6004 (333 Gorge Road) Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 9L7 Tel: (506) 858-8970 (Ext. 121) Email: robert.williams@crandallu.ca (SIS LM No. 342) Sujit Kumar Yadav C/o Sri Hira Lal Yadav Vill. Sundar Nagar, P.O. Kanke, Dist. Ranchi-834006, (Jharkhand) Cell: 91-9835342117 E-mail: sujityadav85@gmail.com (SIS LM No. 326) V.N. Yadav, Ph.D. House No. 1195/24, Jagdish Colony, Rohtak-124001(India) Tel: 91-1664-2248404(H) (SIS Membership No. 204) Vikas Kumar Yadav I-76, Hindalco Colony, Renukoot, Sonbdadra-231217(India) Tel: 91-546-2253905 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 205) N. Kumar Yaduvanshi, DPM. CMO (SG) Mental Health Care Center, SS Bn. ITB Police Force, Camp Saboli, P.O. Nathupur, Via Rai, Distt. Sonipat-131029 (India) (LM 98) (SIS Membership No.206) Membership Directory

S. Yuvraj, Ph.D. 19220, Circle Gate Drive, Apt. # 203, German Town, MD 20874 (USA) (LM 99) (SIS FM No. 207) Libraries: A: Foreign: Learning Resource Center (Library), The Ohio State University at Newark, Founders Hall,University Drive, Newark, OH 43055 (USA) (M 01) (SIS Library Membership No. 1) Psyc INFO American Psychological Association, P.O.Box 91600, Washington, Washington DC 20090-1600(USA) Tel:(202) 336-5682, Fax (202) 336-5630 E-Mail:psycinfo@apa.org SAARL Universitaets, U-Landesbibliothek, Zeitschriftenstelle, IM Stadtwald, D-66123, SAARBRUECKEN, Germany (M-1994-2001) (SIS Library Membership No. 2) EBSCO Publishing Editorial Department 10 Estes St. Ipswich, MA 01938 (USA) Libraries: B: India: Allied Publishers Subscription Agency Sun House-1st Floor, Opp. Navarangpura Telephone Ex. Ellis Bridge, Ahmedabad-380006 (Supply to TN Rao College, Rajkot) Commandant, Command Hospital (WC), Chandimandir-134107 (Haryana) (LM 97) (SIS Library Membership No. 3) Director Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Mathura Road, Agra - 282002 (India) Tel:91-562-2603691-93 Email:imhh@sancharnet.in (M 98-2001)(SIS Library Membership No. 4) Director Ranchi Institute of Neuro Psychiatry and Allied Sciences, Kanke, Ranchi-834006 (India) Tel.: 91-651-223776,2455813 (SIS Library Membership No. 5) Director T.N. Rao College, Nr Sul Campus, Kalwad Road, Rajkot-360005, (Gujrat) (SIS Library Membership No. 50) Director Xavier Institute of Social Science Purulia Road, Box No.-7 Ranchi - 834001 (SIS Library Membership No. 51) Librarian C.H.Mohd. Koya University Library, Calicut University, P.O.Calicut University, Distt: Mallapuram-673635 (Kerala) (M202)(SIS Library Membership No. 6) Librarian Bhaikaka Library, S.P. University, Distt. Kheda-388120, Gujarat, (India) (M 99)(SIS Library Membership No. 7) Librarian, Univerity of Calicut, Calicut Univerity Post Office, Calicut-673635 (Kerala) (SIS Library Membership No. 37) Librarian, Bhavnagar University Library, University Campus, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavanagar - 364002 (India) Tel:91-278-2562928 (M 98) (SIS Library Membership No. 8) Librarian Center for Entrepreneur Development 60, Jail Road, Jehangirabad, Bhopal - 462008 M.P (India) Tel/Fax : 2766437 (W) (LM 94) (SIS Library Membership No.9) Librarian Central Library, J.N. Vyas University, New Campus, Bhagat Ki Kothi, Jodhpur-342001(India) (M 2001) (SIS Library Membership No. 10) Librarian Devaki Amma Memorial Teacher Education College, Chelembra, Pulliparamba P.O., Malappuram DT., Kerala-673634 (SIS Library Membership No. 46) Librarian H.P. University, Summer Hill, Shimla (India) (M 98) (SIS Library Membership No. 12) Librarian, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119 (SIS Library Membership No.40) Librarian, Maharshi Dayanand University Library , Rohtak -124 001 (Haryana) (SIS Library Membership No.39) Membership Directory

Librarian Mysore University Library, University of Mysore, Manas Gangotri, Mmysore-570006 (SIS Library Membership No. 13) Librarian Saurashtra University Library, University Campus, Kalawad Road, Rajkot–360005 Tel: 91-281-2278501to 2278512 (SIS Library Membership No. 14) Librarian Technical Library & Documentation, IFFCO, Aonla Unit, PO. IFFCO Township, Bareilly-243403 (India) (M 97) (SIS Library Membership No. 15) Sri. R. Ravichandran Senior Librarian, Technical Teachers Training Institute, Taramani P.O. Chennai-600113 Tel.:91-44-22541054,22542959, E-mail : ritsouth@giasmd01.vsnl.net.in (SIS Library Membership No. 16) Librarian Shibli National College, Azamgarh (UP) Ph.: 05463-222840 (SIS Membership No.11) Librarian University Business School, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, (India) (M 98) (SIS Library Membership No. 17) Library-in-charge Sahara Behaviour Change Communication Center, 240 F, Basarat pur east, B.R.D. Medical College Road, Gorakhpur 273001 UP (INDIA) Tel: 91-551-2283305(O); 9335227310, Email : swfbccgkp@rediffmail.com Email:shak_mishra77@rediffmail.com (SIS Library Membership No.41) Librarian In Charge, Vivekanand Central Library, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur-222001 Email:vclpu@yahoo.co.in, Vidyutel@ yahoo.co.in, (SIS Library Membership No. 18) Magzine World Station Road, Near Gopal Talkies, Anand-388001 Email : achal@icenet.net (Supplying to SP Univ Kheda) Principal Akal College of Education for Women, Fatehgarh chhanna, Dist. Sangrur-148001, (Punjab) (SIS Library Membership No. 48) Principal, Arya Mahila Degree College, Chetganj, varanasi-221001 Tel:91-542-2411893 (LM 2006) (SIS Library Membership No. 36) Principal Avila College of Education, Aquinas Grounds, Eda Cochin, Cochin-682006, (SIS Library Membership No. 49) Principal DAV College for girls, Jagadhari Road,Yamuna Nagar-135001 (India) Tel : 91-171-23728152,23724674 (SIS Library Membership No. 21) Principal DAV College, Sector — 10, Chandigarh — 160011 (SIS Library Membership No. 45) Principal Desh Bhagat College, Dhuri, Distt. Sangrur (India) Tel. : 91-1675-2265027 (LM 2000) (LM :SIS Library Membership No. 22) Principal Dhirendra Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Karmajeet Pur, Sunder Pur, Varanasi-221005 Tel.: 91-542-2575787 (M 2003) (SIS Library Membership No. 23) Principal Government Bikram College of Commerce, Patiala (Punjab) (M 2001)(SIS Library Membership No. 24) Principal Government Man Kunwar Bai Arts & Com. Women’s College, Jabalpur (M.P.) (M 2002) (SIS Library Membership No. 25) Principal Govt. P. G. College Bhiwani — 127021 (Haryana) (SIS Library Membership No. 44) Principal Lakshmibai Natioanal College of Physical Education P.B.No. 3, Kariavattom, Thiruvanathapuram-695 581 Tel.: 91-471-2418712 Fax : 2418769 E-mail : lncpe@csnl.com (SIS Membership No.33) Membership Directory

Principal K.S. Saket Post Graduate College, Ayodhyaya, Faizabad-224001 (India) Tel:91-5278-2232305 (M 2000) (SIS Library Membership No. 26) Principal, Matushri Virbaima Mahila Arts College, Kalawad Road, Mahila Chowk, Rajkot-360001(Gujrat) Ph.: 91-281-2451603 (W) 2479257 (H) (SIS Library Membership No. 27) Principal PPG College of Nursing, 9/1 Keeranatham Road, Sarayanampatty (P.O.), Coimbatore-641035 (SIS Library Membership No. 47) Principal Rajaury Library, P.N. College, Khurda - 752057 (Orissa), (India) (M 2000)(SIS Library Membership No. 28) Principal Saurashtra Gyanpith Arts & Commerce College, Barrala, Dist. Junagarh-362020 (Gujrat) (SIS Library Membership No. 51) Principal SBAS, Khalsa College, Sandaur, Distt. Sangrur (Punjab) (India) (LM 2000) (SIS Library Membership No. 29) Principal ST. Xavier’s College, Mapusa, Goa-403507 Email:xavierscollege@sancharnet.in Tel:91-832-2262356(O), 2293305( Principal Residence) (SIS Library Membership No. 38) Principal, Dr. Uttam Rudrawar, Ph.D. Smt. Vatsalabai Naik Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Talab Lay0ut, PUSAD, Dist: Yavatmal- 445204 (Maharastra) Tel: 46115 (W), 46124(H) Email: smtvnmmv@rediffmail.com (SIS Library Membership No. 31) Principal, Sree Narayana Guru College N.H. 47, K.G. Chavadi, Coimbatore-641105 (Tamilnadu, India) Ph.: 91-422-2656371, 91-422-2656527 (SIS Library Membership No. 34) Principal Vaidyaratnam P. S. Varier Ayurveda College Kottakkal, P.O. : Edarikode, Distt. Malappuram, Kerala 676501 (SIS Library Membership No. 42) Principal Vrundavan Institute of Nursing Education College of Nursing, Pitruchaya Near Sai Service, Porvorim, Bardez, Goa — 403501 (SIS Library Membership No. 43) Prints India, Prints House, 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002 Fax: 23275542, Tel: 91-11-23268645, 23257864, (SIS Library Membership No. 32) Surya Infotainment Products Pvt Ltd. Subscription Department, 91, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore-560001 Email: sipmag@touchtelindia.net (SIS Library Membership No. 35) C: Free Distribution The Registrar of Newspapers for India West Block-8, Wing No.2, R.K.Puram, New Delhi-110066 Operation Co-ordinator PsycINFO, American Psychological Association P.O. Box : 91600, Washington, DC 20090-1600 (USA) The District Magistrate, Ranchi Documentation Officer, Indian Council of Social Science Research INU Institutional Area, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, Post Box No. 10528, New Delhi -110067 (India) Rekha Mittal, Scientist- E1, Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, 14, Satsang Vihar Marg, New Delhi-110067 Assistant Librarian, English Section, National Library, Belvedore Road, Calcutta Librarian National Medical Library Ansari Road, New Delhi B.N. Puhan, Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar-751004, ( Orissa) Swami Nirmalanand Saraswati, Director YRF, Bihar Yoga Bharati, Ganga Darshan, Fort, Munger - 811201, (Bihar) Membership Directory

The Editor, Psychology and Developing Societies, Dept. of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002 Telefax: 91-532-2461358, Email: editors@indiasage.com The Editor, Personality study and Group Behavior, Dept. of Psychology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005 Consultants: John Baby, Ph.D. Professor and Head, Dept of Psychology, Calicut University, CALICUT Tel: 91-4942403238 Vinay K. Jain, CA, Jain Vinay Kumar & Co., 1280,Vakilpura, Delhi-110006 Tel. : 91-11-23267440(W) Mob.: 9868109259 (LM 99) K. V. Kaliappan, Ph.D. 48, 8th Cross Street, Shenoy Nagar, Chennai--600030 (India) Tel. : 91-44-26260571 (H) A. K. Keshary, Ph.D., Chartered Accountant B-6, Brijenclave Colony, Sunderpur, Varanasi-221005 Nilanjana Sanyal, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Psychology University of Calcutta 92 A. P. C Road, Kolkata-700009 Email: sanyal_nilanjana2004@rediffmai.com Tel:91-33-24642083, Cell: 91-9830112145 A. K. Srivastava, Ph.D. 7/105B, Durga Niwas, Swaroop Nagar, Kanpur-208002 Cell:9415429024 M. S. Thimmappa, Ph.D. 49, 5th Main, Anjaneyanagar, Banashankari 3rd Stage,Bangalore-560085 (India) Tel.: 91-80-26692075 (H) Yasho V. Verma, Ph.D. Vice President-HR & MS, LG Electronics India (P)Ltd., Plot No. 51, Udyog Vihar, Surajpur-Kasna Road, Greater Noida-201306 U.P., (India) Tel. : 91-11-9124569635, 24560900-940, E-Mail : yvverma@lgeil.com Membership Directory FM = Fellow Member, LM = Life Member, M = Member New Members Miss. Prachi Saxena Research Scholar, C/O Dr. Rakesh Pandey, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University. Varanasi-221005 Cell: 91-9410498080 E-mail:prachisaxena.bhu@gmail.com (SIS Life Membership 343) Miss. Garima Gupta Research Scholar, C/O Dr. Rakesh Pandey, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University. Varanasi-221005 Cell: 91-9838703607 E-mail:garimaguptabhu09@yahoomail.com (SIS Life Membership 344) Akansha Dubey Research Scholar, C/O Dr. Rakesh Pandey, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University. Varanasi-221005 Cell:91-542-2211309 E-mail:akansha.dubey31@gmail.com (SIS Life Membership 345)

Advance Workshop on “The Application of Rorschach and Somatic Inkblot Series in Personality Assessment, Diagnostic Evaluation, Therapeutic Intervention, Screening and selection ” To be held During Feb, March and April 2011 At RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi Advent Inst. of Management, Udaipur Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra Please contact if you are interested to attend at any of the above Institution: Prof.B.L.Dubey: email: bldubey@gmail.com Prof.Amool R.Singh, email:sisamool@yahoo.com Prof.Naveen Gupta: dr_naveengupta@yahoo.com Prof.Umed Singh, email: umed.psy@gmail.com

SIS CENTER, Anchorage, Alaska(USA) Dear SIS Members and friends, We wish you all a HAPPY NEW YEAR. May the HOLIDAY SPIRIT provide peace, prosperity and happiness to every one in our extended family. You will be pleased to learn that both SIS-I and SIS-II instruments are available on Website for online assessment. If you want to use these techniques for personality assessment, clinical diagnostic/treatment or research, you are welcome to contact us regarding any help we might be able to provide. You are invited to view these on the following websites: http://122.160.96.85:1001/SIS/Test http://psyche.dubay.bz We will welcome comments, suggestions and any constructive criticism about the above mentioned SIS applications. Please note down my new emails for future contact. Email: bldubey@gmail.com We also invite your contributions to our SIS Journal, related to projective psychology and mental health. Looking forward to hearing from you in the New Year! Sincerely Wilfred A. Cassell, Bankey L.Dubey and Amool R.Singh Email: siscassell2@yahoo.com Email: bldubey@gmail.com Email: sisamool@yahoo.com

Important Announcement Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., Director, RINPAS Professor and Head, Department of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 (India) E-mail : sisamool@yahoo.com has taken charge of the office of Editor In Chief SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH From January 2006 Institutional Members (Libraries of National and International Universities) are requested to send their Annual Subscription/Dues to Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., Director, RINPAS Professor and Head, Department of Clinical Psychology, Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 (India) The Subscription Cheque should be made in favour of “SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health” payable at Ranchi (India)

SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY IS PUBLISHING ITS JOURNAL SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH a half yearly publication in January and July. It started in 1994 and has published 33 issues in 17 years. The Journal is available on Society’s Web Site at http: //www.somaticinkblots.com The Journal from Volume 1-17 is available in C D (Acrobat and Page Maker) Members of Somatic Inkblot Society can get it on a nominal payment of US $50 (for Overseas Members) and Rs.1500/- (for Indian Members). The Individual and Institutional Members of Somatic Inkblot Society/ SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health Can get the current issue and future issues of the Journal through Electronic mail free of charge Please indicate if you wish to get the Journal in Hard Copy or through Electronic mail To: Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D., DPM, Editor Emeritus, SIS J. of Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, E-mail : bldubey@gmail.com Web Site at http: //www.somaticinkblots.com OR Wilfred A. Cassell, M.D., FAPA. Director SIS Centre Editor Emeritus, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 4501 E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska - 99507 (USA). Email: siscassell2@yahoo.com

THE SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY I wish to be a Member __________ a Life Member ________ of the Somatic Inkblot Society. Please submit this request to the Membership Committee. NAME __________________________________________________Birth date __________ (Print or type) First Middle Last __________________________________________Zip ______________________________ Business/Office Address : ___________________________________________________ _____________________Tel. : (W)__________________________H)__________________ EDUCATION Degree Year Institution Major Field of Study EMPLOYMENT : Current position, employer, dates (Graduate Students indicate area of study and degree toward which you are working). MEMBERSHIP : ____________________________________________________________ TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE IN PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT : SPONSOR (S) Name Address Telephone 1._________________________________________________________________________ 2._________________________________________________________________________ SIS subscription payable every year in January through Cash/Cheque at par/Demand Draft in favour of “SIS Jr of Proj Psy and Ment Health” payable at Ranchi. I certify that the information provided above is accurate and correct. An APPLICATION FEE Cheque is enclosed for Foreign Members $50 & Life Membership $ 400. For Members in India Rs. 300/- & Life Membership Rs. 2500/- Institutional Membership Rs. 1000/- Institutional Life Membership Rs. 10000/- Total Cheque $/Rs.__________________Drawn at_________________________ Signature of applicant : __________________________ Date :________________ PLEASE RETURN with your cheque to : Dr. Amool R. Singh,Ph.D., Director, RINPAS, Prof. & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006 (India). Foreign members send their subscription cheque to B.L. Dubey, Ph.D. Editor Emeritus, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK-99517 (USA). N.B. : Please add Rs. 50 ($10) as one time registration fee; and Rs. 70 ($10 foreign Member) if you are sending subscription through out station cheque.

PROFESSIONAL QUALITY VHS VIDEOTAPES (SPECIFY NTSC, PAL OR SECAM), AS WELL AS AUDIO TAPES AND TRANSCRIPTS OF INTERVIEWS ARE AVAILABLE FOR TEACHING/CLINICAL PURPOSE. Police case—”Witnessing an Accident” Vietnam Veteran — “Unresolved Guilt” Therapeutic Dream Stimulation Anniversary Reaction to Miscarriage Grieving a Still Birth : Conversion Reaction Fear of Cancer and Hypochondriasis (includes Rorschach imagery) Alcohol and Cocaine Dependent : Father/Son Incest : Teen-age Alaska Native’s Death by Gas Inhalation Suicide Behaviour in Adolescent Alaska Native Nightmare Vision (Sexually Abused Adolescent Girl and Absence of Father Figures in Black Adolescent Boy) Auschwitz Revisited Neuropsychological Reactions to Life Threatening Accident & SIS Occupational Stress and the SIS The use of the SIS as an Aid in Meditation while Grieving a Miscarriage SIS-Video (A&B Series), SIS-II Images in CD, SIS-I Videotape and SIS-Living Images A Walk Through The Garden of Life and many more, Audio & Videotapes SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health in C D (Acrobat and Page Maker) from Volume 1-17 Contact : SIS Centre, 4501 E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska - 99507 (USA). E-mail : bldubey@gmail.com Web Site : http://www.somaticinkblots.com for getting the above material

ANNOUNCEMENT The Somatic Inkblot Society is a Non-Profit International Organization with headquarters in India. The Indian Govt. has recognized it as a Corporation for Income Tax purposes where relief is given to donators and advertisers under section 80G of Income Tax. In America, a comparable non-profit organization similarly named the Somatic Inkblot Society gives Income Tax relief for residents of the United States. Please help the Society by Donation/Advertisement for it’s smooth functioning. President, Somatic Inkblot Society APPEAL Members of Somatic Inkblot Society are requested to kindly send their Annual dues before the 31st of January each year to : Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph. D. Director, RINPAS Prof. & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006 (India). E-mail: sisamool@yahoo.com Tel. : 91-651-2233687(H), Mob.: 91-9431592734, The Subscription Cheque should be made in favour of “SIS Jr of Proj Psy and Ment Health” payable at Ranchi (India)

STATEMENT SHOWING OWNERSHIP AND OTHER PARTICULARS ABOUT SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH PLACE OF PUBLICATION

: Dept. of Clinical Psychology,

RINPAS,Kanke,Ranchi-834006.

India PERIODICITY OF PUBLICATION

: Half Yearly EDITOR’S PRINTER’S Name : Amool Ranjan Singh PUBLISHER’S NATIONALITY

: Indian ADDRESS

: Dept. of Clinical Psychology,

RINPAS,Kanke,Ranchi-834006.

India OWNER

: SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY I, Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. Sd/ Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, Editor-in-Chief SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health Published by Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh on behalf of Somatic Inkblot Society at Annapurna Press & Process, Opp. Big Bazar, 5, Main Road, Ranchi-834 002, Jharkhand (India), Ph. : 2331800 Editor-in-Chief : Amool Ranjan Singh

Volume 18, Number 1, Pgs. 01-122, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health 2011