SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health — Volume 17, Number 1 (Jan 2010)

Article 01 Volume 17, Number 1 (Jan 2010)

700 words

Editorial : The SIS Journal as a Cyberspace Scientific Meeting Hall

Wilfred A. Cassell

Keywords: Projective Psychology, Somatic Inkblot Series, Clinical Assessment

Published in: SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health (2010), Vol. 17, No. 1 • ISSN 0971-6610

Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health SIS ISSN 0971 - 6610 Official Publication of the Somatic Inkblot Society Editorial : The SIS Journal as a Cyberspace Scientific Meeting Hall for Sharing Scientific Based Truths Wilfred A. Cassell Questionable Validity of Projective Technique and SIS Intervention 4-15 Wilfred A. Cassell and Bankey L. Dubey Discriminating Power of the Comprehensive Scoring System for SIS-I 16-22 Sunita Kandhari, Jyotsna Sharma and Rakesh Kumar Assessment of Ego-strenght through Rorschach Indices in Schizophrenia 23-26 J. Mahapatra, D. Sahoo, P. K. Mishra and R. Kumar Infectious Suicidal Imagery in Combat PTSD 27-37 Wilfred A. Cassell and Bankey L. Dubey Psychological Distress in Alcohol Dependence Syndrome 38-44 Suprakash Chaudhury, Jyoti Prakash, T. S. Walia, K. Seby, S. Sukumaran and Dolly Kumari Impact of Maternal Employment on Well-being, Personality 45-52 and Parent-child Relationships of Young Adults Debasmita Dutta and Sanjukta Das Emerging Trends in Rehabilitation Psychology 53-55 Shatrughan Singh and Shashi Bhushan A Probe of Existential Meaning in Depression 56-62 Kasturi Thakur and Saugata Basu Personality Pattern of Male and Female Schizophrenics 63-68 on Human Figure Drawing Test Amrita Kanchan, Nawab A. Khan, Amool R. Singh, M. Jahan and K.S. Sengar SIS Imagery in Depression with Somatization - Therapeutic 69-72 Intervention: A Case Study Ranjeet Kumar and Deapti Mishra Dissociative Convulsion Disorder: A Case Study 73-75 Deepak K. Mishra, Masroor Jahan and Amool R. Singh Manifestation of Auditory Hallucination in the Cases of Schizophrenia 76-79 Jay Kumar Ranjan, Jai Prakash, Vinod K. Sharma and Amool R. Singh Membership Directory 80-100 1-3 Volume 17, Number 1 January, 2010 Volume 17, Number 1, Pgs. 1-100, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health 2010

SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH is a refereed journal and published twice a year (January, July) by the SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY and is devoted to the advancement of research in the areas of projective psychology, personality assessment, psychotherapy and mental health. The journal is broadly concerned with the development of inkblot tests and personality assessment in clinical, counseling, cross-cultural, organizational and health psychology settings. It aims to reach clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, social workers, medical professionals and professional managers interested in the understanding and modiﬁcation of human behaviour. The journal includes (a) research articles (b) book reviews (c) brief reports (d) news about conferences etc. and letters to the editor. MANUSCRIPTS PREPARATION: Manuscripts should be typewritten (double-spaced throughout) submitted through E-mail or in CD to B.L. Dubey, Ph.D. Editor Emeritus, SIS Journal, E-mail:sisdubey@rediffmail.com. or sisdubey@yahoo.com with a copy to Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D. Editor In Chief and Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology,RINPAS,Kanke,Ranchi-834006. E-mail:editor_ sis@rediffmail.com & sisamool@yahoo.com, Mob 91- 9431592734. The Editors reserve the right to refuse manuscript submitted and to make minor additions/deletions. Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the Journal of Personality Assessment/ SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health. SUBSCRIPTION: The journal is free to members of the Society, Annual membership fees are US $50 for foreign members and Rs. 300, for Indian members, Institutional subscriptions are US $100. for Foreign institutions and Rs. 1000 for Indian institutions. Life membership is US $400 for foreign members and Rs. 2500/- for Indian members. Indian institutional life membership is Rs. 10,000/-. Non-members may subscribe for $60 or Rs. 250 per issue. Cheques should be made payable to “SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health” at Ranchi and should reach Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D. Editor In Chief. Members in foreign countries should send the cheque to B.L. Dubey, Ph.D. Editor Emeritus, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK-99517 (USA) Please add $10/Rs.50/- if you are sending subscription through cheque. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. Society/journal members should inform B.L. Dubey Ph.D, Director SIS Centre, Email : sisdubey@rediffmail.com of any change of mailing address. Copyright @ 1994. SOMATIC INKBLOT CENTRE, India/ Anchorage U.S.A. Website: http://www.somaticinkblots.com OFFICE BEARERS President : B. L. Dubey (USA) Vice President : Brig. D.Saldanha (India) Gen. Secretary : Masroor Jahan (India) Joint Secretary : P.K.Singh (India) Treasurer : Mrs. Padma Dwivedi (USA) Executive Members : Wilfred A. Cassell (USA) Nalinini Mishra (India) Mridula Mishra (India) Arcahna Singh (India) K. S. Sengar (India) Manisha Kiran (India) Mary Cassell (USA) Asheem Dubey (USA) George Savage (S.Africa) Mrs. Silvia Daini (Italy) Somatic Inkblot Society

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Article 02 Volume 17, Number 1 (Jan 2010)

65,469 words

EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS :: Kristian Aleman, Ph.D., Sweden

SIS Journal Editorial / Invited Address

Keywords: Projective Psychology, Somatic Inkblot Series, Clinical Assessment

Published in: SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health (2010), Vol. 17, No. 1 • ISSN 0971-6610

Abstracted in “APA’s PsycINFO “ Regd. No. 71632/99, RNI Delhi SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH Volume 17 Number 1 January 2010 EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS : Kristian Aleman, Ph.D., Sweden Mahesh Bhargava, Ph.D., India K.R.Banerjee. MRCP India Saugata Basu, Ph.D., India Carina Coulacoglou, Ph.D., Greece N. G. Desai, M. D., India Philip Greenway, Ph.D, Australia S. Haque, M. D., India M. Jahan, Ph.D., India Arvind Keshary, Ph.D., India Anatoly B. Khromov, Ph.D., Russia H. Kumar, Ph.D., USA R. Kumar, Ph.D., India Sudhir Kumar, M. D., India A. S. Kundu, Ph.D., India Ram Jee Lal, Ph.D., lndia Anu S. Lather, Ph.D., India Lisa Milne, Ph.D., Australia Mridula Mishra, Ph.D., India Nalini Mishra, Ph.D., India Ashok Kumar Nag, M.D., India Paola Nicolini, M.A., Italy Paul E. Panek, Ph.D., U.S.A. Edward M. Petrosky, Ph.D., U.S.A. Marisa Porecca, Ph.D., Italy Kiran Rao, Ph.D., India Stefano Reschini, M.A, Italy Barry A. Ritzier, Ph.D., U.S.A. D. Saldanha, M. D., India Nilanjana Sanyal, Ph.D., India K. S. Sengar, Ph.D., India D. K. Sharma, MHA, India Radhe Shyam, Ph.D.lndia Archana Singh, Ph.D., India V. K. Sinha, M.D., India David Sperbeck, Ph.D., U.S.A. A. K. Srivastava, Ph.D., India Kalpana Srivastava, Ph.D., India Ramjee Srivastava, Ph.D., India Ailo Uhinki, Ps.D., Finland A. N. Verma, Ph.D., India Yasho V. Verma, Ph.D., India EDITORS EMERITUS : Wilfred A. Cassell, MD, Director, SIS Center, 4501E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, AK.99516 (USA). E-Mail: siscassell2@yahoo.com Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D., Director SIS Centre, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA) E-mail: sisdubey@rediffmail.com, bldubey@gmail.com, Cell : 907-250-8834, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF : Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D. Prof. & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS,Kanke,Ranchi- 834006 (India). Tel. : 91-651-2233687(H), Mob.:91 -9431592734, E-mail:sisamool@yahoo.com EDITORS : Suprakash Chaudhury, MD, Ph.D., Prof. & Head, Dept. of Psychiatry, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi- 834006 (India). Mob.:91-09334386496, E-mail: suprakashch@gmail.com Anand Dubey.B.E., MBA, SIS Centre, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA), E-Mail: anand. dubey@gmail.com Padma Dwivedi, M.A., 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA), E-mail: sisdubey@ yahoo.com Jai Prakash, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006, (India). Cell: 91- 9934582290, E-mail: drjaiprakashrinpas@rediffmail. com Umed Singh, Ph.D., Dept. of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, (India). Email Umedsingh_78@yahoo.com. Tel: 91- 1744-238267(H), Cell: 91-9416511077

JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH : ACHIEVEMENTS Journal in WHO Listing Members of Somatic Inkblot Soceity will be glad to know that SIS Jr. of Projective Psychology and Mental Health has been listed by World Health Organisation (Global Forum for Health Research) among 25 indexed journals that have published the highest number of articles on mental health from LMICs in Latin America, Africa and Asia (Medline and PsycINFO). Extract from table-6 of “Research Capacity for Mental Health in Low - and Middle - Income Countries : Results of a Mapping Project “ (www.globalforumhealth.org) is given below : Rank Journal Country Language Revista de Psicoanalisis Argentina Spanish Revista de Neurologia Spain Spanish Revista Brasileria de Psiquiatria Brazil Enlgish, Portuguese, Spanish Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Brazil Portuguese Acta Psiquiatrica y psicologica de Amercia Laina Argentina Spanish Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand Thailand English, Thai British Journal of Psychiatry United Kingdom English Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Denmark English Salud Mentale Mexico Spanish Vertex Argentina Spanish Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies India English Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology Germany English Revista Medica de Chile Chile Spanish South African Journal of Psychology South Africa Afrikaans, English Psychological Reports USA English South African Medical Journal South Africa Afrikaans, English The Australian & New Zealand Jr. of Psychiatry Australia English International Journal of Social Psychiatry United Kingdom English Psychiatry Research Ireland English Social Science & Medicine United Kingdom Engish Revista De Saude Publica Brazil Portuguese International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry United Kingdom English SIS Jr. of Projective Psychology and Mental Health India English Jornal Brasilerio de Psiquiatria Brazil Portuguese Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Australia English Journal in ProQuest Listing We are glad to inform you that SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health has been listed in academic research database ProQuest Psychology Journals™. ProQuest is a company in Michigan, United States. It is a leading provider of electronic databases for academic libraries. Databases are used in over 20,000 academic libraries around the country and around the world including some of the most prestigious higher education institutions such as Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Oxford ect. ProQuest provides abstracts and indexing for more than 640 titles, with over 540 titles available in full text. Users get access to charts, diagrams, graphs, tables, photos, and other graphical elements essential to psychological research.

Deﬁning what reality is truly can be facilitated by SIS memory releasing electronic viewing technology. This evolving psychological testing system and structured interview aide has far reaching applications in the 21st century. These extend far beyond mind/body research and clinical diagnostic/treatment into the spiritual realm of existence. Inkblot projective procedures, such as the Rorschach were originally conceived for traditional applications by clinicians. Subsequently their use was extended to other populations, such as testing applicants for military service or roles in industry. Unfortunately, sometimes such extension disregarded basic standards of validity and reliability, resulting in ﬂagrant abuses. As an extreme example, at one time in California, the Rorschach results sometimes determined a prisoner’s fate in regard to execution! We need to be careful not to repeat such overly optimistic expectations in extending SIS assessment work, and the evolving technologies therapeutic applications. Cautions are indicated in an age when basic brain research points out the important role of genetic factors as well as the importance of psychopharmacological based treatments. To date all positive therapeutic claims have been based upon individual case history studies. It is humbling to realize, that as yet, not even one statistically based outcome study has been attempted. I challenge dedicated SIS workers to contemplate this important line of future therapeutic investigation. Moreover, it may prove to be worthwhile, when recognized treatments fail to relieve suffering, that SIS therapists create new ways to more effectively communicate utilizing the language of spiritual symbols that are consistent with the suffers own religious doctrine. In contemplating this latter, attention might be directed to designing SIS inkblot- like structures with color-form content suggestive of religious symbols. Historically, to my surprise, in my early clinical trials with SIS I stimulus XIV, it was found that certain women, when defending against perceiving the blots sexual content, substituted defensive Christian symbolism. In the SIS II series A3 has also been found to evoke such spiritual imagery. In this journal issue, there is an illustrative case presentation involving a twelve year old girl who developed symptoms from verbal and physical abuse in a dysfunctional family. In viewing SIS this blot which also can evoke Christian Editorial The SIS Journal as a Cyberspace Scientiﬁc Meeting Hall for Sharing Scientiﬁc Based Truths symbolism (“A loving Jesus suffering on the cross”), her projected response momentarily took her mind off emotionally painful PTSD abusive memories. We now have a growing body of evidence permitting investigation into the mental mechanisms by means of which imagery projected onto such spiritually charged SIS stimuli can mentally displace PTSD memories and relieve discomforting emotions. Focusing on these conjured up visions readily displaces pathological material that would otherwise ﬂood conscious awareness dragging along discomforting affect. This reﬂects the brain’s basic biological neural inhibiting mechanisms that normally (unless there is a Dissociative splitting) only allow only one stimulus to peak into consciousness at a time. This principle is utilized in Yoga. Focusing on speciﬁc body regions can obliterate negative memories and affect. In some yet inexplicable psycho-soma manner, this can establish optimal neurophysiologic conditions for the body’s natural healing processes Continuing with the example of Christian symbolism, creating in fantasy a human ﬁgure, which on the basis of religious doctrine is imagined to be suffering and “dying” for the viewer’s “sin” facilitates the process of projective identiﬁcation. It enables the temporary magical transfer of the victim of PTSD within inner psyche space, to a loving spiritual realm of healing. Clergy and knowledgeable therapists can extend the time duration of this defensive mechanism by encouraging protracted religious rituals augmenting such defensive mechanisms. These are analogous to the psychological defenses observed and sometimes selectively therapeutically supported treating those suffering from the religious categories of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. SIS psychotherapists employing symbols utilized in healing by other world religions can likewise utilize religious symbols more consistent with the sufferer’s particular dogma. It is hoped that designing semi ambiguous stimuli / “inkblots” with human or animal structure would be much more powerful in displacing PTSD imagery than projective stimuli lacking living content. Perhaps this is why the Roman Catholic symbol of Jesus on the cross is so much more attention/affect grabbing than the Protestant empty cross, symbolizing the much more intellectualized notion of “resurrection”. Unfortunately demonic religious leaders can mesmerize their followers and

temporarily lift them out of stressful memories by substituting members of other groups for victimization and aggressive release of pent up frustrations. Clinicians treating individuals suffering from deﬁnable mental conditions are encouraged to ﬁrst introduce SIS evoked imagery consistent with guidelines established by traditional scientiﬁcally based professional disciplines within this society. Yet standard present day therapies take time. Frankly, for many victims of PTSD they are sometimes not always as effective as their adherents claim. Moreover many clinical research studies suggest that the “personality” of the therapist is more important than the technique. In any case, when these do not entirely resolve symptoms, it is reasonable to envision supplementing them by scientiﬁcally exploring concepts and symbolic language in therapy related to spirituality. Eventually as SIS color/form/movement stimuli are created with content related to other religions than Christianity, they will have a wider range of spiritual releasing power to augment existing PTSD treatment methods. Investigators exploring the boundaries of our scientiﬁc knowledge in a relatively intangible spiritual realm are advised to keep in mind a sound scientiﬁc basis in reality for their pioneering endeavors. None of what has been discussed above need be based upon accepting or adhering to the alleged validity of a particular religious doctrine. We are mere mortals functioning as mind-body scientists in envisioning new techniques for healing - without subscribing to any particular religious belief system which purports to explain the multiple mysteries of cosmic reality. Over the years, our journal has provided a communication vehicle for sharing the results of a variety of innovative basic research and clinical studies. Clinical investigators in the mental health disciplines extending into the neurological sciences are welcome to publish informative articles on their work. This invitation extends even to those whose scientiﬁc ﬁndings may have political, religious or economically controversial implications. Our hope for resolving problems in living on our fragile war torn planet is to extend epidemiological research in the health sciences. Ultimately it may be come possible to educate political leaders on the need for funding SIS survey derived health statistics. Unlike traditional medical/psychological questionnaires which solely access symptoms in conscious awareness, the SIS can bring to the surface of awareness preconscious disturbances in body imagery. Early detection of illness can lead to more effective methods of prevention. At this stage of the Somatic Inkblot Society’s history, members need to be proud of their past accomplishments and journal. In looking to the future, we need to maintain economic independence from outside groups, who might at some time attempt to compromise honest communication. In the modern world there are many political/economic inﬂuences lurking in communication media. In the west, these have transformed honest news reporting, describing reality based world events, to falsiﬁed deceptive image entertainment, analogous to fantasy theatre. In America the majority of the public is still mesmerized by programs about their favorite sports, entertainment or religious personality. Only now, as the recent economic downturn produces hardships and as other countries emerge with greater economic potential are thinking Americans beginning to realize that they have been deceived. Scientists suffer from human weakness involving deception as well. Consequently they are not immune from distorting the truth in scientiﬁc publications. External pressures can inﬂuence the reported results. One medical example involves altering statistics regarding a new drug’s efﬁcacy and side effect proﬁle. Currently in western countries, the economic inﬂuence of the pharmaceutical industry has caused some American university researchers to fraudulently distort data. Another American example involves mental health studies on military stress related suicide and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). How reliable are health care statistics derived by investigators whose funding is dependant on government support, when the political powers controlling the budget wish to shape the public’s thinking about a particular conﬂict? Relative to the latter example, this issue of our journal includes a clinical case study on PTSD developed by an American Vietnam veteran. An educational television program was recorded over 15 years ago, but has never been shown or transcribed previously. It still is a very emotionally charged and highly controversial subject to many Americans. Moreover, this mental disorder may be quite unlike law enforcement PTSD, where police personnel are psychologically traumatized by witnessing a mutilating trafﬁc “accident” that on the surface appears to present no moral dilemmas. In sharp contrast, the military recruit originally brain washed by propaganda supporting a particular war, may eventually, during combat rethink the underlying moral issues, and begin to question the political motivation for the combat, especially if intense ever enduring guilt pervades. The veteran whose case 2 Cassell

is presented in this issue of our journal began such introspective questioning, after in self defense he had blown apart a ten year old Vietnam boy. During combat his instantaneous impression was that this child was an adult enemy soldier about to shoot. When after similar personal traumatic experiences from warfare in a foreign country, suggest that reality based questions may be valid, this new belief can produce cognitive dissonance during introspectively reprocessing PTSD imagery. Imagine the additional repressive complications that can arise, if the military mental health team is ordered to psychologically support the original propaganda propagated by a powerful industrial/military conglomerate. Editorial 3 As long as this international journal can maintain scientiﬁcally based honesty, it will continue to be a positive intellectual force, in a world beset by evil. Wilfred A Cassell, M.D., FAPA, APC. Editor Emeritus, SIS Jr. Proj. Psychology & Mental Health, Director, SIS Center, 4501E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, AK - 99516 (USA) E-Mail : siscassell2@yahoo.com

Some psychologists question the validity of projective test as they do with Questionnaires. They forget that the projective tests can not be veriﬁed on the same parameters as questionnaires. We put our perception and feelings in to the mind of subject by asking them to choose their answers as “Yes” or “No”, “True” or “False” “Agree” or “Disagree” etc. The true validity of a test should be decided “ if it measures for what it was made”. An Inkblot test is a powerful instrument. It brings unprocessed material through projection which can not be assessed through so called objective questionnaires. This approach is demonstrated in the following case study using SIS Test. Unlike the past, the majority of modern psychologists, psychiatrists and behavioral scientists question the validity of projective approach. Traditionally it has been associated with such psychological tests as the Rorschach test, the Holtzman Inkblot test, the Thematic Apperception Test etc.’ Such critics sometimes compare the impreciseness of projective tests to that of “Reading tea leaves”. They tend to argue that any projective information obtained is basically invalid. Yet, the various forms of the Somatic Inkblot technology have proven their clinical effectiveness as a diagnostic/treatment approach. The evidence has been published previously in the SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health (www. somaticinkblots.com). A transcript involving the SIS intervention in a woman volunteer, who developed symptoms in conjoint marital psychotherapy with her female psychotherapist, has been presented here. A transcript of the interview follows: Dr. B: Thank you for agreeing to participate in this teaching tape. If you don’t feel like answering a question just say, or if you don’t feel like answering everything, I understand and we can stop at any time. I think you’ll ﬁnd this really helpful. And I certainly appreciate you coming in. I’m very interested in your reaction to the therapeutic interview that you had with “M” earlier this week, especially in terms of some of the physical aspects, Could you share that with us, please? T: Well, it was very scary. I was having a session with “M”(my therapist) and my husband was there and we were talking about some childhood things and all of a sudden I got real disoriented. And my body got real heavy and I got real dizzy and I couldn’t walk, I couldn’t concentrate, I couldn’t think. It was like I was down in a tunnel. I could hear Marian and I could see them but they were just way far away. Dr. B: Tell us a little more about this heavy body feeling. Was there any pain with this or? T: There was no pain. It felt like, it felt like when a person almost passes out and it feels like they’re enough conscious to know what’s going on but they’re not able to do anything. Dr. B: Was there a sensation of dizziness? T: Yes. Dr.B: Tell us about that please? T: I was sitting in a chair very similar to this and I started to get very dizzy and it got worse. It was more than dizziness. It was like my brain stopped processing. I couldn’t think. “M” asked me to write down, she told me that she understood what was happening to me and if I wanted to remember anything about the session I needed to write it down because when I came out of it I wouldn’t remember anything. And I couldn’t write. Dr. B: So there was… T: I was able to write one sentence and that was all I could do. Dr. B: Sort of almost a motor paralysis too? J: Yeah. Dr. B: What was the sentence that you wrote? Do you remember? T: My husband values me. Dr. B: Yeah Questionable Validity of Projective Technique and SIS Intervention Wilfred A. Cassell and Bankey L. Dubey Wilfred A.Cassell, M.D., FAPA, Director SIS Center, 4501 East, 104th Ave, Anchorage, AK 99508, Email:siscassell2@yahoo.com, Bankey L.Dubey, Ph.D.,DPM, Director, 4406 Forrest Road, Anchorage, AK 99507(USA) Email:bldubey@gmail.com Key Words: SIS Imagery, therapeutic intervention

T: “K”, my husband, values me. That was the only thing I wrote. Dr. B: Did you have any nausea with that? (Symptoms previously reported by her psychotherapist.) J: I was nauseated and I felt like I had a cold, hot and cold ﬂash but just the cold, you know. Almost like fear and when I got up to get out of the seat, that was when I realized there was really something was wrong. I could not walk. I literally did not have any balance at all. And I couldn’t communicate. I couldn’t think. Dr. B: How long did that last? T: About 7 hours. Dr. B: That was pretty scary. T.: Real scary. So “K” had to drive me home and on the way home I realized I had had it happen to me before once but when I was at home and I was sitting at the kitchen table. I remembered that it had happened to me two or three times before. And then it got worse. Marian told me that trying to do normal activities and that would probably bring me back. And my son was being babysat so I didn’t have any distractions worrying about him. And I tried to wash the dishes and I couldn’t. I couldn’t, I couldn’t focus, and you know it was almost like a person feels when they’ve been kicked in the head. They, they’re just not able to do it, you know. Dr. B: Now you were telling me a little bit about the content of the interview. Could you share that? What you were focusing on? T: In particular there were two things. My husband (K) was there this time and was in the therapy session with me so Marian could educate him on what was happening to me. Dr. B: Yes, that was good. T: And to help me and him to really see what was going on because I have a hard time communicating it and that helped a lot. And in the process we were talking about the similarities in my behavior. How my behavior is a lot like my mother’s in a way that I’m demanding and intolerant at times. K, I need to do this. I don’t ask. I just shove it in front of him, you know. And I get mad if he doesn’t understand that’s what I want, you know. I don’t ask and I just shove it in front of him and I think that was where I started feeling bad and I’m starting to feel bad now. I’m starting to feel things shut down just thinking about that.(In this illustrative interview she began to experience similar symptoms.) Dr. B: OK, we’ll stop for a minute. (Pause) (After period of relaxation) We will now go over your responses to the video. Would that be OK? Perhaps we will begin with the three you liked most. (To further reduce her anxiety, the interview began with the three sets of imagery that she liked most) I know that your favorite was 5A: And it’s a clown and a very friendly person. Do you want to say anything more about that? Why it appealed to you ? T: Well, when I ﬁrst looked at it, it just looked like a clown to me and it felt safe and friendly. Dr. B: Good. Well, that tells us that you have a capacity for a sense of humor and that things are going to be safe for you after a while, after you process some of this difﬁcult material. And 8A you indicated seemed to resemble “A child who is happy and having fun.” T: I see a very happy child, delighting in life, playing and just feeling free and at peace. Dr. B: What does that bring to mind for you? T: It brings to mind for me a feeling of completeness. Dr. B: OK and then 17B. You indicated that this reminded you of “A feeling of being healed”. Could you enlarge on your response there, please and what you remember? T: 17B. It was a heart that just kept growing and getting bigger. That’s what I saw in it. And it was a type of color that was peaceful to me and I felt joy, compassion and love. That’s what it made me think of. Dr. B: Yes and that tells us that you have a capacity for joy, compassion and love and that’s going to grow as time goes on with your therapy. (Supportive comments to further reduce anxiety.) Now to go to the ones that bothered you. A3 was particularly upsetting. Can you tell us what you saw in A3 please? Questionable Validity of Projective Technique 5

T: Well, the reason that was upsetting is that I keep having that one in my dreams. Dr. B: What are your dreams and what is the parallel, would you say? T: It represents to me – it looks like a fungus animal that could hurt me. And in my dreams I keep having this type of fungus that attaches itself to me, to my skin. Dr. B: That must be horrible? T: And I’m pulling it off and getting rid of it and it’s very threatening but I’m getting rid of it in my dreams. Dr.: What do you think those dreams mean? T: I know they have something to do with the depth of pain, that the hurt that I have represents or it wouldn’t look like a fungus. It wouldn’t look so threatening to me. Dr. B: It’s very deep and very threatening. T: And it’s alive. That’s the other thing that makes it very threatening to me. It has a life of its own. And then I’m able to pull it off of me and get rid of it. Dr. B: And what does that symbolize? T: That it will be OK. Dr. B: That you can work things through. T: That I can work things through and that it will be painful too because it always leaves a sore. Dr. B: It’s very painful. Remember that I said that. T: I’ve had the dream about three times. Dr. B: Three times. If you go to a dentist you can get something for the pain but for this pain of the heart it is more difﬁcult. 13A: was one that troubled you as well. What do you see there, please? T: This is a hand, to me, that is reaching out for help, that’s trapped. Somebody that’s in distress it symbolized to me my mother’s hand and I felt very helpless and I felt like the person, somebody that was suffering and I was helpless to help them. And that’s what it represented to me. Dr. B: What does that bring to mind in terms of your relationships with your mother? T: You mean my relationship with her? Dr.: Either now or in the past? T: In the past I was the caretaker. Dr. B: Tell us a little bit about that? T: My mother was a drunk when I was a kid. And I was her caretaker basically. I don’t remember, I don’t remember hardly any of my childhood, it’s just, it’s just all blocked out. But I do remember always being the one to bring her this, to mop the ﬂoors, to clean the house, to bring her, her cigarettes and buy things for her at the store. I’d do those kinds of things for her and being real concerned for her. I speciﬁcally remember one time crying on the way to school because mom had told me that when I got back she would be dead because she was going to kill herself while I was at school. Dr. B: How did you feel when she said that? T: Very helpless and very scared. And I was – I know I told somebody about it. I don’t remember if it was the bus driver or the teacher but … Dr. B: It was horrible. T: But I particularly remember going through that and I was wondering what was going to happen to me. I didn’t want her to die. Dr. B: It was scary. T: The whole thing was threatening and scary to me. That was about 7 years old. Dr. B: 7 years. T: Grade school. Dr. B: Appreciate your sharing that. And then B19 was the third one you rated as being threatening. What do you see there? T: Well, it deﬁnitely wasn’t a sun. It looked like an amoeba to me. It looked like more of the same. It looked like a living organism that was going to attack. And the two hearts to me, represented, on each side of it, one represented me, one represented my husband and this was a threat to us but it also looked like was, it also looked like in the picture that it was already beginning to well, it, the amoeba looking thing’s got cracks in it so it looks to me like somebody’s 6 Cassell and Dubey

already hit it once or twice to get rid of it. But it represented a threat to me. Dr. B: What way does it relate to your love relationship to Ken? T: The disharmony between us, the inability to really communicate and understand each other. Dr. B: That’s going to improve especially now that Ken’s getting involved a little bit. Thank you. I would like to go through these others. But before we do could we review your drawings that you did? I think that would be of interest. Tell us now what they all represent if you would, start with the ﬁrst one. T: The ﬁrst one represents my home. It’s a drawing of a crooked house with a broken window with bars on the front door. Dr. B: And what does that symbolize? T: For me it’s a visual drawing of the war that was going on in our family. I don’t really have any memories, per se, of the exact things. I know that looking at that I’m almost ready to cry. Dr. B: You realize sadness and … T: I feel a lot of anguish and pain. Dr. B: How about this second one? What do you have to say about that one? T: It’s a drawing of a child, a little child, preschool with a spike and a nasty face in front of the spike, which doesn’t have really it’s just the eyes and the mouth and the mouth have teeth. It represented the heaviness, the weight, the weariness and the pain that the certain something that I was so afraid of that hurt me. I don’t know if it was, it was nameless that’s why it was a face. I couldn’t put a man or a woman’s face on it. Dr. B: The weighty feeling, was that anything like the weighty feeling you had when your body … T: Yeah. Dr. B: How was it parallel? T: The way that I feel emotionally and psychologically and the weight that I was physically feeling. Dr. B: How about the next one there, “T”? The third one, I guess. T: It’s a picture of the same child, in a box with a maze around it. Then and there’s no way out. The box is closed off. Although the maze has an entrance the box doesn’t have an exit. With a pair of scissors and it’s in black and white. These are in black and white, the ﬁrst drawing and the third one, because my world was black and white. There was no love, there was no color. There was no life. The scissors are cutting through the maze. They have wings on them because they are from God. I feel like that God himself is healing me through therapy and what other ways He’s choosing to do it. Dr. B: Anyway, you’re feeling God’s healing with this pain. Let’s do the next drawing. Let’s see. T: One, two, three, four. Four is a little child in a tunnel. It was what I was feeling when I was out of it, unable to concentrate and unable to really move around. I felt like I was in a tunnel. Dr. B: Could you tell us now, when you went into the interview you felt like an adult woman and then sort of changed to be more of a child. Could you tell about that age transformation? T: I would feel like I regressed all the way back to infancy, if that’s possible. Not quite infancy but toddlerhood. Dr. B: It’s possible. T: Preschool. I felt like on my way out that I was that I needed to be carried, literally carried like a little child. That I’d been severely hurt. Dr. B: Yeah. You needed comfort and love. T: Yeah. I felt, I felt that I got in touch with those real tender, tender feelings. Dr. B: Um huh. That was good. T: That I don’t think I felt before. Dr. B: It was good that Keith was with you. T: For a long, long time. Dr. B: So what’s the next drawing? T: The next drawing I tried to put a face on what it was that I was so afraid of. What Questionable Validity of Projective Technique 7

it was that, the nameless thing that put me in a state of semi-shock? And I know there was sexual abuse in my family. I’m making an X with my hands because I crossed out the face after I did it. It didn’t feel right. It didn’t feel like that that was the right representation. I couldn’t, I couldn’t ﬁgure out what it was. And I started with a man’s face because I know there was sexual abuse in my original family. I was adopted. My very original, natural family I have no history. I was adopted when I was four days old so the sexual abuse happened in my adopted family. Dr. B: And who did that involve, do you know? T: The perpetrator was my step father and involved my cousins. It supposedly did not involve me. My mother says but I’m not so certain about that and anyway when I drew the man’s face there it didn’t feel right so I crossed it out. And number six is a picture of representation of my mother. She has on a red dress because she is angry. Her nose is red because she’s drunk. She has a beer in her hand and there are swirls around her head because she’s not, she’s not sober. She’s incoherent like she was most of the time. That felt right. I knew that had really happened in my life. When I drew that it felt like truth to me. Dr. B: Yes. T: And, the next one, the next two were all faces. I was trying to draw myself again, to focus on who this little child was, what it was, who I was, what age I was, this trauma was going on at that I was in touch with and they weren’t right so I crossed those out and when I got to this one, I feel like that this one was right. T: This next one is just a little child, scared, alone and hurt and I’m drawing her inside of a tunnel because I felt like I was in a void. I felt like I’d been sucked into a vacuum. Dr. B: That’s very scary. T: Yes, it was very scary. And, it was very, very painful. And I felt like there was a lot, a lot of grief, I was feeling a lot of grief, a lot of pain and it was just plain shock like something and I kept saying over and over again to myself, “something happened to me and but that was it?” And I couldn’t remember but I had this sense that something happened to me and I didn’t know what it was. Dr. B: Thanks, Trish. I want to go on; do you feel comfortable doing some of the other video images? T: Um huh. Dr. B: Let’s have you look at them in order. A1. Can you tell us what you saw and what that brings to mind? We have a number to do so we are going to move a little more quickly this time. T: A1. Two seahorse heads. First it reminded me of blood because the video image had red in it. Dr. B: And when you think of blood what comes to mind? T: Violence, Knives. Dr. B: Have you been experienced or been exposed to violence? T: I was in my adolescence and young adulthood. I don’t remember any of my childhood. I can’t tell you about that because I don’t remember. Dr. B: Let’s move on to A2 then, please? T: A lady dancing in the mud and getting hurt. Dr, B: And what does that bring to mind for you? T: It brought to mind fear, like there was danger. Dr. B: You feel in the mud at times, I imagine. T: Um huh, or I’ve been in the mud. Dr.: And the next one, A3? T: That was the one that looked like the fungus that we spoke of. Dr. B: Okay. And A4? T: A broken toy and I was upset by that. Dr, B: Tell us about that. T: I really felt that broken toy really strongly, like something really precious to me that somebody had deliberately broken it out of spite and I was upset. Dr. B: And that took you back to a childhood experience? 8 Cassell and Dubey

T: Yes. I don’t recall that childhood experience but that’s what it. Dr. B: And A5? T: 5A was the clown that made me happy and felt safe. Dr.: Right. Good. A6? T: A6 was the child. A child who has a teddy bear next to it that looks like he’s been scared to me. Something had happened and scared him and he stopped playing and he’s frightened. Dr. B: And that brings to mind something from childhood? T: Just feelings, no memories. Dr. B: Nothing speciﬁc? Okay and the next one, please? T: The next one is the victim whose mouth is masked and unable to cry for help and the top of it looked to me like a large object that was going to crush him. Although it looked like an apple too. It looked like it was larger than the person and I felt threatened by it. Dr. B: And what does that relate to, do you suppose? T: The many times in my life that I’ve been physically restrained and not been able to help myself. Dr. B: Those are horrible. And the next one? T: This one was the happy child playing and feeling completeness. Dr. B: Okay. And then the next one. Just repeat the number? T: A9. This one looked like a puppy dog to me. It reminded me of him. Dr. B: Of Buddy. T: Yes, Buddy. It reminded me of Buddy and there was comfort in that because I felt that this particular puppy dog knew that I was hurting inside and he was also sad. Dr. B: Come here, Buddy. Let’s get a little shot of him in the video here. Come here, Buddy (Animals are

supportive in stressful interviews.). T: This is the real therapist. Dr. B : Okay. And the next one, please? T: The next one was a person whose eyes were out of focus. That’s the way I felt when I went into the post traumatic stress disorder. I really identiﬁed with that. Dr. B: And the next one, please? T: A11 looked like a child’s drawing to me, scribbling because they were mad and I felt relief because I had scribbled out that anger when I looked at it. Dr. B: We need to have you do a lot of scribbling because there is a log of anger inside, right? A12? T: An ear. It made me feel cared for. It represented to me that someone was listening to me. Someone was actually listening to me, being attentive. Dr. B: How does it feel having Marian as a therapist? T: It’s wonderful! Dr. B: It’s nice to have someone listen, isn’t it? T: Yeah. I really experience that with her. Number A13 was my mom, the hand reaching out that was trapped. The one that we spoke of that was distressing. Dr. B: A14? T: A14 looked like a womb to me. And I was worried because the baby didn’t look normal. Dr. B: What way were you worried about the baby? T: That it was sick. A15 looked like a womb to me of a dead baby, an embryo. Dr. B: What does the sick baby and the dead baby bring to mind? T: The way I’ve been feeling inside. Dr. B: Right. A16? T: A16 looked like a symbol of healing. Two birds and a heart. A wounded heart but then there was rain coming down which represents growth and nurturing and two birds who are ﬂuttering represents spring. I felt like it was just hopefulness in spring time in the drawing. Dr.B: There’s lots of hope for you, Terry with therapy. A17 Questionable Validity of Projective Technique 9

T: Scabs on the outside and the inside is fresh and new and the scab is falling off and it’s being reborn. Dr. B: I love that symbol. What does it mean? T: It means healing. Dr. B: Yeah. As a result of you working through this pain in your therapy. A18? T: A 18 is my heart, looked to me like my heart inside, deformed from sin and suffering and I felt great compassion in looking at that in particular. Dr. B: A19? T: A19 looked like a serpent that was leaving, not coming to me but leaving and I felt great relief in that they weren’t coming to me. Dr. B: Symbolizing? T: Symbolizing a change of life, a change of the way of thinking, a change of the way of doing things. Dr. B: Getting out the hurt and the anger. T: Getting out the hurt and. Dr. B: You’re going to feel better. A 20 please. T: Unity of two souls still in the womb. It looked like twins to me and in a uterus. Oneness, I felt oneness looking at that. Dr. B: A 21? T: It looked like a joyful transformation of my heart, getting ready to be free and ﬂying. It looks kind of like a bird with a heart in the middle getting ready to take ﬂight. Dr. B: That’s what you are. T: I identify with that bird, yes. Dr. B: A 22. T: I am the tunnel and this is the crisis that I’m coping with is what I felt. I felt really weary, really heavy, real tired. Dr. B: All this is very demanding. It takes a great deal of energy. It’s important that you realize that. I mean, it’s heavy duty demand. A 23? T: I felt like, it looked like a bone. I felt it was more danger, another threatening thing. Dr. B: A 24? T: Spilled paint on a pallet. Also it looked like a woman’s legs and inside of her vagina and it made me feel uncomfortable. Dr. B: In what way uncomfortable? T: Because the spilled paint, I felt that there had been an accident and then I felt uncomfortable with the fact that it looked like a woman because she looked like she was in pain. Dr. B:: I know you are in pain. A 25? T: Looked like a vagina and it was more than that to me. It was emotional aspects of sexuality and all the things that are attached that go in with that, marriage and that and I felt very vulnerable. Dr.: A 26? T: A baby sleeping. Very, very safe, secure, very happy with that. Dr B.: A 27? T: Lying in the ﬂowers naked and I identiﬁed with that, freedom like the little child, unafraid and playful. Dr. B: A28? T: A muscled arm and wrist. The hand of God. I felt like it was a hand reaching down to rescue. Dr. B: God’s helping you. A 29? T: At ﬁrst it looked like something to fear and then I realized it was just a shadow, my imagination, nothing to fear. Dr. B: Good. A30? T: A skull, death, sickness. And this is what interested me about that. I felt total and complete relief looking at that. Like the torment is over, the pain is over, the weariness is over. Like I’m ﬁnally at the end of my journey and now I can go play. Dr. B: There is a light at the end of the tunnel. A31? T: A man and woman brainstorming, teamwork. A feeling of being helped and cooperation. Dr. B: What does that bring to mind? T: Two people cooperating for a common goal. Me and Ken for my healing or for a project we’re working on or the inner reaction between me and my therapist. 10 Cassell and Dubey

Dr. B: Don’t you feel good having Ken giving the support and be present and that he’s going to be more involved as it’s explained to him. T: Yes, I feel wonderful about that. Dr. B: It’s been tough for Ken. He’s been in the dark up until now. B1? T: This looked like a demon to me. It looked like a ﬁre and a demon and potential danger. Dr. B: B2? T: A volcano erupting and I felt concern over that. B3 is two souls being taken to hell by rebel angels. That’s what that looked like to me. Dr. B: What does that bring to mind? T: I felt great sorrow. It brought to me the realization, conscious realization of my accountability before God for my actions and the total end results which ultimately will be what I do here now. Dr. B: B4? T.: Death of a mother and child. It looked to me like a mother and child’s death. It brought to me sadness. Dr. B: B5? T: Boy and girl in seats, pictures on the wall. Both unhappy. They’re both disturbed because they’re black. Dr. B : B6? T: Fantasy, mushroom, umbrella tree. It looked like something out of science ﬁction. It looked very comfortable like I wanted to go sit under it, pick some of the leaves off and just sit there. Dr.: It’s important that you get out and enjoy the beautiful weather of Minnesota and all that. That can heal us too, Terry, you know? I’m going to be out on my mountain bike in a few minutes. T: Good for you. Sounds real good. Dr. B: B7? T: B7. I was delighted with this one. It looked like a jelly ﬁsh and some leaves in some water and I was ready to jump in (laughing). Dr. B: B8? T: The world. It looked like the world alive and breathing but I was disturbed by it because I’m not used to seeing the world throb. And that was out of character from what I normally see. Dr. B: You were throbbing the other day really strongly in your session with Marian! B9? T: Two stomachs and a larynx with indigestion. I felt real discomfort like too much Mexican food. Dr. B: Do you get much indigestion when you’re stressed out? T: Anxiety. Dr. B: How does that affect your gastric functioning? T: Yeah, I think I do. See I’m not that in tune with my body. Dr. B: Right. B10? T: Child’s drawing of a critter and a woman’s legs with a vagina with a cut. At ﬁrst glance it looked like a Panda bear. At a second glance it looked like a pair of legs and I was alarmed by it because it looked like the particular woman had been cut. Dr. B: B11? T: B11. And area on my shoulder that is sore. It looked like the back of my shoulders, if you used one of the cameras that show the heat. Heat sensing camera. Dr. B: What do you mean? T: My shoulders would look like that. Dr. B: Do they? When do they feel like that? T: Yeah. All the time. Dr. B: They’ll go away as we relieve the psychological load on you. B12? T: Lettuce, onion, celery by the road in the sun like I was happy. I felt like I was on a farm and that I was ready to go pick some vegetables and sit down in the sun. Dr. B: That’s going to be down the road for you in therapy. B13? T: A woman found in the water. I was happy that I was in the water again just like the jelly ﬁsh and the leaves and that was like a treasure I’d found. Questionable Validity of Projective Technique 11

Dr. B: B14? T: A glass with smoke in it. I was, it felt like there was potential danger there. Dr. B: B15? T: A person under brutal attack. It looks like their face had been sliced off or they’d been hit by something. There were lots of knives in the picture. Dr. B: How does one make you feel? T: Fear, anguish. Dr. B: B16? T: A concern, another crisis but one that’s been tamed or is controllable and I felt relief. Dr. B: Good. B17? T: The one that I liked. A heart ﬁlled and growing with love. Dr.B: Right. B18? T: B18. Another on coming problem that is controllable. I felt conﬁdence. Dr.B: Good. B19? T: That was the one that was threatening to me about our marriage. Dr. B: Right. B20? T: The healing of the brain. I felt relief and happiness, psychological healing. It was, it looked like a brain but it had green in it like it was going through a transformation. Dr. B: Your brain is healing. B21? T: A squashed gun. It looked like somebody had polarized gun. It would that, whoever, whatever was going to do, whatever they were going to do there was a victory and it was all over with and I felt determined joy and a victory over that. Dr. B: B22? T: A person barely alive waiting for help. Dr. B: B23? You felt bad after that interview with psychotherapist didn’t you? T: Yeah, but in this I felt total trust. Dr. B: Yeah. T: Total trust that help would come. Dr. B: You trust Marian, Keith, I and God and you’re in good hands. T: B23: A blackened lung and inﬂamed ribs and it made me feel uncomfortable and reminded me of somebody with asthma or smoked a lot of cigarettes or something. My son has asthma. Dr.B: You worry much about his asthma? T: Not any more. He’s gotten better. Dr.B: B24? T: Decayed lungs. It looked like lungs that were passed help. I felt sorrow. Dr.B: B25? T: A hole in the universe. I felt fear and anxiety. Dr.B: B26? T: Spilled lotion and the upright, up righted bottle of lotion next to it. I felt concern about that. Dr.B: B27? T: Two embryos, one is dying and the other one is already dead. I felt sorrow. Dr.B: B28? T: A mother saving a child from danger. I felt fear. Dr.B: B29? T: A child running into danger. I felt fear. Dr.B: B30? T: Two ears. Two people being attentive. This was a situation where a person needed to be listened to. What was going on was very serious and I felt concerned, very concerned for that person. Dr.B: You’re a very loving woman, you can reach out. B31? T: A family hiding in a safe place. I felt anxiety because this looked like a family that was in a place of warmth but they were there. Safe and secure because they were frightened and it was a place of refuge. Dr.B: How do you feel about your family at this time? T: About my family at this time? We’re getting there because my husband is participating now. 12 Cassell and Dubey

Dr.B: Yes. Did you want to add anything about any of these images, T? I know the one you mentioned. You got some relief from this scribbling. Did you want to mention any? T: Oh yeah. I was surprised at the drawing, A 11, looked like a child had scribbled and I felt real relief like I needed to sit down and just do some real scribbling. Dr.B: Right. T: And I’ve had this, on the back side of my house is a home but it needs some repair work done on it so on the back side, it is going to need painted and some wood but in the mean time there is this whole bottom half of a house, it runs along the whole side of the house, there’s no windows, this has got plywood on it and I thought, “hey what a great place to do a mural” Now I’m thinking what a great place to do some scribbling. Dr.B: Go for it! Go for it! T: I think I’m going to. Dr.: On the one response you noted the parallel between your dream, the content of feelings of dreams and the responses here. Could you say more about that or any of the others? T: That one with the fungus was the only one in particular that I identiﬁed with a dream. Dr.B: How long have you been having that dream? T: For about three months. Dr. B: And it’s come on during the period that you’re working in therapy. T: Um huh. Dr.B: That’s going to go away as you process the trauma. What’s your worst fear? T: That I’ll be abandoned to stay this way. Dr. B: That’s a horrible feeling. That’s because you have feelings of being abandoned. You feel secure with your husband and with all of us. You’re going to be ﬁne. T: When we were beginning to talk about what happened in that session I was starting to feel disoriented again. Dr. B: And now you’re coming back Okay? T: Yeah. Dr. B: Good. Well, thank you. I think we’ll chat with Ken for a moment or two. T: Okay. Dr. B: Appreciate your involvement and I hope you do get out and enjoy that pretty afternoon a little bit. T: I intend to. Dr.B: Good. Thanks. T’s Husband: (K) We appreciate your coming in, K. Tell us a little bit about the interview the other day with T and M. You were sitting in on that. That must have been quite an experience. K: Well there were a couple of interesting things. One especially in light of what happened; T said she and I were talking about her childhood. Dr. B: Yeah. K: Which in fact she related what we were talking about to her childhood. We weren’t really talking about childhood. What we were talking about was some of behaviors, towards me, that she has and at the time there were several I think. I was doing the talking at the time this happened. We were talking about that she has this real strong need to have my love for her afﬁrmed and afﬁrmed through actions. Dr. B: Um huh. K: And it has to be not just that you do things for me but there’s sacriﬁce involved. It has to be continually reafﬁrmed. You can do things, to demonstrate your love, you know, ten times but if you fail, but if you fail on the eleventh time there’s going to be a lot of anger and stuff and you feel pretty much shows, that reafﬁrms to her that you really don’t love. And she was saying to M she felt like I really didn’t value her and I was talking a little bit about that and how that was really hard for me because in fact that I did and that I had done things to demonstrate that. And that was the one thought that she, the one thing that she was able to write down was that my husband does value me. But it was in the midst of talking about that it was like, it was like someone ﬂipped a switch, it wasn’t like she gradually fell into this, it was like one minute she was ﬁne and the next Questionable Validity of Projective Technique 13

minute all these physical things were going on. Dr. B: She had a number of physical things. Could you share what they were in your eyes, what she was experiencing physically? K: Well, when we went to leave it was the nearest thing I can compare it to be when we had our son she had to have a c-section and it reminded me of the ﬁrst time we got her up to try and walk. And she was in so much pain and stuff, and if you see patients in the hospital, you notice they’ve had surgery and they are walking around trying to, you know, expedite their recovery and they shufﬂe real slowly because it’s so painful and. Dr. B: Yeah. K: They’re stiff and real slow and like they’re reaching out for a wall and even if it’s not there something to hang on to. Dr. B: Real Shaky. K: That’s what she was like and I had to, had to hold on to her because she couldn’t have walked on her own. Or she would have gone down. Dr. B: What other physical manifestations were you aware of? K: Numbness, like she had a cloud over her. Dr. B: Did she complain of numbness? K: Well, when I say numbness I’m thinking not so much physical in a sense of touch but mentally. Dr. B: I see. K: And her mental faculties were numb and she seemed distant like she was kind of off somewhere else. Dr. B: Were you concerned that she was having some sort of physical problem, attack or something or worried about her health in any way? K.: No, it was obvious it was all related to what was going on. It wasn’t fear for her physical well being. I was concerned for. Dr. B: Her psychological self? K: Yeah, plus it emphasized that the depth of what was going on, had gone on in her childhood and everything. The severity of the whole situation. I don’t think I’ve ever been around … I’ve been around people that have been in that state but I’ve never been in a situation where I’ve seen someone just go from one to the other in a matter of seconds. Dr. B: If you didn’t have the understanding of the psychological context of the interview though, you can imagine how you might feel something physical was happening to you like a stroke. K: Oh, yeah, something. Dr. B: Or an epileptic seizure. K: Or anemia or Dr. B: Yeah. Right. Have you some more understanding after the interview the other day and then our discussion and hearing the video and art work? Do you feel you understand her pain more now? K: I have a better understanding of the extent of it and depth of it, that it’s more extensive than I realized or appreciated before. Dr.B: And the need for you to be with her and reassure her of your love and all and that you won’t abandon her and all this. K: Yeah, that’s one thing she’s, over the years she’s had a lot of dreams that reﬂected that fear of abandonment. Dr.B: Could you site some of those dreams? K: She’d have dreams where she was in it and if I was in the dream, it would be in the context that she would be gone and I would ignore her or I would be with another woman or something else or I would be leaving or not ever expecting very, very rare that we were conscious that we were together in the same dream. And there’s not. Dr.B: So what do those dreams tell you? K: That it’s, she had this deep fear of that, that she’s going to lose my love for what we have. Dr.B: What would you like to tell her to reassure her? She can hear us now. K: I think the fact that I’m getting involved with her therapy stuff that it’s real critical to her because she vocalized it a lot of times. The fact that I’m involved, she sees that as a response more than anything else. 14 Cassell and Dubey

Dr.B: Yeah. And you’re doing that because you love her and you’re going to stick with her and all that. K: Yeah. Plus the fact that you can’t, I don’t think that in a marriage, that you can separate one individual from the other, obviously they are both intertwined and they affect each other so. Dr.B: That’s why “M”(therapist) had you in and we have you in now. Do you have any questions or anything this morning? K: I don’t know if any of the questions I have can be answered. I mean it seems like the same questions we all have. Dr.B Well, look, I appreciate very much your coming in and the same as I said to her, go play. It’s a beautiful Minnesota day and it can be healing to be outdoors and thank you very much for. K: Right. Thank you for your help. Conclusion: The authors are pleased to report that the results of this interview proved remarkably helpful to the marital psychotherapist and a positive outcome was achieved. Questionable Validity of Projective Technique 15 Govt. of Jharkhand Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry & Allied Sciences (RINPAS) Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Phone: (0651) 2451121, Tele Fax: 0651-2450813 Admission to Postgraduate Course-2010-2012/13 Session

The Director, RINPAS, invites application for following courses commencing at this Institute from 1st May, 2010. Courses 1. M.D. (Psychiatry).................................................1 Seat Duration : 3 years for M.B.B.S. degree holders and 2 years after two years D.P.M. holders. 2. Diploma in Psychological Medicine (D.P.M.)................1 Seat Duration : 2 years. Qualiﬁcation (1&2) : M.B.B.S. degree from any University/ Medical College of Jharkhand State recognised by M.C.I.

The candidate who is resident of Jharkhand and has passed MBBS from Bihar can also apply, who has got admission in Bihar Medical College before creation of Jharkhand State i.e. before 15-11-2000.

The candidate must have completed the rotating internship by 15-2-2010.

The candidate must have obtained permanent registration from Medical Council of India or Bihar/Jharkhand State Medical Council. Stipend : Residency Scheme will be applicable for M.D and D.P.M. students. 3. Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology..............................4 Seats Duration : 3 years for M.A. (Psychology) degree holders and 2 years after D.M. & S.P./M.Phil in Medical and Social Psychology / M.Phil in Clinical Psychology. Qualiﬁcation : Master degree in Psychology of a recognised university with minimum 60% marks, or Diploma / M.Phil in Medical and Social Psychology or Clinical Psychology. 4. Ph.D. in Psychiatric Social Work.......................4 Seats Duration : 3 years for M.A. Social Work or M.S.W. and 2 years for DPSW or M.Phil in Psychiatric Social Work. Qualiﬁcation : M. A. Social Work or M.S.W. of a recognised university with minimum 60% marks, or DPSW/M.Phil in Psychiatric Social Work. 5. M.Phil in Medical and Social Psychology.........12 Seats Duration : 2 years Qualiﬁcation : M.A. in Psychology of a recognised University with minimum 50% marks in the aggregate. 6. M.Phil in Psychiatric Social Work....................12 Seats Duration : 2 years Qualiﬁcation : M.A. Social Work/Sociology of a recognised University with minimum 50% marks in the aggregate. Stipend : According to the terms and conditions of the Institute (Rs.5000/- & Rs. 5500/- to M.Phil & Ph.D students respectively). Continued on Page No. 52

Discriminating Power of the Comprehensive Scoring System for SIS-I Sunita Kandhari, Jyotsna Sharma and Rakesh Kumar A systematic review of the literature available on SIS-I indicates that the test has been extensively used on a variety of populations. Simultaneously, some researchers felt the need for extending the current scoring system for SIS (Deepak and Jagdish, 2002, Ruchi, Singh and Kumar, 2002). A Comprehensive Scoring System (CSS) for SIS-I was developed on the basis of Beck’s scoring system for Rorschach. The CSS indices for SIS-I were compared in manic, depressive and schizophrenic patients. A sample of 90 patients in three groups: mania (n=30), depression (n=30) and schizophrenia (n=30) were drawn from a psychiatric institute. SIS-I was administered individually to each patients and scoring was done according to the CSS. The Kruskal Wallis test revealed signiﬁcant difference amongst various indices of CSS and the results are discussed in the paper. The Somatic Inkblot Series has ﬁve forms: SIS–I (20 cards), SIS–II (62 images booklet), SIS–II Video, SIS-I Video and SIS–Living images. A review of literature on SIS–I revealed that the test is an effective diagnostic tool. Somatic Inkblot Series–I consists of 20 inkblot images. These images provide enough obvious anatomical structure to evoke spontaneous verbalization, but not enough to limit the responses solely to the naming of body parts or colors. SIS-I has been used by a number of researchers and its discriminative power has been established on a variety of population: opiate addicts (Mukhopadhyay et. al.,1996); hospitalized male chronic schizophrenics (Kumar et.al 2001); schizophrenic patients (Kumar et al. ,2006); schizophrenia and depression (Pershad and Verma, 1995); normal, neurotics and psychotic patients (Pershad et. al., 1997); ADHD (Jain, Singh and Kumar, 2002); mania and depression (Deepak and Jagdish, 2002) and Schizophrenia (Mahpatra et al. 2009). Despite the fact that SIS-I has attracted researchers and clinicians in various countries, there is only one scoring system for SIS–I. The current scoring system emphasizes content analysis for the interpretation of responses and only eleven indices: total responses, human responses, animal responses, anatomical responses, sex responses, movement responses, typical responses, atypical responses, image rejection and pathological scales for quantitative analysis. Some researchers have felt the need for an extension of the current scoring system for SIS (Deepak and Jagdish, 2002, Ruchi, Singh and Kumar, 2002). The content analysis of SIS responses has demonstrated its clinical signiﬁcance while intervening with patients group and we hope that the CSS will be of great help to researchers in discriminating various normal and clinical groups. After reviewing the literature on scoring systems of inkblots, the framework of the Comprehensive Scoring System was developed on the basis of Beck’s Scoring System for Rorschach. The outline and indices of Comprehensive Scoring System for SIS-I is given ahead: Total Number of Responses (R): This scoring index refers to total number of scored responses produced by a subject on a protocol. Blot Area: Blot area refers to the part of the blot which forms the basis of the response provided by a subject. It could be as follows:

• Total Blot Area (TBA) : It is scored when a subject uses the entire blot in his percept.

• Common Blot Area (CBA): This is the portion of a blot which is commonly selected by normal subjects to produce associations.

• Uncommon Blot Area (UBA): This is the portion of a blot which is infrequently selected by normal subjects to produce associations.

• White Background Area (WBA): When a subject produces a response on white background of the blot, WBA is scored. Response Attributes: Response attribute refers to the qualitative characteristics of a response. The response attribute shall fall in any of the following categories: Sunita Kandhari, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, International College for Girls, Jaipur; Jyotsna Sharma,Ph.D., Head, Dept of Psychology, D.J.College, Baraut (Bagpat) and Rakesh Kumar, Ph.D., Co-ordinator, Dept of Psychology, Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Agra. Correspondence Email: mindpowerlab@gmail.com. This paper is a part of Ph.D thesis of ﬁrst author awarded by Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut in 2008. Key Words : SIS Indices, Discriminating Power.

• Shape: Whenever a subject’s response is determined exclusively by the shape, this attribute is scored. The typical language of the subject in enquiry is – looks like that or because of shape. Further, all shape determined responses are scored as either shape appropriate (SA) or shape inappropriate (SI).

• Shape Appropriate (SA): Whenever, shape of a perceived object resembles with the selected blot area it is considered as shape appropriate.

• Shape Inappropriate (SI): Whenever, shape of a perceived object does not resemble with the selected blot area it is considered as shape inappropriate.

• Human Action (HA): All human activities, emotions, expressions, and postures are scored as human action. The animal activities, expressions, and postures are not scored in this category. Similarly, all natural actions of inanimate objects are not scored in this category. However, if an animal is involved in human activities, emotions, expressions and postures, then this attribute is to be scored. Likewise, for the actions of inanimate objects produced by human beings, this attribute is to be scored.

• Color Chromatic (CC): If a response incorporates any of the chromatic color, this attribute is scored.

• Color Achromatic (CA) If a response incorporates any of the achromatic color, this attribute is scored.

• Three Dimensional Response (3D): If a subject perceives third dimension in a response, this attribute is scored. Response Categories: There can be n number of response categories. The common categories are as under:

• Human Complete (HC): Includes complete human forms.

• Human Part (HP): Includes external parts of human body like hands, arms, eyes.

• Animal Complete (AC): Includes complete animal forms.

• Animal Part (HP): Includes external parts of animals like dog’s tail, elephant’s trunk.

• Internal Organs (IO): Includes all references to internal body parts like heart, kidney, intestines. Most Common Responses (Mc): These are the responses which are produced by normal persons quite frequently to a blot area. Rejection of Images (REJ): REJ is scored when a subject fails to produce even a single response to any of the blot, Objectives: To ﬁnd out the discriminative ability of CSS on SIS-I amongst Manic, Depressive and Schizophrenic patients. Material and Method: The sample consisted of 90 patients in three groups: mania (n=30), depression (n=30) and schizophrenia (n=30). They were in the age range of 18-45 years with equal number of males (n=15) and females (n=15) in each group. The patient groups were drawn from Institute of Mental Health and Hospital and private psychiatric facilities in Agra (India). The cases were diagnosed by Psychiatrists and followed by individual administration of SIS-I in a distraction free environment in one sitting. Scoring of SIS-I protocols of patient groups was done according to the Comprehensive Scoring System of SIS-I. The Sample characteristics are shown in Table-1. Results: Mean Rank Differences and signiﬁcance of CSS indices across Mania, Depression and Schizophrenia are shown in the following Tables. Table 2 reveals that the Total Number of Responses, Total Blot Area, Common Blot Area, Uncommon Blot Area, White Background Area, Shape Appropriate, Shape Inappropriate, Human Action, Color Chromatic, 3-Dimension, Animal Part, Most Common Responses and Image Rejection, statistically discriminated the clinical groups. Table 3 clearly suggests that the SIS indices were able to discriminate amongst the three clinical groups. Discriminating Power of SIS-I Scoring System 17

The total Number of Responses, total Blot Area, Common Blot Area, Uncommon Blot Area, Shape Appropriate, Shape Inappropriate, Human Action, Table 1 Sample Characteristics Characteristics Depressives(n=30) Schizophrenics(n=30) Manic (n=30) Age in years (Mean & S.D.) 32.57 ±7.54 31.78 ±7.54 33.68 ±7.54 Education Literate Iliterate Occupation Business Service Others Family Type Joint Nuclear Marital Status Married Unmarried Domicile Rural Urban Table 2 Results of Kruskal-Wallis Test across Groups Mean Rank Indices Mania Depression Schizophrenia chi Square Sig. Total Number of Responses 186.0 43.8 41.4 154.78 .00 Total Blot Area 221.1 143.2 131.9 30.85 .00 Common Blot Area 94.7 173.5 182.2 20.23 .00 Uncommon Blot Area 73.5 111.1 167.8 49.37 .00 White Background Area 144.6 125.6 159.6 34.55 .00 Shape Appropriate 85.3 162.5 38.5 84.67 .00 Shape Inappropriate 229.6 123.9 259.0 111.46 .00 Human Action 153.9 110.8 128.8 8.74 .03 Color Chromatic 176.1 139.1 163.7 12.24 .00 Color Achromatic 130.5 149.1 140.9 5.44 .14 3-Dimension 69.8 166.7 146.4 62.07 .00 Human Complete 154.5 143.3 142.2 .86 .83 Human Part 147.5 143.7 142.5 .07 .99 Animal Complete 117.2 150.5 150.4 4.61 .20 Animal Part 92.6 151.4 159.1 26.46 .00 Internal Organs 153.8 175.1 129.9 5.41 .14 Most Common Responses 154.6 96.4 62.5 63.70 .00 Image Rejection 113.2 221.9 238.8 147.33 .00 Color Chromatic, 3-Dimenension, Animal Part, Most Common Responses and Image Rejection were able to discriminate between Mania and Depression. 18 Kandhari et al

The total Number of Responses, total Blot Area, Common Blot Area, Uncommon Blot Area, Shape Appropriate, 3- Dimension, Animal Part, Most Common Responses and, Image Rejection were able to discriminate between Mania and Schizophrenia. However, only four indices, Uncommon Blot Area, Shape Appropriate, Shape Inappropriate and Internal Organs could differentiate Depression and Schizophrenia. The total Number of Responses, total Blot Area, Common Blot Area, Uncommon Blot Area, Shape Appropriate, Shape Inappropriate, 3-Dimenension and Image Rejection seems to be a Hard Core Indicators in discriminating the groups. Discussion: Total Number of Responses (R): The TR was able to discriminate between Mania and Depression, and Mania and schizophrenia. TR reﬂects scored productivity. Manic patients due to elevated mood, ﬂight of ideas, increased psychomotor activities and distractibility are expected to perceive more responses than the average person. Depression is a polar contract of mania primarily characterized by depressed mood, decreased psychomotor activities, slowed thought process and loss of pleasure. Due to these characteristics the depressive patients gave lower TR. The Schizophrenic patients due to paucity of ideas, impaired cognitive functions, lack of initiative; shallow affect and thought disorder, gave signiﬁcantly low number of responses than the other groups.. Total Blot Area (TBA): TBA was found to be a powerful indices discriminating between Mania and Depression, and Mania and Schizophrenia. At emotional level TBA reﬂects an exaggerated perception of oneself (Beck, 1952). This inﬂated self esteem is the characteristic of mania which is responsible for above average TBA on inkblots in this group. Depressive patients, on the other hand, have a deep sense of personal inadequacy coupled with slowed mental process which resulting in lowering down the TBA responses. Cognitively, TBA is an index of analysis and synthesis. Since schizophrenics show gross impairment in reality testing, their TBA evokes more of shape inappropriate responses. There is loss of abstract attitude in schizophrenia. Because CSS Indices Mania Vs Depression Mania Vs Schizophrenia Depresssion Vs Schizophrenia Total Number of Responses 142.2* 144.6* 2.4 Total Blot Area 77.9* 89.2* 11.3 Common Blot Area -78.8* -87.5* -8.7 Uncommon Blot Area -37.6* -94.3* -56.7* White Background Area -15 -34 Shape Appropriate -77.2* 46.8* 124* Shape Inappropriate 105.7* -29.4 -135.1* Human Action 43.1* 25.1 -18 Color Chromatic 37* 12.4 -24.6 Color Achromatic -18.6 -10.4 8.2 3-Dimension -96.9* -76.6* 20.3 Human Complete 11.2 12.3 1.1 Human Part 3.8 1.2 Animal Complete -33.3 -33.2 0.1 Animal Part -58.8* -66.5 -7.7 Internal Organs -21.3 23.9 45.2* Most Common Responses -58.8* 92.1* 33.9 Image Rejection -108.7* -125.6* -16.9 * Signiﬁcant Table 3 Mean Rank Differenes and Signiﬁcance of CSS Indices across the Groups Discriminating Power of SIS-I Scoring System 19

of the loss of abstract attitude, schizophrenics could not perceive more of TBA responses. This also suggest their poor organizational capacity. Common Blot Area (CBA): Highest Schizophrenics perceived highest number common blot area followed by Depressive, and Manic groups. Generally, the common blot area responses are easier to give than total blot area responses because they represent the easiest perceptual cognitive mode to act when faced with ambiguity. The frequency of CBA was the highest among the all blot area. Because of the existing thinking processes, schizophrenics have produced highest CBA responses on inkblots. Since, manic patients accentuate TBA responses; they have seen low number of CBA responses. The CBA was found to be a successful discriminator between and Mania and Depression, and Mania and Schizophrenia. Uncommon Blot Area (UBA): The schizophrenic patients have perceived highest number of UBA responses followed by depressive and manic groups. Uncommon Blot Areas are the least perceived response by the subjects. UBA on inkblots reﬂect an individual’s emphasis on minute details. It also reﬂects their emotional state and anxiety. The schizophrenics are known to attend unusual TBA on inkblots. In schizophrenics, these unusual UBAs indicate their emphasis on unnecessary aspects of the environment. Attention of manic patients ﬂuctuates quite rapidly from one object to the other. They do not care for tiny details of the blots. This is reﬂected in their least frequent selection of UBA responses. White Blot Area (WBA): Schizophrenics perceived highest WBA followed by manic and depressive patients. In the framework of the laws of perception, the blots are considered as ﬁgures and the remaining portion of the card as background. When presented for association, healthy subjects mostly respond to ﬁgures. The primary signiﬁcance of the white background area responses has been that of some form of oppositional behavior emerging in a variety of symptom patterns: constrainers, negativism and hostility. Clinically, this suspicious behavior is found in all the major categories of psychiatric illness – schizophrenia, mania, depression and organic psychosis. The negativistic, oppositional and suspicious behavior is responsible for higher WBA in clinical groups. Shape Appropriate (SA): SA discriminated between Mania and Depression, Mania and schizophrenia, and Depression and Schizophrenia. Normal group produced highest SA followed by depressive, manic and schizophrenic groups. The shape appropriate responses indicate the ability of a subject to direct his ideation with conscious attention, control, discriminating judgment and regard for the environment (Rorschach, 1942). A response indicating an appropriate shape reﬂects that the examinee has respect for the reality of the environment (Beck 1945). It also indicates adequate affective delay or control necessary for occurrence of the form response. The maximum impairment in reality orientation is found in schizophrenic patients hence they are known to produce lowest SA responses on inkblots. Since manic patients have poor concentration, they fail to produce average SA. The SA has turned out to be the most powerful indicator in discriminating major psychiatric disorders. Shape Inappropriate (SI): SI has discriminated signiﬁcantly between Mania and Depression, and Depression and Schizophrenia. Schizophrenic patients have given highest number of SI responses followed by mania and depressive groups. The SI responses are those of poor quality with vague percept either in structure or verbalization (Cassell and Dubey, 2003). The SI is an opposite of SA responses. Schizophrenics are known to perceive highest number of SI responses. Human Action (HA): The HA responses failed to discriminate between Depression and Schizophrenia, and Mania and Schizophrenia. However signiﬁcant difference was noticed only between Mania and Depression group. Manic patients gave highest number of HA responses followed by Schizophrenics, and Depressives. The Human action is associated with fantasy and imagination (Cocking, Dana and Dana, 1969). Manic patients, in general, perceive higher HA responses which reﬂects their rapid thought processes. In schizophrenia it is an indication of fantasy life because quality of their HA responses are generally poor. Because of slowed thought processes, Depressive patients have seen low number of HA responses. 3 Dimensions (3D): The Depressive group perceived highest number of 3D responses followed by Schizophrenic and Manic groups. The 3D responses are based on dimensionality, and are indicative of a sense of inner incompleteness (Rorschach, 1942). Depressives have highest degree of sense of personal inadequacy hence they score very high on this index. Since mania is a polar contrast of depression they gave lowest 3D percept. Some schizophrenics are aware 20 Kandhari et al

of their difﬁculties which creates a sense of inferiority, resulting into increased 3D responses. Animal Part (AP): AP discriminated following comparison groups –Schizophrenic patients gave highest number of AP responses followed by depressive and. manic groups. This category of responses includes external parts of the animals such as wings, legs, claws beak etc. In general an excess of animal content indicates intellectual constriction and/or emotional disturbance. The person recognizes chieﬂy the more mundane stimuli and fails to venture in novelty. Because of their characteristic symptom patterns schizophrenics and depressives produce higher Part Animals on inkblots. The index was found to be signiﬁcantly different between Mania and Depression, and Mania and Schizophrenia. Most Common (MC): MC discriminated following comparison groups –The most common responses are those which are perceived by the subjects most frequently. These are similar to popular responses of Rorschach test. Such responses reﬂect an ability to participate in communal or popular thinking within a speciﬁc culture or the conformity of the individual thinking to that of the group (Beck, 1945).The maximum departure from group thinking is clinically found in schizophrenic patients. They have seen lowest number of MC responses. Apart from socio-cultural conformity, MC responses are indicative of withdrawal (Beck, 1952). Depressives have characteristic withdrawal from the society. They tend to withdraw from human environment and have perceived low number of MC responses on inkblots. The MC index was able to discriminate between Mania and Depression, and Mania and Schizophrenia. Image Rejection (Rej): According to Cassell (1980) rejection of images shows thought blockage and an inability to think properly. Schizophrenics have rejected maximum images. In some cases rejection of all cards is a reliable indication of schizophrenic pathology (Beck, 1952). Bohm (1958) reported that spontaneously or with a little persuasion depressive patients tend to associate with Rorschach. The true rejection is usually seen in schizophrenics and organics. Depressives, because of their impaired concentration and slowed thought processes fail to associate with inkblots. However, if an examiner persists with the depressive patients, they come out with good number of responses on inkblots. Manic patients rarely rejected any image and remain too involved in environmental stimuli; any change in the immediate environment catches their attention. The rejection index was able to discriminate between Mania and Depression, and Mania and Schizophrenia. However, some indices such as color chromatic, color achromatic, human complete, human part, animal complete and internal organs failed to discriminate the index groups. Further study on a large sample of psychiatric patients should be conducted before concluding discriminating power of Comprehensive Scoring System of SIS-I. Conclusion: The CSS indices for SIS-I were compared in manic, depressive and schizophrenic patients. A sample of 90 patients (mania n=30, depression n=30 and schizophrenia n=30) were drawn from a psychiatric institute. SIS-I was administered individually following standard procedure (Cassell and Dubey,2003) and scoring was done according to the CSS. The Kruskal Wallis test revealed signiﬁcant difference on various indices such as Total R, total Blot Area, Common Blot Area (CBA), Uncommon Blot Area, shape appropriate, Shape inappropriate, 3 Dimention, Most Common and Rejection of images, amongst the clinical groups. This work makes worthwhile contribution to the literature on SIS scoring. References: Asthana, H.S. (1950). Indian norms for Rorschach responses. Indian Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2, 10-18. Beck, S.J. (1952) Rorschach test, Vol, III. Advances in interpretation. New York : Grune & Stratton. Beck, S.J., Beck, A.G., Levitt, E.E., and Molish, H.B. (1961). Rorschach’s Test Basic Processes. New York : Gurne & Strattons. Bohm, E. (1958) A taxtbook in Rorschach test diagnosis (Tr. by A. Beck & S.J. Beck) New York : Grune & Stratton. Cassell, W.A. (1965). Body perception and symptom location. Psychosomatic Medicine, 27, 172- 176. Cassell, W.A. (1990). Somatic Inkblot Series Manual. Anchorage: Alaska. Cassell, W.A. and Dubey, B.L. (2003) Interpreting inner world through somatic imagery: Manual of the Somatic Inkblot Series. Anchorage: Somatic Inkblot Centre. Discriminating Power of SIS-I Scoring System 21

Exner, J.E. (1974) The Rorschach systems. New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc. Klopfer, B. and Kelly, D.M. (1956) Developments in the Rorschach techniques. Vol. II. Yonkers: World Book Co. Kumar, D, Kumar, J, and Kumar, R. (2005) Diagnostic Indicators on SIS-I and Rorschach among Manic and Depressive Patients. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 12, 53-60. Kumar, S., Singh, R., and Mohanty, S. (2001). A study as Somatic Inkblot Series-I in hospitalised male chronic schizophrenics. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 8, 31-37. Mahapatra, J., Sahoo, D., Mishra, P.K. and Kumar, R. (2009) SIS-I indices as a measure of ego strength in schizophrenia. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health.16, 152-154 Mukhopadhyay, A., Banerjee, S., and Mitra, G. (1996). A comprehensive proﬁle of personality characteristics of male drug addicts. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 3, 33-41. Nehra, A., Raghunathan, M., Verma, S.K., and Mann, S.B.S. (1997). Recognition of Psychological Problem in patients suffering from speech defects with the help of SISII. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health 4, 143-151. Pershad, D., Verma, S.K. and Bhagat, K. (1997). Body image distrubances in psychiatric cases. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 14, 75-84. Rathee, S.P., Pande, V., and Singh, A. (1995). Diagnostic efﬁcacy of Somatic Inkblot Series- II among psychiatric patients of Armed Forces : SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 2, 61-66. Singh, A.R., and Banerjee, K.R. (1996). Efﬁcacy of SIS-II in discriminating OCD patients and normals. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 3, 165-169. 22 Kandhari et al Appeal Members of Somatic Inkblot Soceity are requested to kindly send their Annual dues before the 31st of January each year, to enable the Society to meet its expenses and smooth publication of the Journal.

Assessment of Ego-strength through Rorschach Indices in Schizophrenia J. Mahapatra, D. Sahoo, P. K. Mishra and R. Kumar The Psychodynamic School of thought conceptualizes magnitude of ego-strength as a major component of healthy personality. Ego functioning is evident to be impaired in schizophrenia and pervading impairment spreads to behavior, perception, emotion and cognitive domain. We explored to determine if the Rorschach inkblot test could effectively gauge ego strength, operationally deﬁned as reality orientation, in schizophrenic patients. This projective instrument was individually administered to 50 schizophrenic patients drawn from Psychiatry OPD of VSS Medical College, Burla, Sambalpur. A matched control group of 50 normal participants was also drawn from general population. The following indices of Rorschach inkblot test were identiﬁed as measures of ego-strength: Total number of responses (R), Whole responses (W), Rare detail (Dd), White Space (S), Good Form (F+), Human Movement (M) and Popularity (P). It was found that R, F+, M and P responses were signiﬁcantly lower, and W, Dd and S responses were signiﬁcantly higher in the schizophrenic group. These results suggest that Rorschach indices may successfully measure ego-strength in schizophrenic patients. To unearth the unconscious contents and drives and to bring them to conscious province, projective technique is evidenced to be instrumental. In backdrop of this theoretical model, projective techniques were developed to scan ego strength, to bring back unconscious contents, and to rescue and resurrect libidinal drive in direction of reintegrating with consciousness, and to free one from tyrannical sufferings of psychosis. Projective techniques (Murray, 1928) are born, nurtured and developed in climate of psychoanalysis. The school of psychoanalysis assumes symptoms of mental disorders as symbolical representation of unconscious contents. Projective techniques are means to uncover unconscious contents reﬂected in responses to unstructured / semi-structured stimuli. Discovery of unconscious contents helps the clinician for integrating them to consciousness, resulting in insight development into disorder, restructuralization of cognition and affect in client. The technique, thus, is an aid for understanding dynamics of the disorder and for reducing sufferings in clients (therapeutic value). Projective tests are now a day widely used for diagnostic clarity, psychodynamic formulation and psychotherapeutic effectiveness. Psychodynamic School of thought conceptualizes magnitude of ego-strength as a major component of healthy personality. Key concepts of ego strength are effective dealing with reality, promotion of interpersonal relation with human beings, tolerance of internal conﬂicts and successful management of defense mechanism more in positive and healthy manner. For the purpose it governs and utilizes psychological functioning – cognition, affect, emotion and behavior in an integrated manner. In normal person, by means of psychological efﬁcacies, ego directs libido for resolution of inner conﬂicts, and it accommodates with reality effectively by means of cogent utilization of psychological apparatus, perception, emotion and cognition, and thus, it is left with only a much reduced fraction of libido for defenses or experience contents of unconscious. But in psychotic process, ego fails to evaluate reality properly resulting distortion, and therefore utilizes suppression and regression mechanism along with libido to the oral stage. Egoregression disintegrates the boundary between self and non-self resulting development of hallucinations and delusions. Ego functioning becomes very poor in schizophrenia and pervading impairment spreads to behavior, perception, emotion and cognitive domain. Ego frequently operates, in psychotic condition, in unconscious province for having control over psychic apparatus. Congruent with intra-psychic analytic model, the contents and drives of unconscious are forbidden to move directly to consciousness that is the core concept of psychosis. The present study was designed to investigate egostrength, operationally deﬁned as reality orientation, in schizophrenia. Ego strength would be measured by Rorschach in terms of Total number of responses (R), Whole responses (W), Rare detail (Dd), White Space (S), Good Form (F+), Human Movement (M) J. Mahapatra, Ph.D, FIACP, Asst. Professor in Clinical Psychology, Dept. of Psychiatry, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack-753007, Orissa, Email : jashobanta.orissa@gmail.com, D. Sahoo, Ph. D, FIACP, Consulting Clinical Psychologist, “The Mind” Bhubaneswar, P.K. Mishra, Professor of Psychology, Centre of Advanced Studies in Psychology, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, and R. Kumar, Ph. D., Senior Clinical Psychologist, Institute of Mental Health & Hospital, Agra – 282002, Email – mindpowerlab@gmail.com Key Words: Ego strength, Schizophrenia, Rorschach Test .

and Popularity (P). The study speciﬁcally formulates the following potential hypotheses to be investigated in connection with Rorschach test:

• The schizophrenics would be having poor ego-strength as compared to normal.

• R would be lower in schizophrenics than the normal.

• W responses would be lower in schizophrenics compared to the normal.

• Dd responses would be more in schizophrenics as compared to the normal.

• S responses would be more in schizophrenics as compared to the normal.

• Lower F+% would be indicated in schizophrenics as compared to the normal.

• M responses would be lower in schizophrenics than the normal.

• Lower P responses would be evidenced in schizophrenics as compared to the normal. Method: The sample for the present study consists of 100 adult subjects - Schizophrenic (n = 50) and Normal (n = 50). The Schizophrenic subjects, diagnosed on the basis of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria developed by A.P.A. (1994) were drawn from psychiatry O.P.D. of V.S.S. Medical College & Hospital, Burla, Orissa. The normal subjects were drawn from general population who were screened through P.G.I. Health Questionnaire N-1 (Verma et al. 1985). The Rorschach inkblot test was administered individually and the protocols were scored as per the system of Beck et al. (1961). Both the groups were matched on gender, age, education and domicile. Scores on each variable of Rorschach test were converted into percent scores by taking total number of responses as denominator. Mean, S.D. and‘t’ tests were used to analyze the data. Table 1 Sample Characteristics Characteristics Normal (n=50) Schizophrenics (n=50) Gender Male Female Age Below 35 yrs Above 35 yrs Education Up to Hsc Above Hsc Domicile Rural Urban Table 2 Mean,S.D. and ‘t’-values of Rorschach Indices in Normal & Schizophrenics Normal (n=50) Schizophrenics (n=50) Indices Mean S.D. Mean S.D. 't'-values R 21.98 4.650 15.22 6.256 6.133* W 19.24 8.687 30.77 18.421 4.001* Dd 3.85 4.563 14.86 15.201 4.907* S 7.83 13.039 60.16 77.145 4.730* F+ 75.24 12.183 43.70 14.329 11.858* M 6.65 8.252 1.03 2.847 4.554* P 17.37 8.415 8.83 7.536 5.350* *Signiﬁcant at 0.01 level. 24 Mahapatra et al

Result and Discussion: The results are presented in Table 1 and Table 2. Total Number of Responses (R): R was evidenced to be signiﬁcantly lower in schizophrenics than normal, conﬁrming the hypothesis (i) that R would be lower in schizophrenics than the normal. R indicated scored productivity (Beck et al. 1961) and R with elevated F+ and average P used to index intellectual organization and spontaneity. Lower / rejection, on the other hand, indicated blocking of responses and poor ego strength reﬂecting immaturity of ego to handle ego defenses in face of life stresses in an effective way, evidenced in schizophrenics. Decreased productivity in schizophrenia might be linked with impaired cognitive functions, paucity of ideas, lack of initiative and shallow effect. Signiﬁcantly reduced R in schizophrenics could be attributable to poor ego strength that failed to allow to perceive the reality in its proper perspective and to accomplish realistic problem-solving behavior through proper planning, thinking and rational emotional processing of external environmental stimuli. Whole Responses (W): W in schizophrenics was observed to be signiﬁcantly more in schizophrenics than the normal. This ﬁnding in the present study was not in agreement with the proposed hypothesis (ii) that W responses would be lower in schizophrenics compared to the normal. W has a direct relation with intellectual ability to organize things or objects in a meaningful and coherent whole (Rorschach, 1942). Beck (1952) considered W as a measure of conceptual activity. W with good form level indexes individual’s clear, highly differentiated and well-organized view on environment. He appears to have an organizational, integrated and gestaltian view of the environment. But an elevated percent of W in protocol evidences a tendency of over critical, severe intellectual criticism and perfectionism. Higher number of W responses lacking normal details in schizophrenia and mania reﬂect exaggerated perception of self when quality of W is inferior (Beck, 1952). Very high W with poor form level symbolize frequent use of ego-defenses of fantasy. An excessive dependency on it is a sign of poor ego-strength. Rare detail Responses (Dd): The ﬁndings in the present study conﬁrmed the proposed hypothesis (iii) that Dd responses would be more in schizophrenics as compared to the normal. Bohm (1958) stated that schizophrenics have a tendency to bizarre Dd, which may at the same time be found in markedly high numbers (especially in Paranoids).Exaggeration of Dd responses indicate (i) individual’s well differentiation but little interest in integration and organization tendency, (ii) higher interest in factual things, certainty and correctness, (iii) a fearful tendency to go into too deeply and of being involved, (iv) an obsessional tendency (a defense against insecurity), and (v) a tendency for compulsive behavior and rigid perfectionism. So, increased number of Dd responses in schizophrenics is a sign of poor ego-strength. White Space (S): The hypothesis (iv) recruited support from the ﬁndings of the present study that S responses would be more in schizophrenics as compared to the normal. In the present study, schizophrenics gave the higher S responses than normal. In schizophrenia S projects miscarried modes of self-will, sheer negativism and resistiveness. Kraepelin (1919) discussed the concepts of negativism and oppositional behavior in schizophrenia within the framework Rorschach developed his concept of white space percept. S responses indicated an oppositional tendency which was generally observed in schizophrenia. Exner (1991, 1993) stated that an elevated number of S responses indicate an oppositional stance towards others, which thus can become detrimental to the development and promotion of healthy and harmonious social relations. S responses indicate negative or oppositional features (Rorschach, 1942; Beck, 1945; Rapaport, (1946). Bandura (1954) did ﬁnd a signiﬁcant positive correlation between negativistic behaviors and S responses. Beck and Molish (1945) stated that the primary signiﬁcance of the S responses has been that of some form of oppositional behavior emerging in a variety of symptom patterns: contrariness, negativism, hostility, self-will. In summary, S as index of poor ego-strength emerged in the schizophrenic population. Good Form Responses (F+): The ﬁndings of the present study supported the hypothesis (v) that lower F+% would be indicated in schizophrenics as compared to the normal. The present study evidenced statistically signiﬁcant poor F+ percent in schizophrenics, which reﬂected pathological reaction and lack of control of perceptual stimuli incessantly streaming from his reality. F+ percent in Rorschach indicated his controlled reactivity to reality without any emotional or affectional involvement. The pure form percept is the most common determinant Assessment of Ego-strength 25

in the test. It is interpreted in terms of its quality that is good form (F+) and poor form (F-). The F+ percent was described by Rorschach (1942) as reﬂecting the person’s ability to direct his ideation with conscious attention, control, discriminating judgment and regard for the environment. According to Beck (1954), the F+ responses indicate that the examinee has respect for the reality of the environment. The ﬁndings of the study were suggestive of higher ego strength in normal and poor ego-strength in schizophrenia. Human Movement (M): The ﬁndings conﬁrmed the hypothesis (vi) proposed in the study that M would be higher in normal compared to schizophrenics. The projection of movement generally demonstrates active operation of dynamic forces in the individual. It indicates distribution of variant degree of unconscious psychic energy in different type of M responses as governed by ego-mechanism operational in the individual. M is operationally deﬁned in terms of three basic components: (a) form (b) action and (C) content. The range of M varies from 3 (extraverts) to 5 (introverts) which is indicative of good ego-strength and absence of M / very low number of M shows a serious emotional disturbance in an intelligent subject. It is indicative of activation of fantasy as ego-defense regulated by ego. The individual attempts to escape harsh reality rather than initiating to conquer reality. It is a deliberate effort to escape reality and to take shelter in a land of fantasy and the ego has very little control over unconscious archaic / repressed drives. M with good form level indicates creativity and reality orientation. Content indicates empathic ties with other in society. In back drop of this analysis, a higher M with higher F+ level indicates higher ego-strength to deal effectively with reality and the schizophrenics with low M and less number of F+ level indicated poor ego-strength. Popular Responses (P): P in the present study was found to be statistically signiﬁcantly lower in schizophrenics than normal, which extended conﬁrming support to the hypothesis (vii) that lower P responses would be evidenced in schizophrenics as compared to the normal. P indicates individual’s tendency of viewing the world in a normal fashion reﬂecting an adequate ties with reality. Poor P responses with an increased F– level indicate serious weakening of ties with reality. When P responses are below the average, the person is likely to make less conventional, more individualistic responses, even in situations that are simple and/or precisely deﬁned. In summary, a below average number of P responses suggests person’s tendency for unconventional behavior, a sign of poor ego-strength. Conclusion: The ﬁndings of the index study demonstrated the potentiality of different Rorschach indices in differentiating the schizophrenics from normal on measures of ego strength. References: American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition DSM-IV), Washington D.C. Bandura, A.(1954). The Rorschach white space Response and Oppositional behaviour. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 18, 17- 21. Beck, S.J. (1945). Rorschach’s test vol II. A variety of Personality pictures. New York : Grune & Stratton. Beck, S.J. (1952). Rorschsch test, Vol, III. Advances in interpretation. New York : Grune & Stratton. Beck, S.J. (1954). The six schizophrenias. Res. Monger Amer. Orthopsychiat. Ass., 10, 6. Beck, S.J., Beck, A.G., Levitt, E.E., and Molish, H.B. (1961). Rorschach’s Test Volume – 1, Basic Processes. New York: Grune & Stratton. Bohm, E. (1958). A textbook in Rorschach test diagnosis; (Tr. By A. Beck & S.J. Beck). Grune & Stratton. New York Exner, J. E. (1991). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system. Vol. 2: Interpretation (2nd ed.), New York: Wiley. Exner, J. E. (1993). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system. Vol. 1: Basic Foundations (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley. Kraepelin, E. (1919). Dementia Praecox (Trans: R. M. Barclay) Edinburgh: E. and S. Livingstone. Mahapatra,J., Kumar,R., and Mishra,P.K. (2007). Comparison of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia on SIS – I and Rorschach Psychodiagnostik. Ph.D Thesis, Sambalpur University, Orissa. Rapaport, D., Gill, M., and Schafer, R. (1946). Diagnostic Psychological Testing, Vol II., Chicago: NY. Rorschach, H. (1942). Psychodiagnostic. New York : Grune & Stratton. Verma, S.K., Wig, N.N., and Pershad, D. (1985). PGI Health Questionnaire. National Psycholgical Corporation, Agra. 26 Mahapatra et al

Infectious Suicidal Imagery in Combat PTSD Wilfred A. Cassell and Bankey L. Dubey The SIS-II Video version was administered to an American Vietnam veteran suffering from PTSD. Like many such military veterans, he had never sought treatment for his own mental symptoms. He had been deeply depressed and suicidal. The SIS images helped as a psychotherapeutic aide in reprocessing combat related long term traumatic material. The memory pulling power of SIS is discussed. The SIS-II Video/CD version may be used as a hypnotic based memory stimulating interview aide for treating Posttraumatic Stress disorder (PTSD). This psychotherapeutic application differs from standardized psychodiagnostic testing, where traditionally the interviewer primarily acts like a “blank screen” when enquiring about the psychometric properties of elicited responses introduced during inkblot viewing. In the much more active SIS approach, for aiding memory recall during the detailed enquiry, the psychotherapist may introduce outside relative clinical subjects from historical sources beyond the inkblots themselves. The result is an optimum therapeutic fusion of input from the pulling power of projective technique and that of clinical interviews. This multidimensional technique will be illustrated in reviewing a transcribed television teaching recording using the SIS-II Video. The case involves an American Vietnam veteran suffering from long standing PTSD. Like many such military veterans, he had never sought treatment for his own mental symptoms. He had initiated treatment only after recommendation of his stepson’s family therapist. The youth had been deeply depressed and made a serious suicide attempt mimicking his biological father, who suffered from untreated combat PTSD and ultimately committed suicide. The stepson had never been able to bond emotionally to his PTSD disturbed stepfather. who had superimposed onto him, a guilt ridden mental picture of a boy he had blown apart in combat. The televised educational program illustrates how the cited SIS electronic technology hypnotically accesses vivid stressful memories of military combat for cognitive psychotherapeutic correction and affect reprocessing. Dr. B: I know you, yourself have been working in therapy and that's good. If at this time if we could have you look at some images on the video and just have you respond, and report what you see and any emotions you would have, and anything that might remind you of even the real world or your past dreams or fantasies, okay? (These instructions initially ask the viewer to report what scenes are brought to mind, as well as the affect linkage of the projected imagery. Moreover the viewer is instructed to let the mind “Free itself” and share the less tangible, but psychologically important inner psyche world of dreams and fantasies. This sets the mental stage for the surfacing in projective awareness of deep seated PTSD memories.) J: Okay. Dr. B: At this point we'll look at image A1. J: It looks like an x-ray of someone's insides. Dr. B: Any special emotions or anything it brings to mind? ((The interviewer attempts to elicit the cognitive symbolic content and affect linkage of the anatomical response. This hidden material surfaces in projective awareness later in the interview with A10.) J: No, not really. (Here the symbolic signiﬁcance and affect linkage is either simply denied or repressed. Consequently the interviewer elected to actively bring into the SIS detailed enquiry additional clinical information.) Dr. B: Did you see many people mutilated and cut up and all that stuff? (The family psychotherapist had previously indicated that he still had PTSD dreams from combat experienced years earlier in Vietnam.) J: Yes, sir, I did. Dr. B: How'd you feel about that? (SIS psychotherapy for PTSD actively brings into immediate focus, in the relative emotional safety of the clinician’s ofﬁce, years away Wilfred A. Cassell, M.D., FAPA, Director SIS Center, 4501 East, 104th Ave, Anchorage, AK 99508, Email:siscassell2@yahoo.com, Bankey L.Dubey, Ph.D.,DPM, Director, 4406 Forrest Road, Anchorage, AK 99507(USA) Email:bldubey@gmail.com Key Words: SIS Imagery, therapeutic intervention, combat PTSD

from the stressful combat scene. Therapy can not effectively proceed without the victim experiencing a therapeutically controlled degree of emotional discomfort. This dysphoria concurrently becomes partially transferred to the interviewer, who must then empathetically internalize a portion of the suffering. When the responder perceives this transfer, by recognizing the SIS therapist’s verbal and non verbal clues, the stage is set for optimum cognitive and emotional resolution. The conditioning process is also facilitated by the viewing of healing ﬂowers and nature scenes.) J: Sick. You you want to do something, but there's nothing you can do because it's it's already.....(Combat situations often place the victim in life situations with little or no control on the traumatic outcome of stressful events.) Dr. B: Did you have any of that sick feeling looking at image A1? (The SIS interviewer asks a “leading question” in order to bring into focus the affect linkage of his anatomical response, “Someone’s insides”. J: Some, yeah. (His afﬁrmative answer suggest that previously there was dysphoria with the anatomical imagery, but denied. This is consistent with the culturally based historical fallacy that soldiers are expected to “bite on the bullet” and not experience either psyche or somatic pain. Of course they do, making them vulnerable to mind anaesthetizing drugs and alcohol.) Dr. B: Okay. Maybe we'll go to image A2. What do you see there? J: It looks like somebody trying to hold on to something. Dr. B: And how do you feel looking at that? J: It's..... Dr. B: Bring anything to mind or anything or ??? J: It looked like maybe a child trying to hold on to something. Dr. B: Yeah. Okay. A child and trying to hold on to something. (In this demonstration recording the SIS-II Video was running at its usual rate. He had paused long before the image of the “child” surfaced. Later responses clarify the symbolism.) Dr B: How about this one, A3? J: A lot of different color.. Nothing in particular. Dr. B: Any feelings at all? J: No. (His inability to conjure up a response related to the affect valence of the SIS stimulus bright color and his mental defenses inhibiting emotional expression. This is consistent with the “numbing” experienced by victims following severe stressful events.) Dr. B: Where could that child be in image A2 that was trying to hold on to something? J: Oh, maybe a child in the womb. Dr. B: A child back in the womb? J: Uh hum (In the rapid ﬁre context of the recording studio, this response totally surprised and puzzled the interviewer. In later considering its symbolic signiﬁcance after the interview, it seemed more likely theoretically, to have related to the dramatic mental age regression experienced transiently during the activation of stressful memories. There are many examples consistent with this theory: sometimes a soldier wounded and dying on the battleﬁeld will cry out in an infantile voice for his mother or an adult person recalling early life traumatic events may suddenly whisper inaudibly in a child like voice.) Dr. B: The boy that you shot that was 10, any resemblances to him at all? (Here again, the interviewer introduces outside clinical information in actively pursuing PTSD memories. However, in this instance it likely was an erroneous question reﬂecting more what the interviewer mistakenly interpreted to be the PTSD memory source.) J: There possibly could be, but it's been 25 years.....(since the Vietnam conﬂict) Dr. B: Right. Okay. How about image A4? J: It looks like possibly the face of a person, abstract. Dr. B: Okay. Any feelings J: No, not really. Dr. B: Just relax and let your mind free itself and feel comfortable as much as you can. (Hypnotic suggestions to reduce test anxiety 28 Cassell and Dubey

are repeated by the interviewer to heighten the trancelike state of SIS altered projective awareness.)How about this one? J: That reminds me of T. (His severely depressed stepson who recently had made an almost lethal aborted suicide attempt.) Dr. B: Makes you feel good then? J: Yeah. Dr. B: Yeah, T. has a capacity for laughter and joy now that he's in therapy, right? I like that ﬂaming red hair. (The interviewer actively brought forth his step son’s appearance to make the recollection of positive feelings more vivid. This served the function of reducing test anxiety.) J. Yeah. You can't..... miss him in a crowd, that's for sure. Dr. B: Yeah. Thank goodness he's getting some help. How about image A6? J: The teddy bear on the corner, security. A friend. The abstract on the side, I'm I'm not too sure. Dr. B: That's ﬁne. It must have been very upsetting for you when T. was suicidal? (The time dimensions of the interview ﬂip rapidly, moving from the distant past, to the recent stressful situation of his stepson’s suicidal behavior.) J: Yes, it was. I'm just glad that there were people like yourself and Dr. F. (Family psychotherapist) that were there to piece him back together. That looks like somebody. It's abstract of somebody dancing or..... Dr. B: The sex of the person? J: Female. Dr. B: How concerned were you by T.’s suicidal ideation? J: Real concerned! Dr. B: Yeah. (The interviewer empathetically recognizes the intense level of the more immediate stress involving his stepson.) J: Not only as his stepfather but as as a friend of of T. (Here he ﬁrst reveals his confused perception of a dual role - that of stepfather and as well friend of his stepson) it you know, it you really don't know when something like that happens where to turn or what to do. You want to your your natural instinct is to to grab hold of the child and tell him everything's okay. Dr. B: Yeah. How about A8 there? J: Well, that's abstract of I'd say a male, the hair and mouth. They're abstract arms and legs. Dr. B: When he was depressed it was very hard to reach to him though, wasn't it? (In order to relieve his obvious guilt, the interview points out how difﬁcult it always is for any parent to communicate with a depressed child.) J: Yes, it was. It was..... Dr. B: For him to accept it I mean..... J: Him for him to accept it. He wanted ...he wanted us there, he wanted me there, but yet I felt as as his problem was completely out of my league. Dr. B: That's right. J: I knew he had a problem and I knew it was a real pressing problem for him to do something of this nature to try to you know, to take his own life. I mean I've been in tight situations myself, but I don't think I've ever got to the point where I wanted to take my own life. (Here he denies ever having experienced suicidal impulses which later are recalled.) Dr. B: Yes. J: I mean life is hard, but I I mean I've had my own share of hard knocks, but kids today have more peer pressure. They wanted to be accepted more, I think. Dr. B: It was tough with T. How about A9? J: It looks like oriental writing. Dr. B: A10? J: That looks like somebody's face that parts of it aren't there. Dr. B: What happened to it? J: It looks like pieces of it have been blown away or removed. (Here long standing PTSD memories are pulled into immediate dysphoric projective SIS consciousness by A10.) Dr. B: Did you ever see that in Vietnam? J: Yeah. Infectious Suicidal Imagery 29

Dr. B: Tell us about it. J: I would see bodies ﬂoating down a river bloated, disﬁgured. You come up alongside of it to see if it had dog tags. If it didn't have dog tags you shot it and let it sink. If it had dog tags you retrieved the body. Dr. B: What would the faces look like? J: Distorted, bloated, some of them were there, some of them weren't... pieces of their bodies missing. Dr. B: Did you ever get images like that in your dreams? (The interview quickly moved from the real world combat scenes to that of sleep disrupting PTSD dreams still tormenting the veteran.) J: Yeah, the rivers the bodies ﬂoating in the rivers I did. Dr. B: Could you say something about that? J: It it wasn't so much the the body in the river. It was the smell. Dr. B: What was the smell like? (It is very important therapeutically to include a discussion of olfactory sensations, which frequently link emotions to PTSD imagery and dysphoric affect.) J: Decayed ﬂesh. Death! Dr. B: And what effect would that have on you, the smell? J: Well, the ﬁrst couple of times it happened I went to the other side of the vessel and put my stomach in the river. Dr. B: You were nauseated? J: Yes, sir. But then after awhile it it I guess it calloused a person. Dr. B: You got numb? (The interviewer brings up again his mention of a classic mental symptom of PTSD.) J: You got numb to the fact. Dr. B: Yeah. J: And that happened about 90 days after you were there. Dr. B: Yeah. (This emotional blunting ordinarily takes time to set in, depending upon the subject’s genetic vulnerability, past life experiences and the intensity of the stressors.) J: You just went numb. The only thing you were worried about was your own survival ..... Dr. B: Did you ever get over that numbness? (The psychological defenses blocking out the stressful memories through processes of neural inhibition, also inhibited the psychobiological processes underlying the PTSD imagery affect linkage.) J: No. Dr. B: What way do you still carry that with you? J: I ﬁnd myself I ﬁnd it's hard for me to get close to people. Relationships. I've had three different three different relationships or two different relationships that have gone completely to pieces. And I feel that a lot of that was of my close off or my numbness effect or the.....(It is common for such veterans to have problems with marriage. Not only did his untreated PTSD numbing block emotional intimacy with women, it also impaired his capacity for a close relationship with his stepson.) Dr. B: One of the problems we have in life J. when we turn off, as you have to do (in combat) are feelings and seeing something horrible then we turn off other feelings, love and intimacy and so we have some more work to do in your therapy. (The interviewer explains the nature of his symptom and emphasizes the positive value of treatment. It may be recalled, that in spite of the severity of his PTSD, that he had sought therapy only because of his stepson’s needs.) How about image A11? J: It's a good abstract drawing of something, but I'm not exactly sure what. A nostril, maybe. Dr. B: The smell is pretty strong at times? (The interviewer points out the association between his SIS heightened nasal awareness and the olfactory sensations in his PTSD dreams. J: The stra ... yes, the smell of death and ... and decay. The people in Vietnam were not exactly what the American people would classify as clean. They were no. by no means dirty, but their facilities, their living conditions weren't what we know of them in the United States. Just the .. I don't know, the sewage systems, their their way of throwing things away or their .. their .. their 30 Cassell and Dubey

garbage or their waste, it's just wherever it happened to fall. And, of course, in a hot, humid climate that all..... Dr. B: Be with you 24 hours a day..... J: Was with you 24 hours a day basically. Dr. B: Yeah. And would have a demoralizing effect on you I would think. What about this image A12? J: I didn't see anything there. Dr. B: Do smells still get to you? (Even 25 plus years later.) J: Some, yes. Dr. B: Tell us about that. J: Smells. Rotten eggs will usually do it, they will trigger old smells or old senses. Dr. B: What old smells come back from Vietnam when you smell rotten eggs? J: The streets. They had a delicacy that they called Nukbaum that was basically a fertilized egg and they would bury it and that was one of the smells that .. that kind of stuck with me and it .. it seemed to be in the areas of the cities or the towns. I don't know if it was so much that or if it was everything else combined, but it was not a very pleasant smell. Dr. B: Years ago when I was in medical school, we had to do a great deal of dissecting. I remember the smell of the ﬂesh and the formaldehyde and it's very hard to get off and it impacted you. Not in any way the way your trauma impacted you. (Sharing related personal discomfort can enhance empathetic communication in SIS viewing.)How about the next image, A13? J: It looks like a hand reaching up or out of something. Dr. B: How do you feel looking at it and what does it remind you of? J: It reminds me of one of the hands that I had grabbed hold of when I was pulling bodies up out of the river. Dr. B: Tell us about it. J: I was on the same patrols. You had to verify the body that you seen ﬂoating in the river. You had to make sure it was an American or it was V.C. Viet Cong. When a body is when rigor mortis sets in you roll the body over and the hands and everything are stiff. And that image does..... Dr. B: It was ghastly at times, wasn't it? (The interview empathizes with his obvious dysphoria.) J: Yes, sir, it was. Dr. B: How did you feel doing that? J: Not good. I don't know what the feeling.. if you can put a name to it. DR. B: Sometimes there aren't words for those feelings, believe me! (The interview comments on the lack of descriptive language to describe such emotional discomfort.) Did you have anyone to share, you know, at the end of a tough day of dealing with a body like that or bodies in the river, I mean, did you..... J: There were no medical people or anything like that. The only .. you know, you didn't talk too much about it between the other groups or people or the .. your other men on the boat because they're basically in the same boat that you were. They wanted to forget about it, too. Dr. B: So the strategy psychologically was to forget about it and at night might be to use drugs or alcohol

or.....(Previously he had indicated that he had used chemical substances extensively out of desperation to induce sleep.) J: Drugs or alcohol. Dr. B: And what would you fantasize? To get away from there you'd think what sort of fantasies would..... J: I would think of home. Dr. B: Yeah. Think goodness you had fantasies then! J: Yeah. Dr. B: How about A14? I'm getting sick just listening, I'll tell you, this is .. this is upsetting! (As was evident from his appearance and nonverbal presentation, the activation of his nauseating memories was causing him distress. Reﬂecting the interviewer’s empathetic feelings during the interview was supportive to him.) J: That looks like a stomach. Infectious Suicidal Imagery 31

Dr. B: And how do you feel looking at that? J: Not good! Dr. B: Tell us about it. J: Well, when you cut a 10 year old kid in two with a 12 gauge shotgun there's not much there to put back together! Dr. B: What images of that come back as you look at that? J: The kid laying there in two pieces. Dr. B: His guts were exposed? J: Yes, sir. Dr. B: Tell us about it. J: It's .. it's .. it's .. it's not a pretty sight. It's just..... Dr. B: Blood was all over? J: Yeah. He came around the corner with an AK 47 in his hands and I had no other.. I had no choice. And I didn't realize it was a child until after I'd shot. (In this instantaneous life threatening stress, there was not enough time for his brain to cognitively process the reality based visual sensory input. His perceptual defenses immediately and out of his volitional control superimposed an image of an adult pointing a lethal AK-47 at him. His military conditioned central nervous system responded in a reﬂex like fashion sending rapid ﬁre neural impulses to his trigger ﬁnger. Yet, he since had been plagued with guilt. He mistakenly believed that his action was preventable.) Dr. B: When you realized that what did you feel? J: I guess maybe I felt like committing suicide at that time. Maybe .. maybe I was wrong in saying I've never felt like committing suicide or killing myself 'cause I didn't .. I didn't feel good about it. (Here he recalls previous suicidal ideation that previously he had denied. It might be noted that he was a close military friend of his stepson’s father. After his buddy committed suicide, he married his widow. He was partially linked by similar PTSD imagery including the infectious suicidal ideation.) Dr. B: What did his face look like? What did his face look like? J: I can't remember Dr. B: It's hard to remember. But the guts and .. J., what are you feeling now? 'Cause I can tell you're on the edge of tears. (Identifying and accepting as a healthy normal grief concomitant of the SIS triggered traumatic memory.) Can you share that, please, do you agree? J: I thought I had this one put away, but I guess I don't. (Crying) Dr. B: There's still a lot of pain inside, isn't there? What's it like? J: I wish that I could go back and change it. Dr. B: You're feeling sad? J: Guilty. Dr. B: And guilty. What's the guilt like? J: Taking a child's life. There's..... Dr. B: It's hard to live with, isn't it? J: There's no reason for it. Dr. B: It was a reﬂex and you didn't have a decision, it just happened, but over the years what ways has this guilt come back on you like now? J: Every time that I I've got a 20 year old son. And my hardest time with him is when he was 10. (Here he relates how he also transferred a superimposition of the Vietnam boy’s death scene not just on his stepson, but also his own biologic son.) .. And hoping that I could get through or get him through the ages of his being 10 and on up into to manhood without him having to ever go through the military or to ever have to put himself in that position. And I do the same thing with T. (Here he reported apart from his generalized PTSD numbing of intimate interpersonal affect, the reason why he had trouble relating to T., beginning as the boy approached the 10 year age period.. unresolved grief and GUILT. According to the referring family psychotherapist, this distancing of his stepfather had played a major role in m his stepson’s depression and serious suicide attempt. The long term multiple psychological wounds and their effects on him and his relationships were more potentially impairing and destructive than if he had have suffered severe physical injuries.) 32 Cassell and Dubey

Dr. B: Yes. J: I don't. I don't want to ever have any of my children either foster or adopted or my own to ever have to go through this. I've told myself, I've told Betty (his wife) that if the military was to go back to a draft they would not have any of my children. I'd say just take me. Dr. B: You'd go and suffer again to save them from the pain. That's how loving you are. It's important that you forgive yourself. It's a crazy world. How did you feel about the Vietnam conﬂict and then as the change in its complexion and all and hear what was happening, are you getting any of the news or..... J: The news .. the news we were getting in country was was not anything like from what I understand and what I've been told by my father that, you know, at 6:00 o'clock, you know, they sat down and ate dinner to war (Indiscernible) war. And the war that I was part of. Dr. B: It's really outrageous, isn't it? J: And the lying on our government's part, (Here in the educational interview, he began to experience his anger to the government political/economic ﬁgures as well as sense of betrayal related to the cognitive dissonance from initially perceiving himself as a patriotic soldier to that of a “Baby killer”.) you know, after I got back I didn't realize that what kind of non support that the American people were giving to the Vietnam conﬂict. When I ﬁrst came back I had a friend of mine, her name was K. L., picked me up at the airport. She worked at Berkeley College. And she picked me up on her lunch hour so I had to go back to Berkeley College and sit and wait in her car until she got off work. Well, as I was waiting there,students on the campus spotted me in my camouﬂage greens as I was stretching out getting some leg exercise and just kind of stretching and whatnot on the side of her car, that they called me everything from baby killer to, you name it, they called it. (The verbal abuse by the students using the label of “baby killer” added to his intense guilt.) They damn near tipped her car over in the process of trying to get to me. Dr. B: You're a brave man. You just (Attempting to support and restore his self esteem enjoyed prior to Vietnam.) (indiscernible simultaneous speech)..... J: No, I .. I jumped in the car and I was looking for a weapon, you know..... Dr. B: Oh, yeah, (indiscernible, simultaneous speech) feel? J: Threatened. Dr. B: You deserved better. You didn't deserve that. You had enough guilt on your own without having that dumped on you. J: This is true, but I didn't at the time didn't realize what was going on the American side of it. Dr. B: Yeah. J: A lot of the people didn't want anything to do with the vets. They just they kind of closed the door. It's..... Dr. B: They took a holier than thou attitude. They weren't there! J: Yeah. Dr. B: Let's go on to the next image, A15. I appreciate your sharing J. What do you see here? J: I remind me of a river entrance on a map. Dr. B: Tell me more about it.. A river entrance on a map? J: Uh hum. We lost two boats going up .. I say a display of a river, but it the river mouth was wide and it narrowed down into nothing. And once you get a 50 foot boat up a river to where you can touch both banks and then you've got somebody behind you and they open ﬁre and you've got yourself a..... Dr. B: You're trapped? J: You're trapped. You can't back up 'cause the boat behind is..... Dr. B: Yeah. J: Getting the holy hell stomped out of them so the only thing you can do is .. is call in air and hope everybody comes out all right. (Indiscernible simultaneous speech)..... Dr. B: Do you remember that situation? J: Oh, yes, I lost six men in that situation. (Here he recalls a combat scene which also played Infectious Suicidal Imagery 33

a etiological role in his severe PTSD.) Dr. B: Tell us about it. J: We ran up a .. we were on normal patrol and we were supposed to .. it was on night patrol and we were supposed to set up ambushes. And we saw this entrance and it was a pre given location where we were, all gone over prior to going out on patrol, that we would set up ambush on the r.. on the mouth of this river, but we had to go back up in it, but nobody else had gone in there during the day to ﬁnd out exactly how much room a person would have.. because Charlie (nickname for Vietcong) was kind of funny. He liked to work at night and did most of his ambushing and whatnot at night. His traf .. it was moving medical supplies, ammunitions along the Ho Chi Minh Trail was done at night. You get yourself into a situation you pulled up that river. And we pulled up and the boat behind me pulled in. They took a B 40 heat round in the fuel tanks and we lost that entire boat. And then we ended up in the process of the ﬁre ﬁght we called in air strikes, called in six Cobras and they came in and just basically cleaned house. We got the men back out. It was .. all of them that weren't there no more. And the funny thing about it is I can't remember their names or their faces. I don't know if I've mentally blocked it or what. Dr. B: You've mentally blocked it, but it's so close to consciousness when you're looking at these images it's very real, and I suspect that you've had that in your dreams too, more than once. Next image, please, A16? What does this bring to mind J? J: I didn't see much there. Dr. B: What do you see there or did you? It’s okay. We'll go to the next image, A17. (The SIS-Video was running at its normal rate because of the educational nature of the televised educational program. Otherwise in traditional detailed SIS enquiry, more time may be taken to explore memory associations triggered by the visual series.) J: It looks like a chest cavity. Dr. B: And how do you feel looking at that? J: Basically the same. It's just a sick feeling. Dr. B: And what's it remind you of? J: Just death and destruction itself. Dr. B: You saw too much of that. A18? J: That looks like a heart of something and the drawing of a heart with something in the middle of it. Dr. B: Any feelings or thoughts about that? J: No. Dr. B: Okay. How about A19? J: That looks like an intestinal tract. Your lower intestines. Dr. B: Anything more you want to say about that? J: Then it's right back to my .. the kid. Dr. B: Back to the kid. His intestines. Like to say a little more about that? Your feelings are very close to the surface with that, aren't they? Where did you where did the blast catch him? J: Mid section. Double Ought Buck. (Lethal shot gun lead) It was the only thing we could . Dr. B: Yeah. A 20? J: That looks like an abstract of Mickey Mouse, but..... Dr. B: Anything else? J: No. Dr. B: I wish we were in a world where we had like Walt Disney, fun times and characters and less trauma for kids. A 21? J: Looks like a animal that may have been dressed .. dressed out or a bird or..... Dr. B: Do you do much hunting? J: I used to, but I don't anymore. Dr. B: What's the reason for that? J: That I .. I can't answer that. I don't know if it's .. if it's related with .. with .. with my experience in Vietnam, but I just used to be an avid hunter and ﬁsherman. I..... Dr. B: Yes. J: Don't do much of any of it. Dr. B: A22? What's it bring to mind? J: It looks like a drawing of something with a kind of like a headdress on it or something to this effect. 34 Cassell and Dubey

Dr. B: Okay. A 23? J: It looks like the spinal cord. Dr. B: Any feelings with that one or..... J: (No audible reply) Dr. B: Did you get any injuries during the war? J: I come out of it without a scratch. Dr. B: Any close calls? J: Oh, yeah. I had two boats blown out from under me in the process. Dr. B: You had which? J: Two boats blown out from under me. Dr. B: How did that impact you? J: I counted my lucky stars. I was stuck on the .. on the beach for six days. Dr. B: The guy upstairs wanted you to get through. (The interviewer spoke using spiritual symbols that this veteran had previously reported to the family psychotherapist.) J: He had something else in store for me that's for sure. Dr. B: Yeah. A 24? J: Possible abstract of the lower extremities of a female. Dr. B: Any feelings about that one or any socially acceptable feelings about those? J: Not particularly. Dr. B: Okay. A 25? How about that one? J: That looks like a wound. Dr. B: A which? J: A wound. Dr. B: And when you look at that wound how do you feel? J: I don't know about how I feel, but all wounds come in different sizes and shapes. It looked like a knife wound. Dr. B: Can you recall seeing a friend, a buddy with a knife wound and how you felt? J: I don't know if I can remember any particular incidents. Just the way the ink blot formed it looks like maybe somebody opened a wound up to irrigate. Dr. B: Aside from the young man that you killed, how about hurting others? Do you did that happen much do you recall of the enemy? J: Oh, yeah. Dr. B: Tell us about that and how you felt about it, wounding the enemy? J: The enemy was the enemy. I mean they were it was .. they would before you went over there your your mode of survival was anger. They pumped you up. Like when you went through survival school they pumped you up the whole time. The only way you're going to stay alive is stay mad. Dr. B: How did you keep that mad going? J: It was just a drone more than anything. When you were on patrol you were alert. As soon as you received ﬁre from the beach it was like triggering a mechanism within inside. It was instant anger. Dr. B: And when you wounded someone how did that anger get expressed? J: It was joy. You've taken you've taken the enemy out. And usually they don't wound them. It was you killed them, period. Dr. B: Uh hum. How did you feel when you killed your ﬁrst man? J: Sick, but yet I felt and was trained that it was something that had to be done. It was either him or yourself. Dr. B: That's right. Conﬂict is conﬂict. so you saw a lot of wounds just..... J: Yeah. Dr. B: Yeah. A 26? J: That is deﬁnitely a fetus in the uterus. Dr. B: And how do you feel with that image? J: Good. Dr. B: It's good there's hope and life, hopefully in the future children will have a better chance. J: (Inaudible). Dr. B: Do you ever wish you were back there or did you ever wish you were back there when the ﬁghting was J: Back in Nam? Dr. B: In a regressive mode back in your childhood, happy years or whatever. Infectious Suicidal Imagery 35

J: Yeah, there there were times that that I wished that I could stop the clock and turn the hands back, yeah, and start again. Dr. B: A 27? J: It looks like a breast. Dr. B: What sort of emotions? J: Tender. Dr. B: Was it hard being away from women during the Vietnam conﬂict and all that? J: Women yes, whore no. Dr. B: What role did the whores play? J: They were they were, you know, female companionship, but it was the emotion wasn't there. They were there for one thing, that was the money. There was..... Dr. B: There wasn't love of war for. J: No. It was..... Dr. B: You must have missed the love part, the intimacy? J: Yes. Dr. B: Were you pretty lonely at times? J: Oh, yeah. Dr. B: Tell us about that? J: Well, you get to thinking of home. I'd get to thinking about where I would be if if my life would have been different, if my mother hadn't passed away, your mind does you know, your mind wanders. Dr. B: I'm sure! Anything that gets you out of the horror of your immediate reality! Discussion: This educational video illustrates the use of the SIS II Video as a psychotherapeutic aide in treating military combat induced PTSD. The SIS projective procedure serves as a modern day “Time machine” accessing traumatic memories laid down years earlier. Past stressful scenes were brought to mind for cognitive correcting and emotional reprocessing in the relative safety of the professional setting. Subsequently the veteran’s individual psychotherapist then had the opportunity to undermine erroneous cognitions sustained originally, when the victim’s judgment was distorted by stress related combat emotions. This therapeutic process can be ampliﬁed by followup group psychotherapy discussions. Empathetic veterans can emotionally support their buddies when sharing their corrective insights. The educational video also illustrated the infectious nature of stressful PTSD death imagery, especially with regard to suicidal ideation. Death seeking escapist impulses infected the minds of the veteran under review, his stepson, who made a serious suicide attempt, and the boy’s biological father, who after suffering from untreated PTSD, ultimately did suicide. Not shown in the teaching tape was the extensive follow-up therapeutic work involving family psychotherapy, including this veteran’s wife. After her ﬁrst husband killed himself, his military Vietnam veteran buddy eventually married her. Thus, although she never had been in combat, the Vietnam War had caused her great grief. Many such veterans and their families are still suffering from the long term psychological injuries of warfare. The majority are untreated. Most are reluctant to seek help from limited treatment resources. There are realistic restrictions concerning the cost/effectiveness of such intensive care that necessarily requires many providers involving multidisciplinary therapeutic strategies. Since the Vietnam conﬂict, much has been learned about the nature of PTSD from the military’s traumatic experiences in Iraq and now Afghanistan. Although some recruits may be particularly susceptible, in general, the mental health of troops ﬂuctuates with the severity and duration of exposure. For example, as the stressors in Iraq have recently fallen, the suicide rate has leveled off. Consistent with senior members of the military increased awareness, troops are being given more preventative information regarding self destructive impulses. Also helpful has been the availability of playing video games or access to the internet, providing that these outlets did not exceed four hours daily. Moreover, troops who exercise or do other forms of physical activity have a greater resistance to stress. Apart from prevention of war, which appears almost irrationally utopian, in view of our historically violent world, new technological based programs warrant consideration. Consistent with this, one of the above authors (Wilfred A. Cassell) has recently developed a SIS based computer controlled visual combat series to stimulate the release of military PTSD imagery. It includes all the self administered and hypnotic features of the original SIS II Video. Through computer controls the mental health therapist has the power to focus more on visual scenes themes involving military stress, that are speciﬁc to the soldier. 36 Cassell and Dubey

It capitalizes on a previously behavioral conditioning therapeutic principle that was unmentioned in the above case presentation. This involves the technical fact, that after each SIS presentation, the viewer instantaneously witnesses for a few seconds a beautiful ﬂower and afterwards beautiful nature scenes accompanied by relaxing music. Such potentially anxiety reducing healing sensory input are then superimposed on the fading “after image” of the just released PTSD imagery. Theoretically, this sets up in the brain’s memory storage neurons, physiological situation where stress related neurochemicals previously released at the nerve endings may be neutralized by those enzymes released by the calming nature scenes. Since many PTSD victims develop secondary addictive problems from self medicating, the visual series begins with alcohol and drug related scenes. Next in the monitor, SIS “inkblots” suggestive of stressful combat scenes are viewed. After the viewing procedure, the subject selects the most “Disliked” or threatening scene. Then easily controlled computer programs enable the therapist to repeat the presentation. This follow-up viewing stage presents the most anxiety provoking stimulus in a repetitive fashion, followed in a brain conditioning sequence by the calming ﬂoral presentations and relaxing nature scenes. This method of therapy produces material for traditional therapeutic approaches, such as cognitive psychotherapy and therapeutic analysis of recurrent traumatic dreams. In addition, it supplements these with concepts derived from behavioral therapy and conditioning. Since it uses much less professional time, it is more cost effective than older traditional methods. Readers interested in conducting clinical trials of this computer based SIS system are invited to contact the authors to obtain CD discs. They are also encouraged to insert “Virtual PTSD Treatment” into an internet search engine to learn about similar innovative research strategies. However, all need to be forewarned about the additional occupational hazards of being exposed to secondary or empathetic PTSD imagery. Activating stressful memories of combat with new technology can be hazardous. Surely the intellectual reader who has empathetically followed the above case presentation must now have potentially disturbing visual images recorded in his/her visual cortex. Subjectively identifying with the veteran and imagining the grotesque imagery involving a Vietnam child’s body being blown apart and its long term psychosocial consequences places the sensitive soul at risk. Not only are professional more aware of this hazard, some of the American public are as well. Relevant to this is an Nov. 8 front page article in the New York Times entitled “Who’ll counsel the counselors? Military Faces Therapy Overload”: “many of the patients who ﬁll the day are bereft, angry, broken. Their stories are gruesome, their distress lasting and the process of recovery exhausting. In time the repeated stories of battle and loss can leave even the most professional therapists numb or angry.” Be forewarned that those who use the SIS and virtual reality technology are more at risk! Conclusion: The case study reveals therapeutic fusion of input from the pulling power of somatic inkblot images (SIS- II Video) and clinical interviews. The case involves an American Vietnam veteran suffering from long standing PTSD. Like many such military veterans, he had never sought treatment for his own mental symptoms. He had initiated treatment only after recommendation of his step son’s psychotherapist. The youth had been deeply depressed and made a serious suicide attempt. The televised educational program illustrates how the SIS electronic technology hypnotically accesses vivid stressful memories of military combat for cognitive correction and emotional reprocessing. Infectious Suicidal Imagery 37 Corrigendum: "This is in reference to the article - "Pallavi Banerjee, Jayanti Basu and Ushri Banerjee. (2009). A Preliminary Study of the Psychotherapy Process. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 16 (2), 169-177." published in July 2009. There were two misprints in the footnote on page 169 1. Prof. Jayanti Basu's named has been mis-spelled as "Jayanti Basuh". 2. Ms. Pallavi Banerjee and Ms. Ushri Banerjee have not yet completed Ph.D. but Ph.D. has been written against these two names."

Psychological Distress in Alcohol Dependence Syndrome Suprakash Chaudhury, Jyoti Prakash, T. S. Walia, K. Seby, S. Sukumaran and Dolly Kumari Psychological assessment of 100 consecutive male inpatients with alcohol dependence and an equal number of age, sex, occupation and regional background matched controls was carried out utilizing the State Trait Anxiety inventory, Carroll Rating Scale for Depression, The Multiphasic Questionnaire, Maudsley Personality Inventory, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, AFMC life events scale, Self-esteem inventory and the Somatic Inkblot Series- II. Analysis of the results showed that alcoholics obtained higher scores on state and trait anxiety, depression, mania scale, paranoia scale, schizophrenia scale, psychopathic deviance, neuroticism, extroversion, and AFMC life events scale. Alcohol dependent individuals had signiﬁcantly lower self-esteem as compared to control subjects. As compared to normal controls signiﬁcantly more alcoholics were identiﬁed as alexithymic. Proﬁle of the alcohol dependence patients on SIS-II indicated that they vary on Human response, Animal response, Anatomy Responses, Sex Responses, Most Typical Responses, Typical Responses, Atypical Responses and Depression, from the normal population. In the Armed Forces the use of alcohol is known from times immemorial. However, the alcoholic is dangerous for the security force, since at a minimum the alcoholic becomes a center for the disruption of discipline and morale; at a maximum he might fail in the performance of his duties at a critical situation and expend the lives of some of his colleagues. The security forces cannot use and does not want the alcoholic. Despite this alcoholism is a problem in every modern army, and it is unlikely that the problem will be solved in the near future. Apparently in the armed forces users of alcohol are much more than in the general population, perhaps because of easy availability of alcohol, and a permissive, rather persuasive environment. Concerted attempts have also been made to relate personality factors to alcohol dependence and delineate an "alcoholic personality" - a type of character organization that predisposes a person to use alcohol rather than some other defense pattern of coping with stress. Potential alcoholics tend to be emotionally immature, to expect a great deal of the world, to require an inordinate amount of praise and appreciation, to react to failure with marked feelings of hurt and inferiority, to have low frustration tolerance, and to feel inadequate and unsure of their abilities to fulﬁll expected male or female roles. Certainly many people with similar personality characteristics do not become alcoholics, and others with dissimilar ones do. One characteristic that appears common to the backgrounds of most problem drinkers is personal maladjustment, yet most maladjusted people do not become alcoholics. Although the signiﬁcance of the alcoholic personality factors remain unclear, researchers have shown that the personality of alcoholics signiﬁcantly inﬂuence treatment outcome (Kuntsche et al, 2008). Hence, an understanding of the personality characteristics associated with it may be useful for treatment. Researchers have long been interested how individuals and environments affect each other primarily so as to explain age related behavior and individual differences. One focus has been to study life events. Through life events scale we can get a simple index of life stress. Comparatively less work has been done in this ﬁeld in India and no work has been carried out in the Security Forces. This prompted us to focus on few psychological rating scales and SIS II in an effort to reveal the personality characteristics and stressful life events in service personnel with alcohol dependence. Material and Method: One hundred consecutive male inpatients admitted to the psychiatric centers of two Base Hospitals and meeting the DSM IV criteria for alcohol dependence were included in the study with their informed consent. An equal number of age, sex and regional background matched subjects without any physical or psychiatric illnesses formed the control group. The exclusion criteria for patients and controls were as under: 1. Presence of co morbid psychiatric disorder. 2. Presence of chronic physical illness. Each patient and control subject was examined independently by two psychiatrists to conﬁrm the diagnosis and the absence of exclusion criteria, and was included in the study only after the concurrence of both. Detailed history about the alcohol habit was obtained from the patient on a specially prepared proforma. Additional information was obtained from family members (if available), colleagues and his unit. They were Col. Suprakash Chaudhury M.D., Ph.D. Prof & Head, Dept of Psychiatry, RINPAS; suprakashch@gmail.com, Lt Col Jyoti Prakash, M.D., Reader, Dept. of Psychiatry, AFMC, Pune; Lt Col Tejbir Singh Walia, M.D., Classiﬁed Specialist (Psychiatry), CH (AF), Bangalore; Lt Col. K. Seby, M.D. Classiﬁed Specialist (Psychiatry), 155 BH; Sowmya Sukumaran & Ms Dolly Kumari, Ph.D. Scholars, Dept of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS,Kanke,Ranchi-834006. KEY WORDS: Alcohol dependence; alexithymia; self-esteem; anxiety; depression; life events, SIS II.

administered the following psychological tests on 15- 20 days of hospitalization: 1. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Speilberger et al, 1983) 2. Carroll Rating Scale for Depression (Carroll et al, 1981) 3. The Multiphasic Questionnaire (Murthy, 1965) 4. Maudsley Personality Inventory (Jalota & Kapoor,1973) 5. Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Taylor et al, 1985) 6. AFMC Life Events Scale (Chaudhury et al, 2006) 7. Self-Esteem Inventory (Waltins, 1978) 8. SIS - II (Cassell and Dubey,2003) The control subjects also underwent all the tests given to the patients. Statistical analysis was carried out using Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test with Yates correction as appropriate. Results: Mean age of the patients and control subjects was 36.3 (6.17) years and 36.7 (5.73) years respectively. Range of age was 28-51 years for both groups. There were no signiﬁcant differences between the two groups on socio-demographic variables like age, service, rank, marital status, education, religion and domicile. All the subjects were male. Results of the psychological tests appear in Table 1. Alcohol dependent individuals obtained signiﬁcantly higher scores on neuroticism and extraversion of MPI. On the MPQ alcohol dependent patients scored signiﬁcantly higher on paraonia, mania, depression, schizophrenia, psychopathic deviate and anxiety scale. Compared to control subjects, alcohol dependence patients had signiﬁcantly higher scores on state and trait anxiety, depression and stressful life events. On the self-esteem inventory alcohol scored signiﬁcantly higher indicating signiﬁcantly lower selfesteem as compared to normal subjects. There was no signiﬁcant difference on the TAS scores between alcohol dependent and control subjects. However, a TAS score greater than 74 is recommended as cut off point for identifying people as alexithymic. Based on this 23 alcoholics and 11 normal subjects were identiﬁed as alexithymic, the difference being statistically signiﬁcant (X2=5.10; df=1; P<0.02). The results of SIS II test appear in Table 2. Table 1 Psychological Test Results of Alcohol Dependent Patients and Control Subjects Psychological tests Alcohol dependent Patients (n=100) Mean (SD) Normal control Subjects (n=100) Mean (SD) Sate-Trait Anxiety Inventory State anxiety Trait anxiety 50.3 (5.2)* 46.1 (10.7)* 35.3 (9.1) 34.7 (9.2) Carroll rating scale for depression 9.89 (4.1)* 1.3 (1.5) Toronto Alexithymia scale Score > 74 63.7 (19.7) 23* 57.6 (16.1) AFMC life events scale One year Life time 2.03 (2.04)* 12.38 (3.56)* 1.09 (2.37) 8.74 (4.42) Maudsley Personality Inventory Neuroticism Extraversion 39.7 (6.8)* 50.3 (10.1)* 29.5 (3.9) 41.3 (5.1) Multiphasic Questionnaire Pd scale A scale 19.8 (5.1)* 9.7 (4.2)* 5.3 (1.8) 1.6 (1.5) Self-esteem inventory 17.6 (3.4)* 11.8 (2.9) * signiﬁcantly different from control Psychological Distress in Alcohol Dependence 39

Table 2 Comparison of SIS-II of Alcohol Dependence and Normal Subjects SIS-II indices Alcohol Dependence Patients (n=100) Normal (n=100) P value Total number of responses 64.6 64.3 NS Human Responses 16.5 23.8 <0.05 Animal Responses 10.9 7.2 <0.05 Anatomical Responses 13.4 9.5 <0.05 Sex Responses 2.7 6.0 <0.05 Movement Responses 8.2 7.3 NS Most typical Responses 9.0 11.5 <0.05 Typical Responses 18.9 25.4 <0.05 Atypical Responses 17.3 13.8 <0.05 Rejection Responses 0.6 0.4 NS Pathological Anatomy Scale 0.5 0.3 NS Depression Scale 0.7 0.1 <0.05 Hostile & Aggression Scale 0.5 0.4 NS Paranoia Scale 0.2 0.1 NS NS = Not signiﬁcant Discussion: The ﬁnding of signiﬁcantly higher scores on extroversion indicate that alcoholic dependent subjects are characterized by traits such as being more assertive, dominant, sociable, carefree and venturesome as compared to non dependents. This ﬁnding is in agreement with Kuntze et al (2008) ad Ruiz (2005) but not Suman and Nagalakshmi (1993). The alcohol dependent patients also obtained signiﬁcantly higher scores on the neuroticism dimension. This indicates that they are signiﬁcantly more emotional, frequently anxious and/or depressed, moody and tense. Similar results were reported by Kuntze et al (2008) ad Ruiz (2005). John and Gordon (1989) examined the extent to which a problem drinkers desire to drink in different situations depended on personality characteristics. Residents of a detoxiﬁcation center (n=152) completed six personality inventories including EPI. It was found that subjects high on anxiety-neuroticism had an elevated desire to drink in stressful, convivial and boring situations. Results of the present study agree with Eysenck's statement that the extraverted neurotic is a psychopath. Bottlender and Soyka (2005a) in a follow-up study of alcohol dependence patients after treatment reported that patients who relapsed had signiﬁcantly higher neuroticism scores compared to non-relapsed subjects. Personality disorders commonly occur together with alcohol and drug use disorders in the general population. Antisocial, dependent, and histrionic personality disorders are most strongly associated with alcohol and drug use. (Grant et al, 2004; Evern et al, 2006). In the present study alcohol dependent subjects obtained signiﬁcantly higher scores on the psychopathic deviance scale of the MPQ. This is in agreement with Neeliyara et al (1989). Vaillant (1985) concluded from his longitudinal study of men older than 40 years that antisocial behavior in adolescence is the sole individual predictor of alcoholism. However, it must be pointed out here that psychopathic deviation would mean that it is a transitory state, which may be amenable to change. The high Psychopathic deviance score in the alcohol dependent patients in the present study therefore reveals the possibility for change that may help in the treatment of the alcohol dependence. Our ﬁnding of alcohol dependent patients showing disturbances in depression, mania, schizophrenia, psychopathic deviance and anxiety scales is consistent with previous research that the MPQ disturbance in substance abuse is broad-based, variable and nonspeciﬁc (Mattoo et al, 2001). The alcohol dependent individuals also obtained signiﬁcantly higher trait and state anxiety scores (Table 1). These ﬁndings are in support of the 40 Chaudhury et al

ﬁndings of Neeliyara et al (1989) and Schuckit and Hesselbroch (1994). This aspect may be etiologically signiﬁcant in alcohol dependence. Anxiety has been suggested to be an important factor in the initial development and subsequent maintenance of alcohol abuse and dependence. Some patients use alcohol as a medication for the treatment of anxiety. The identiﬁcation of this subpopulation of alcoholics may be important from a treatment perspective as they may require different or additional treatment for concurrent psychiatric disorders. Unfortunately accurate diagnosis of anxiety disorders are difﬁcult to make, since current anxiety symptoms may be secondary to alcohol withdrawal rather than reﬂecting underlying anxiety disorders (Thevos et al, 1991). However, comorbid anxiety disorder in alcohol dependent individuals is considered a marker of high relapse risk relative to that of noncomorbid patients and hence screening for comorbid disorders in alcoholism patients in treatment is warranted (Kishner et al, 2005). The ﬁndings of the present study also reveal that the alcohol dependent individuals are different from anxiety neurotics, since they have high state anxiety unlike the anxiety neurotics who have high trait anxiety. This indicates that anxiety in alcohol dependent individuals is transitory and varies in intensity and ﬂuctuates over time and can be easily modiﬁed. According to Laughlin (1967) one of the sources of anxiety is a low level of self-esteem, fear of disapproval from signiﬁcant people, loss of position, prestige, stature or self-esteem. Thus these ﬁndings also support our ﬁnding that alcoholics have low self-esteem, which underlies the need for reducing anxiety using suitable therapeutic interventions. The ﬁnding of signiﬁcantly higher depression scores in alcohol dependents (Table 1) are in agreement with Crum et al (2005) and Hayne and Loucas (1991). While some patients may use alcohol as a self-medication for their depression, alcohol itself may produce clinically signiﬁcant depression. Clinicians obviously need to carefully assess alcohol dependent individuals for depression, which must also be treated because it has been observed that patients with higher depression and anxiety relapsed more often (Bottlender and Soyka (2005a). Stress has long been considered an antecedent of alcohol consumption and an important factor in the development of alcohol abuse and dependence (Armeli et al, 2005). Alcoholics report high levels of life change, and relapsed abusers report stressful experiences before relapse drinking and more negative life events than recovered alcoholics. In general, these studies have demonstrated an association between stress and alcohol relapse, despite wide differences in the measurement of stress, outcome, and the length of time between treatment and follow-up (Brown et al, 1990). In agreement with the above in the present study also the patients with alcohol dependence reported signiﬁcantly more stressful life events in past year and lifetime (Table 1). Cole et al (1991) studied the relationship among measures of alcohol drinking behavior, life events and perceived stress. They found that men who are life long abstainers experience fewer life events and perceive less stress than moderate drinkers; in turn, moderate drinkers experience less stress than heavy drinkers. Alcoholics may offset stress induced emotional distress by resorting to drink which in turn might lead to a further increase in negative life events. Understanding why people drink alcohol is important for the health and safety of individuals and the public. Fouquereau et al (2003) examined from a cognitive point of view the hypothesized link between drinking and stress. They constructed 25 scenarios by combining two items, either two lifechange events or a social situation and an emotional state. The degree to which these scenarios were stressful and subsequently the degree to which they stimulated an urge to drink, was judged by 159 male and 43 female alcoholics and 157 male and 93 female non alcoholics. The alcoholics and non alcoholics, regardless of gender, assigned similar stress values to the scenarios and used the same cognitive rules for combining the stress associated with two items (disjunctive rules for two life-change events and additive ones for a personal emotion combined with a social situation). They differed, however, in how they judged the urge to drink. The non alcoholics reported little stimulus to drink from any combination of items, whereas the alcoholics not only perceived the individual items as stimulating an urge to drink but also used the same cognitive rule in judging the combined urge to drink of two items as they used in judging the combined stress. Thus stress and drinking are linked at a fundamental cognitive level among alcoholics, though not among non alcoholics. Alcoholics should be helped to recognize this link, to reduce their feelings of stress, and to ﬁnd outlets other than drink. According to Jourard (1963) a person's self-structure is an important aspect of his personality. Healthy personality is manifested when an individual has positive attitude towards his self. Studies in this area have shown that psychiatric patients have unhealthy self-structures by way of poor self-concept. The Psychological Distress in Alcohol Dependence 41

theory holds that problems related to alcoholism result from lowered feelings of self-esteem. In this view the alcohol dependent individuals suffer from pervasive feelings of inferiority and powerlessness, coupled with unusually strong inhibitions against the expression of hostile or aggressive impulses. In the present study the alcohol dependent individuals had signiﬁcantly lower self-esteem as compared to normal subjects. This indicates that alcohol dependent individuals have less positive self-feelings and more feelings of alienation and isolation. This ﬁnding is in agreement with Neeliyara et al (1989) and Hauser (1994). Though the alcohol dependent patients and normal subjects in the present study did not differ in mean alexithymia scores (Table 1), signiﬁcantly higher numbers of alcohol dependent subjects were identiﬁed to have alexithymia. This ﬁnding is in agreement with Evern et al (2008) and Mann et al (1995). From the psychoanalytic viewpoint the alexithymic persons difﬁculty in identifying feelings and communication them to others also reduces the informational feedback about his bodily sensations in emotional states and reduces the opportunities for interactional regulation. The addictive behavior of these people is desperate attempts at self-regulation (Taylor, 1988). Table 2 represents comparison of response pattern of alcohol dependence patients and normal control subjects on SIS II. Findings on SIS-II in the present study reveals that alcohol dependence patients (M= 64.6) and normal control subjects (M= 64.3) scored almost equally high total number of responses which indicates fair imaginative capacity and functional intelligence in both the groups. No signiﬁcant difference was found. (Table 2). Finding of the study is in agreement with Ranjan et al (2008) but not with Singh and Dubey (1997). Human responses suggest subject’s interpersonal relationship with human groups. Obtained result revealed that alcohol dependence patients have signiﬁcantly less human responses (M= 16.5) than normal control group (M= 23.8) which suggests disturbed interpersonal relationship and imaginative ability which could be one of the reasons for their excessive alcohol intake. Animal responses were signiﬁcantly high in alcohol dependence patients (M= 10.9) as compared to normal control subjects (M= 7.2) which shows psychological immaturity in alcohol dependent patients. Alcohol dependence patients have poor self image and they are more anxious towards their physical health and internal body organs which may be the reason they produced signiﬁcantly more Anatomical responses (M= 13.4) compared to the normal control group (M= 9.5). This is in agreement with Singh and Dubey (1997) and Ranjan et al (2008). Signiﬁcantly lower number of Sex responses in alcoholics (M= 2.7) compared to normal controls (M= 6.0) show conﬂict in their sexual life. Findings revealed no signiﬁcant difference on Movement responses in both the groups. This might suggest that both groups having imaginative capacity and functional intelligence. It is also supported by the ﬁndings of good productivity in both the groups. Signiﬁcantly more Most Typical responses were given by normal control subjects (M= 11.5) as compared to alcohol dependence patients (M= 9.0) which suggests poor ego strength, illogical thinking and inability to keep up with the demands of society in alcoholic patients. This ﬁnding is consistent with Singh and Dubey (1997) and Ranjan et al (2008). Results also revealed that alcohol dependence patients have signiﬁcantly low Typical responses (M= 18.9) and high Atypical responses (M= 17.3) in comparison of normal controls which suggests poor quality and bizarre thinking of alcoholic patients. Both the group rejected low number of responses which indicates no serious psychiatric disturbance in both the groups. On Pathological scale both the groups scored low number of responses on Hostility and Aggression Scale, Pathological Anatomical Scale and Paranoia. However, alcohol dependent patients scored signiﬁcantly higher on Depression (M= 0.7) compared to normal controls (M= 0.1) which is indicative of dysphoric emotion in alcoholics probably due to heavy alcohol intake. This result is supported by the ﬁndings of Hesselbrock et al (1992). Proﬁle of the alcohol dependence patients on SIS-II reveals that as compared to normal controls they show signiﬁcant differences on Human response, Animal response, Anatomy Responses, Sex Responses, Most Typical Responses, Typical Responses, Atypical Responses and Depression scale from the normal population. There are a number of caveats to the ﬁndings discussed earlier. First, this was a cross-sectional investigation of these group differences, and so this study provides no information on the causality of these factors. Second, we were unable to examine gender differences in this sample as it was all male. The third limitation to this study concerns the nature of the sample. As all subjects were from armed forces background they need to be replicated in other samples before being generalized to the general population. 42 Chaudhury et al

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Impact of Maternal Employment on Well-being, Personality and Parent-child Relationships of Young Adults Debasmita Dutta and Sanjukta Das The present study is an attempt to explore and quantify the effect of maternal employment on well-being, personality and parent-child relationships of young adults of nuclear families. For this purpose a sample of 120 undergraduate students (age ranging from 19-21 years) from nuclear families, 60 with working mothers and 60 with mothers who were full time home makers, 30 males and 30 females in each sub sample, was chosen. General well- being, personality and parent child relationship of this sample were studied by administering P.G.I. General Well-Being Measure (Verma and Verma, 1989), NEO Five Factor Inventory - Form S (NEOFFI) (Costa and McCrae, 1992), Parent-Child Relationship Scale (Rao, 1989). The data were analyzed using parametric statistics. Results showed that maternal employment has signiﬁcant impact on wellbeing, personality and parent-child relationship of young adults of nuclear families. Personal relationships change along with modernization and globalization of the society. Infant mother relationship, being a crucial component of society, also gets inﬂuenced by this changing socio cultural scenario. The mother child relationship can get inﬂuenced by mother’s occupation. This effect may in turn inﬂuence the child’s present and future life. There are many Western studies which have shown signiﬁcant impact of maternal employment on child’s development but Indian studies on this impact to date are few and inconclusive. This impact, may be, is more signiﬁcant in nuclear family where substitute mother ﬁgure is not available by default. The present study is an endeavor to ﬁnd out the impact of maternal employment on well-being, personality and parent-child relationship of young adults of nuclear families. A working mother (WM) has much less time to spend with her child than a nonworking mother (NWM). The review of literature indicates offspring of employed mothers may enjoy beneﬁcial impact on him/her or may suffer from detrimental inﬂuence of it. In West, Moorehouse (1991) found that working long hours and spending little time with schoolage children are associated with less favorable outcomes, both cognitively and socially. Other Western researchers who have found negative effect of maternal employment on offspring are- Hoffman (1970), Hoffman (1989), Ferdinand (1975), Muller (1995), Youngblade (2003), Baum (2004), Han (2005), Lopoo (2005), Zaslow et al. (2005), Shpancer et al. (2006), Nomaguchi and Milkie (2006) etc. In India, Jahan (2004) found that children of nonworking mothers were emotionally better adjusted than the children of working mothers. Research of Saxena et al. (1986) and Mody and Murthy (1988) also indicated negative effect of maternal employment on offspring. Contradictory research ﬁnding i.e. positive impacts of maternal employment had been also found by other researchers from abroad (Hoffman, 1974; Bacon and Lerner, 1975; Cherry and Eaton, 1977; Huston and Higgins, 1978) as well as from India (Asha, 1983; Nagaraja, 1979; Rao et al,. 1983; Hangal and Vijayalaxmi, 2007). To analyze the contradictory ﬁnding regarding the impact of maternal employment, the concept of quality time had been highlighted in the subsequent studies (Kuzma, 1981; Goodman, 1985). So, even if a WM is unable to spend much time with her child, if she spends quality time with her child, it can be beneﬁcial for development of the child. However different personality attributes have been identiﬁed by researchers as associated with maternal employment. Children of WMs are found to be more outgoing, independent, active and highly motivated and they receive higher scores on a variety of measures of academics achievement and social adjustment (Nelson 1971; Baruch, 1972). In India also they have been found to be more extroverted, independent, conﬁdent, emotionally stable, aggressive, and less anxious than daughters of NWMs (Panda and Samal, 1995). General well-being of an individual can get inﬂuenced if his mother is working. The literature shows that early childhood experiences have a crucial and long lasting impact on children’s psychological and cognitive wellbeing (Shore, 1997; Han et al., 2001). Maternal employment is a factor which can inﬂuence the well being of the offspring since the adults having WMs throughout their childhood and Debasmita Dutta, M.Sc., Research Scholar and Sanjukta Das, M.Phil (M.& S.P.), Ph.D. Sr. Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Kolkata-700009 Email: debasmita.dutta@gmail.com or sanjuktapsych@yahoo.co.in Keyword: Maternal Employment, Well being, parent child relationship

adolescence, are been exposed to a different type of experience with their mothers than those adults who have NWMs. Parent-child relationship (PCR) is dependent on the attitudes of the both parents toward their children and also on the child’s perception of those attitudes. A WM and even a father who has a working wife may behave differently with their children. A child with employed mother may thus perceive his parents’ attitude differently from the child who has non-employed mother and that will inﬂuence the PCR and subsequently they may develop different types of personality. In the changing Indian socio cultural scenario where being employed has become inevitable for women it is essential to explore the effect of maternal employment on young adults of nuclear families. The objective of present study was to ﬁnd out the impact of maternal employment on well-being, personality and parent child relationship of young adults of nuclear families. The study further focused to identify the relative contribution of personality and PCR on the well-being of young adults with WM and with NWM. Materials and methods: Sample: The sampling for the present study was purposive. The sample comprised of 120 subjects. Out of 120 subjects, 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females) have WM and rest 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females) have NWM. The age of the subjects ranged from 19- 21 years. Other inclusion criteria are- subjects must be from nuclear families since birth, subjects must be from middle class families, mothers of the subjects with WM must be working since before the birth of the subjects, both parents must be present, both parents must hold at least an undergraduate degree, one or two siblings must be present. Tools Used: 1. Information Schedule 2. PGI General Well-Being Measure (Verma and Verma, 1989) 3. NEO Five Factor Inventory - Form S (NEOFFI) (Costa & McCrae 1992) 4. Parent-Child Relationship Scale (Rao, 1989) –Though this scale was developed for the adolescents, this scale was used in the present study for young adult group (19-21years) as the items of the scale were found to be suitable for the present study and the results of the scale were used in comparative groups. Procedure: The prospective subjects were approached and purpose of the study was explained to them and conﬁdentiality was assured. Questionnaires were given to them who agreed to ﬁll up the questionnaire. In this way data from 120 subjects were collected which scored according to the standard procedure. Analysis of data: 1) Statistical treatment of the data was done i.e. mean and standard deviation for different variables were computed. The obtained data was analyzed using the appropriate parametric test (t test) to obtain differences of means between the groups. 2) Product-Moment Correlation Coefﬁcient was computed to ﬁnd out the relationship between different variables. 3) Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis (SMRA) was computed to determine the relative contribution of different dimensions of personality and different types of parent child relationship upon general wellbeing. It was separately computed for subjects with WM and with NWM. For analysis, 0.05 and 0.01 level of signiﬁcance was accepted. Results and Discussion: The present study was conducted to investigate the relation of maternal employment with general wellbeing, personality and parent child relationship of the young adults of nuclear families. The results and discussions are presented below. In calculating Mean (M), standard deviation (SD) and ‘t’ values of general well-being in male and female offspring of working and nonworking mothers, no signiﬁcant difference was seen in male and female offspring of working (t = 0.22, p>0.05) and nonworking (t = 1.01, p>0.05) mothers with respect to general well-being. So, further data were treated irrespective of gender. Table 1 shows that the offspring of WMs experience less psychological well being (p<0.01) than the offspring of NWMs. The present observation is in the line with earlier studies of Perry and Gillman (2000) Table 1 Mean, SD and ‘t’ Values of General Well-Being in the Offspring of Working and Nonworking Mothers. Variable Offspring of Working Mothers Offspring of Nonworking Mothers Mean SD Mean SD t General Well-Being 9.73 4.64 13.87 3.06 5.75** **p<0.01 46 Dutta and Das

and Dunifon et al. (2005) but contradicted with studies of Bianchi, 2000; Hoffman and Youngblade (1999). The present result can be explained in this way that the offspring of WMs of nuclear family have experienced maternal deprivation in their early lives where adequate mother substitute was also not available because of nuclear setup. The literature shows that early childhood experiences have a crucial and long lasting impact on children’s psychological and cognitive wellbeing (Shore, 1997; Han et al., 2001). Omodei and Wearing (1990) also found that the degree to which individuals’ needs were met were positively associated with the degree of life satisfaction. So this maternal deprivation due to mother’s working condition has led subjects with WMs to experience less general well being than the subjects with NWMs. Table 2 indicates that the offspring of WMs score signiﬁcantly higher on neuroticism (p<0.01) than the offspring of NWMs. This shows that the traits like anxiety, insecurity and emotional instability are signiﬁcantly more in the offspring of WMs and they interpret ordinary situations as threatening and minor frustrations as hopelessly difﬁcult than the offspring of NWMs. As a result of this mother absent situation subjects have developed high neuroticism. This ﬁnding is partly supported by ﬁnding of Mody and Murthy (1988) But this present ﬁnding is not Table 2 Mean, SD and ‘t’ Values of Personality Traits in the Offspring of Working and Nonworking Mothers Variable Offspring of of Working Mothers Offspring of of Nonworking Mothers Personality Mean SD Mean SD t Neuroticism 24.35 7.25 20.40 6.39 3.16** Extraversion 26.97 6.52 28.58 5.50 1.47 Openness to Experience 25.35 6.22 26.51 6.30 1.02 Agreeableness 28.93 4.61 28.05 4.65 1.04 Conscientiousness 30.05 6.48 31.87 5.30 1.68 **p<0.01 Table 3 Mean, SD and ‘t’ Values of Parent-Child Relationship Perceived from Father and Mother in Two groups Variable Parent-child Relationship (perceived from father) Parent-child Relationship (perceived from mother) Aspects of Parent-child Relationship By Offspring of Working Mothers By Offspring of Nonworking Mothers By Offspring of Working Mothers By Offspring of Nonworking Mothers Mean SD Mean SD t Mean SD Mean SD t Protecting 33.45 6.72 36.42 6.2 2.51* 37.50 7.02 40.06 5.92 2.16* Symbolic Punishment 27.6 6.29 25.95 6.80 1.38 29.25 6.57 29.98 6.76 0.60 Rejecting 20.96 7.54 19.43 6.76 1.17 20.83 8.22 6.41 2.10* Object Punishment 19.35 7.52 17.58 6.02 1.42 20.63 7.81 19.82 7.10 0.60 Demanding 27.15 7.41 25.93 8.90 0.81 27.36 7.02 28.70 7.98 0.97 Indifferent 27.51 5.75 28.60 5.48 1.05 27.78 5.16 27.01 4.73 0.85 Symbolic Reward 30.90 6.59 31.95 7.02 0.84 32.53 6.94 32.4 6.63 0.08 Loving 34.98 7.40 35.40 8.22 0.29 37.03 7.87 37.83 7.71 0.56 Object Reward 29.01 6.37 29.81 8.31 0.59 6.78 30.03 7.86 2.21* Neglecting 23.73 6.53 22.48 5.92 1.09 21.45 5.43 19.7 5.55 1.76 *p<0.05 Impact of Maternal Employment 47

supported by Panda and Samal (1995). Table 3 indicates that the offspring of WMs score signiﬁcantly lesser on perceiving protecting aspect (p<0.05) of PCR from both father and mother and signiﬁcantly higher on perceiving rejecting and object reward aspects (p<0.05) from mother than the offspring of NWMs. Protecting is a particular characteristic of the parents which can be described as a defending attitude overtly expressed in the acts of guarding, sheltering and shielding the child from situations or experiences perceived to be hostile, oppressing and harmful (Rao, 1989). The present result may be interpreted in this way that since the subjects with WMs belong to a nuclear family and the parents are full time employed and are unable to protect and guard their offspring from several situations their offspring may have perceived their parents as to be less protecting. Results also reveal that the offspring of WMs have perceived their mothers as signiﬁcantly high in rejection. Rejecting can be described as behavior of parents evident in renouncing the child in aversion. The disposition is indicated in being disdainful and in outright refusal of the child (Rao, 1989). Bossard (1954) suggested that the WMs, physically exhausted after day’s work, can not give quality time to look after the children. Even after returning from work the WMs often do not get to spend quality time with their offspring since they themselves remain very exhausted and tired. Even on some holidays these WMs have to remain occupied with their work which lessens the chances to be responsive to their offspring and being accepting to them all the time. This condition of WMs may lead their offspring to perceive them as more rejecting. The present ﬁnding also shows that the offspring of WMs have perceived their mothers as using signiﬁcantly more object reward. Object reward can be described as expression of appreciation for emotional, psychological security of the child as against physical, tangible, concrete action of warmth (Rao, 1989). Because of their life situation, a WM do not always get the chance to show tangible and physical action of warmth to their offspring and they may compensate with the situation by providing more object reward to their offspring in order to show their love. Moreover, they can afford to give object rewards to their children, which a NWM may not always do. As a result the offspring of WMs perceive them to use more object reward than the offspring of NWMs. Table 4 indicates that in the offspring of WMs general well-being is signiﬁcantly and negatively correlated with neuroticism (p<0.01) and wellbeing is signiﬁcantly and positively correlated with extraversion (p<0.05) and conscientiousness (p<0.01). In the offspring of NWMs general wellbeing is signiﬁcantly and negatively correlated with neuroticism (p<0.01) and general wellbeing is signiﬁcantly and positively correlated with extraversion (p<0.01) and agreeableness (p<0.01). Table 5 indicates that in the offspring of WMs general well-being is signiﬁcantly and positively correlated with perceiving protecting (p<0.05), symbolic reward (p<0.01), loving (p<0.05) and objectreward (p<0.05) aspects of PCR from father and general well-being is not signiﬁcantly correlated with different aspects of PCR perceived form mother. In the offspring of NWMs general well-being is signiﬁcantly and negatively correlated with perceiving rejecting (p<0.05) aspect from father and general well- Table 4 Coefﬁcients of Correlation of General Well-Being with Personality Traits in the offspring of both groups Variable General Well-Being in the offspring of working mothers General Well-Being in the offspring of nonworking mothers Personality 'r' 'r' Neuroticism - 0.46** - 0.48** Extraversion + 0.27* + 0.34** Openness to Experience + 0.08 + 0.08 Agreeableness + 0.05 + 0.5** Conscientiousness + 0.38** + 0.19 **p<0.01, *<0.05 48 Dutta and Das

Table 5 Coefﬁcients of Correlation of General Well-Being with Parent-Child Relationship from Fathers and Mothers Variable General Well-Being in Offspring of Working Mothers General Well-Being in Offspring of Nonworking Mothers Aspects of Parent- Child Relationship Parent-child Relationship (perceived from father) Parent-child Relationship (perceived from mother) Parent-child Relationship (perceived from father) Parent-child Relationship (perceived from mother) 'r' 'r' 'r' 'r' Protecting +0.27* +0.08 +0.03 +0.13 Symbolic Punishment +0.66 +0.04 - 0.05 - 0.18 Rejecting - 0.15 - 0.003 - 0.30* - 0.39** Object Punishment ±.05 +0.10 - 0.15 - 0.30** Demanding - 0.10 - 0.04 - 0.03 - 0.15 Indifferent - 0.07 +0.03 - 0.16 - 0.13 Symbolic Reward +0.38** +0.23 - 0.12 - 0.003 Loving +0.29* +0.07 - 0.08 +0.16 Object Reward +0.32* +0.24 - 0.18 - 0.03 Neglecting +0.24 - 0.007 - 0.2 - 0.32* **p<0.01, *p<0.05 Table 6 Multiple Regression Analysis Showing Contributing Variables to GWB in Offspring of both Groups of Mothers Criterion Variable Predictor Variable R2 β Offspring of Working Mothers General Well-Being Neuroticism 0.21 -0.46 Conscientiousness 0.33 0.35 Symbolic Reward Parent-Child Relationship (perceived from father) 0.38 0.24 Offspring of Nonworking Mothers General Well-Being Agreeableness 0.24 0.50 Extraversion 0.35 0.34 Loving Parent-Child Relationship (perceived from father) 0.41 - 0.24 Rejecting Parent-Child Relationship (perceived from mother) 0.51 - 0.37 being is signiﬁcantly and negatively correlated with perceiving rejecting (p<0.01), objective punishment (p<0.05) and neglecting (p<0.05) aspects from mother. Table 6 indicates that neuroticism signiﬁcantly and negatively predicts general well-being and conscientiousness and symbolic reward aspects of PCR (perceived from father) signiﬁcantly and positively predict general well-being among the offspring of WMs. This shows that if the subjects with WMs experience less negative emotions, become more organized, strong willed and disciplined and Impact of Maternal Employment 49

perceive more symbolic expression of appreciation for emotional, psychological security from the father, they will develop high psychological well being since these can make them feel more satisﬁed and less distressed in life. It further indicates that agreeableness and extraversion signiﬁcantly and positively predict general well-being and loving aspect of PCR (perceived from father) and rejecting aspect of PCR (perceived from mother) signiﬁcantly and negatively predict general wellbeing among the offspring of NWMs. This shows that high agreeableness and extraversion in these subjects will result in high general well-being. The perception of the subjects with NWMs that their mothers are rejecting can lessen their sense of belongingness and happiness thus diminishing their overall well being in life. The only ambiguous result obtained was that for offspring of NWMs, father’s love has negative contribution in experiencing well being. The explanation for such a ﬁnding needs further exploration. In sum, it may be said that there is a signiﬁcant effect of maternal employment on the young adults of nuclear families and this effect is expected to be determined largely by mothers’ ability to spend quality time with their offspring. More importantly it is seen that general well-being can be predicted in the offspring with WMs if their fathers show attitudes of love, protection etc. to their children. So, this indicates that not only the mothers’, but the fathers’ role in nuclear families is very signiﬁcant and they should give a positive and healthy contribution in the families in order to ensure well-being in their children. Conclusion: Thus it can be concluded that offspring of NWMs are considerably high in general well-being, low in neuroticism and have perceived their fathers as more protective and mothers as also more protecting and less rejecting and in addition using object-reward as compared to the offspring of WMs. There exists a signiﬁcant negative contribution of neuroticism and signiﬁcant positive contribution of conscientiousness and perceiving symbolic reward aspects of PCR from father in predicting general well-being in the offspring of WMs. There also exists a signiﬁcant positive contribution of agreeableness and extraversion and a signiﬁcant negative contribution of perceiving loving aspect of PCR from the father and perceiving rejecting aspect of PCR from the mother in predicting general well-being in the offspring of NWMs. References: Asha, C.B. (1983). Creativity of children of working mothers. Psychological Studies, Vol. 28(2), Jul. pp. 104-106. Bacon, C., and Lerner, R. M. (1975). Effects of maternal employment status on the development of vocational role perception in females. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 126, 193-197. Baruch, G.K. (1972). Maternal inﬂuence upon College Women’s attitudes toward women and work. Developmental Psychology; No.6, 32-37. Baum, C. L. (2004). The Long-Term Effects of Early and Recent Maternal Employment on a Child's Academic Achievement. Journal-of- Family-Issues. Vol. 25(1) Jan, 29-60. Bianchi, S. M., (2000). “Maternal Employment and Time with Children: Dramatic Change or Surprising Continuity?” Demography 37 (4): 401-414. Bossard, James H.S. (1954). The sociology of Child Development, New York: Harper. Cherry, F.F., & Eaton, E.L. (1977). Physical and cognitive development in children of low income mothers working in the child’s early years. Child Development, 48, 158-166. Costa, P. T. and McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO PERSONALITY INVENTORY (NEO. PI-R) and NEO FIVE-FACTOR INVENTORY (NEO- FFI): Professional Manual, PAR, Florida. Dunifon, R.; Kalil, A.; and Bajracharya, A. (2005). Title Maternal Working Conditions and Child Well-Being in Welfare-Leaving Families. Developmental Psychology. Vol. 41(6), Nov, pp. 851-859. Ferdinand, W. (1975). On the marks of children of working mothers (and two supplementary observations). Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht, Vol. 22(3), pp. 190-194. Goodman. (1985). You and your child. 1st edition, Gallery Press, W.M. Smith, and Son Ltd., WHS. Distributors. Han, W., Waldfogel, J., and Brooks-Gunn., J. (2001). “The Effects of Maternal Employment on Later Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes.” Journal of Marriage and the Family. 63: 336-54. 50 Dutta and Das

Han, W. J. (2005). Maternal Nonstandard Work Schedules and Child Cognitive Outcomes. Child Development, Vol. 76(1), Jan. pp. 137-154. Hangal, S., and Aminabhavi, V. A. (2007). Self-Concept, Emotional Maturity, and Achievement Motivation of the Adolescent Children of Employed Mothers and Homemakers. Journal-of-the-Indian-Academy-of-Applied- Psychology. Vol. 33(1) Jan, 103-110. Hoffman, L.W. (1970). Effects of maternal employment on the child. In Human Development. (Ed.), Ina. S. Garden, D.V. Taraporevela Sons and Co. Pvt. Ltd. India. Hoffman, L.W. (1974). Effects of maternal employment on the child: A review of the Research. Developmental Psychology, No.10, 204- 228. Hoffman, L.W. (1989). Effects of maternal employment in the two-parent family. American Psychologist, 44, 283-292. Hoffman, L. and Youngblade, L. (1999). Mothers at work: Effects on children’s well-being. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Huston-Stein, A., and Higgins-Trenk, A. (1978). Develpoment of females from childhood through adulthood: career and feminine orientation. In P.B. Baltes (Ed.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol.1). New York: Academic Press. Jahan. K. (2004). The effect of maternal employment on children’s adjustment. Indian Journal of Psychological Issues. Vol. 12, (1 and 2) June and Dec., 96-101. Kuzma, Kay. (1981). Working mothers. 2nd edition, New York: Standford Press, Los Angles, Harper and Row. Lopoo, L. M. (2005). Employment and Latchkey Adolescents . Social Service Review, Vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 602-623, Dec. Mody, S. N., and Murthy, V. N. (1988). The study of mental health of children of working mothers. Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies, Vol 4(2), Sep. pp. 161-164. Moorehouse, M. J. (1991). Linking maternal employment patterns to mother-child activities and children’s school competence. Developmental Psychology, 27, 295-303. Muller, C. (1995). Maternal employment, parent involvement, and mathematics-achievement among adolescents. Journals of Marriage and the Family, 57, 85-100. Nagaraja, J. (1979). Family dynamics and Mental health of a child. Child Psychiatry Quarterly, No.3, July. Nelson, D.D. (1971). A study of personality adjustment among adolescent children with working and nonworking mothers. Journal of Educational Research, No.64, 328-331. Nomaguchi, K. M.; and Milkie, M. A. (2006). Maternal Employment in Childhood and Adults' Retrospective Reports of Parenting Practices. A Journal-of-Marriage-and-Family. Vol. 68(3), Aug, 573-594. Omodei, M. M., and Wearing, A. J. (1990). Need satisfaction and involvement in personal projects: Towards and integrative model of subjective well being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 762-769. Panda, B. N., and Samal, M.C. (1995). Personality and academic achievement of the children of working and non-working women. Indian Journal of Psychometry and Education, Vol. 26(2), Jul. pp. 85-89. Perry, J. M.; and Gillman, S. (2000). Parental job experiences and children's well-being: The case of two-parent and single-mother working-class families. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. Vol. 21(2) Sum, 123-145. Rao, N. (1989). Manual for Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS); National Psychological Corporation, Agra. Rao, P. R.; Parvathi, S.; and Swaminathan, V. D. (1983). I-E locus of control in adolescents of working and non working mothers. Personality-Study-and-Group-Behaviour. 3:1,16-19. Saxena, A. K., Mehrotra, S.N., and Singh, S.B. (1986). A psychosocial study of children of working mothers and the effect of providing an alternative care: Comparative study. Child Psychiatry Quarterly,19:4, 128-137. Shore, R. (1997). Rethinking the Brain: New Insights Into Early Development. New York: Families and Work Institute. Impact of Maternal Employment 51

Shpancer, N., Melick, K., Sayre, P., and Spivey, A. (2006). Quality of care attributions to employed versus stay at home mothers. Early Child Development and Care. 176:2, 183. Verma, K. S., and Verma, A. (1989). Manual: PGI General Wellbeing Measure. Lucknow. Ankur Psychological Agency. Youngblade, L.M. (2003). Peer and teacher ratings of third- and fourth-grade children's social behavior as a function of early maternal employment. Journal-of-Child-Psychologyand-Psychiatry. 44:4, 477-488. Zaslow, M., Jekielek, S., and Gallagher, M. (2005). Work-Family Mismatch Through a Child Developmental Lens. Work, family, health, and well-being. Bianchi, Suzanne M. (Ed); Casper, Lynne M. (Ed); King, Berkowitz Rosalind (Ed); pp. 259-278. 52 Dutta and Das Continued From Page No. 15 7. Diploma in Psychiatric Nursing.........................6 Seats Duration : One year Qualiﬁcation : ‘A’ Grade Certiﬁcate or Diploma in General Nursing and Midwifery. Experience : Two years experience as Staff Nurse Stipend : Subject to approval from Management Committee, RINPAS. Note: 1. Reservation will be as per rules. 2. The candidate must produce original copies of all certiﬁcates, mark sheets (M.B.B.S/D.P.M./M.A./ M.S.W.,etc.), testimonials, caste certiﬁcate / Residential / Disability certiﬁcate if applicable etc. and other relevant documents at the time of written entrance examination. 3. Fluency in English speaking is an essential criteria. 4. Canvassing in any form will be a disqualiﬁcation. 5. Completed application form should reach on or before 25th February 2010 to the Director, Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry & Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 along with a non-refundable demand draft of Rs.500/- (Rs.250/- only in case of ST/ SC candidates) drawn in favour of the Director, RINPAS payable at Ranchi as examination fee. 6. The candidates are requested to collect their admit card from the ofﬁce of RINPAS on the day of entrance examination. 7. The written examination will be held on 13th March 2010. Only those candidates who qualify in written examination will be called for interview on 14th March 2010 for ﬁnal selection. 8. Candidates must report at 9.00 AM at RINPAS on 14th March 2010 and produce their original certiﬁcates and other documents at the time of interview. 9. Candidates whose ﬁnal year result is not declared/or mark-sheet of P.G. ﬁnal year is not available on 13th March 2010 will not be allowed to appear in entrance examination in any circumstances. 10. Candidates must specify the course applied for in their application form. 11. Seats may be increased or decreased without assigning any reason. Application proforma (1) Name of the candidate (in block letters) (2) Father’s/ Huspand’s Name (3) Sex (4) Date of Birth (5) Marital Status (6) Nationality (7) State to which you belong (8) ReservationCategory (9) Correspondence Address (10) Permanent Address (11) Educational Qualiﬁcation with percentage of marks obtained in P.G. (12) Present Occupation (13) Work experience (14) Details of scientiﬁc publication/papers read in scientiﬁc conference (15) Bank Draft No. & Date (16) Give the name and address of two referees who are not related to you (17) Two attested recent passport size photogaphs. (18) Signature by the candidate. (19) Attested/Xeroxed copies of all certiﬁcates, mark sheets, testimonials and caste / Residential / Disability certiﬁcate etc. if applicable should be attached with the application.

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Emerging Trends in Rehabilitation Psychology Shatrughan Singh and Shashi Bhushan Rehabilitation psychology is an emerging and promising ﬁeld, working on the underlying principle that persons with disabilities are blessed with enormous potentials. The main focus is on helping the needful clients to achieve optimal functions as well as developing maximum opportunities. It is emerging as a special branch of knowledge dedicated to the understanding and enablement of disabled persons to play a more holistic role in life: Personal, Psychological and Social. While this emerging ﬁeld is well recognized in the western countries, it is still at developmental stage in India. Rehabilitation Psychology is an emerging ﬁeld, working on the underlying principle that persons with disabilities are blessed with enormous potentials. The area of rehabilitation psychology focuses on helping the needful client to achieve optimal functions and also develop maximum opportunities. In India there is considerable advancement in the ﬁeld of rehabilitation. Many models and programs have been developed for mentally handicapped and mentally ill and rehabilitation psychology is gaining recognition day by day. The aim of rehabilitation psychology is to promote the individual growth and to create opportunities for clients who require life time care and support. The major objectives are as follows:

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• To assess, develop and implement the client’s rehabilitation needs through adequate services plan.

• To work effectively in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team.

• To provide vocational counseling services. Functions of Rehabilitation Psychology: Consultancy services for clients and planning rehabilitation programs. Psychological assessment, evaluation and therapeutic training services. The following services are offered by Rehabilitation Psychologists: Psychological assessment, guidance and counseling Stress management for care -givers Education and consultation to community Well – being promotion and referrals Emerging Trends: Changing trends in rehabilitation psychology are being observed in psychological interventions, applications and training in rehabilitation psychology. The rehabilitation professionals have to work with multidisciplinary team such as NGOs, rehabilitation centers, community set-ups, educational centre, etc. The following are the recent trends have been coming- up which could be conceived through the following break-up. On Line Counseling: Due to the advancement of information technology, psychological interventions have been provided to the needy disabled clients. Computer technology has eased the process of diagnosis and therapeutic interventions in the treatment of anxiety and depression associated with disability. On line counseling and tele-psychotherapy has become popular in western countries. It is not in use in India so far. Maheu and Gordon, (2000) have emphasized that behavioral health is a term widely used to cover a variety of psychological interventions provided through computer and internet. Cassell and Dubey (2003) are providing diagnostic and therapeutic aide through tele-therapeutic intervention using somatic inkblots test (http://122.160.96.85:1001/ SIS2) and (http://psyche.dubay.bz).These therapeutic interventions can help people even in remote areas. Positive Health Psychology vs. Mental Health: Positive health psychology enhances subjective well-being, development of positive personal traits such as tolerance, responsibility and positive communication. Gilberth (2002) urges clinical rehabilitation psychologists to look beyond the constraints of individual problems and therapies. He emphasized that the key task is to translate the biopsychological understanding into genuine community based psychology. This is widening the horizons of Shatrughan Singh, Ph. D., Asstt. Prof. and Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Shashi Bhushan, Clinical Assistant – MR, Composite Rehabilitation Centre, Near Mahamaya Temple, Sundernagar Distt. Mandi HP -174401(India)E-mail: ss2_singh@yahoo.com OR Drss64@gmail.com Key Words: Rehabilitation, Disabilities

clinical applications and is aimed at improving the mental health and well-being. Desai (2006) considers the evolution of public mental health an emerging trend in the ﬁeld of psychiatry. He hoped that public mental health approaches in the developing world will promote positive mental health. Training in Clinical and Rehabilitation Psychology: The current training programs in clinical and rehabilitation psychology have been designed to be integrated and are generic in nature, using a developmental approach. The movement is away from the existing requirements, which entails working with children, adolescents, adults, elderly and disabled population. The emerging trends are not only seen in extension into psycho-physiological problems, but in primary prevention., enhancement of life style, improving quality of life and a shift from mental hospitals to general hospitals and community setting, Prabhu, (2001). Our success in the 21st century will depend on our efﬁcacy in handling emerging problems. Regular Professional Growth and Development: The British Psychological Society, (2001) had suggested professional code of conduct and competency proﬁles to be maintained by rehabilitation psychologists. It is expected that rehabilitation psychologists continually improve quality of their services and obtain excellence in their duties. Life long learning, is the term used to describe regular professional growth and development. With these objectives rehabilitation professionals will establishes their identity in society and delivering psychological services. British psychologists are supervised through out their careers, an aspect that is completely missing in Indian perspectives. Future of Psychotherapies Systems: The Delphi Poll report (2001), had predicted that short - term therapy, psycho-educational group for educational problems, crisis intervention, marital therapy and group therapy will get a ﬁllip in the future. With regard to duration of therapy it is believed that short term is in and the long - term is on its way out. It has also been predicted that use of free - association, encounter exercise, emotional ﬂooding/implosion and dream interpretation would show the greatest decrease. They forecast that CBT, interpersonal, behavioral and family therapy will be in increased use. Comparatively, classical psychoanalysis, transactional analysis, Adlerian and Jungian therapies are expected to decrease. Kapur (2001) stated that a developmental of holistic approach to psychological assessment and therapies seems to be the strongest signal that has emerged. Proactive Outreach Approach of Psychotherapy: The traditional approach to psychotherapy has become narrow approach to clients and can serve only a minority of people suffering from mental and medical disorders. A proactive approach will considerably increase its out reach to high risk population of various kinds with the aim of prevention and management. Prochaska and Norcross, (2003) had claimed that a revolution in the practice of psychotherapy could meet several unfulﬁlled needs and create better positions for mental health professionals. This proactive approach is a shift from biomedical focus to a behavioral health focus; from case management to population management. The psychotherapist will have to be sensitized and prepared to respond effectively to underprivileged groups, academic students, industrial workers, software engineers and others.. Need for Integration of Cultural Issues in Psychological Interventions: Due to diversity of problems and population, psychotherapy would need to be culturally embedded in clinical setting. Current theories should incorporate a multicultural component. A therapist can harm the clients by imposing a “one - size –ﬁts” all - approach Due consideration would need to be given to the cultural frame work of clients and their ethnicity, values and traditions. Current Status: The ﬁeld of rehabilitation psychology is well recognized in the western country where they offer Graduate and Doctorate level program in rehabilitation psychology. In India, the ﬁeld is still in a developing stage. A periodic review of the requirements in the ﬁeld is essential to plan future courses. Acknowledgement: The author wishes sincere thanks to Madam, Anuradha Mohit, Director In charge, CRC, Sundernagar Mandi, for the morale support and Dr. Manoranjan Sahay for the guidance and suggestions. 54 Singh and Bhushan

References: Bolton, Rehabilitation Counseling Research. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1979. British Psychological Society, (2001). The Royal Charter, Statuses, The Rules. Leicesster. British Psychological Society. Cassell, W.A. and Dubey, B.L. (2003) Interpreting inner world through somatic imagery: SIS Center, Anchorage (USA). Delphi Poll (2000). The Future of Psychotherapy. In J.O. Prochaska &J.C. Norcross (Ed). System of Psychotherapy. A Tran Theoretical Analysis (5th Edition), Australia: Thomson Brooks. Desai, N.G. (2006), Public Mental Health – An Evolving Imperative. Indian Journal of Psychiatry Vol.48, 3, PP 135- 137. Gilberth, P. (2002). Understanding the Bio -Psychological Approach. Ind and Social Intervention. Clinical Psychologist Vol15, PP28 -32. Kapur, M. (2001). Psychological Therapies with Children and Adolcents (Ed) NIMHANS – Bangalore. Maheu, N.N Gordon B.L (2000). Counseling & Therapy on the Internet. Professional psychology, Research & Practice, PP4842489. Prabhu, GG (2001). Identifying Limitations & Gapes in the Development of Clinical Psychology in India. Ind J. Clini. Psy.28:2,164 - 172. Proschaska, J.O & Norcross, J.C, (2003). System of Psychotherapy: A Ttrans - theoretical Analysis (Fifth Ed). Thomas Books Australia. Trends in Rehabilitation Psychology 55 A case study is reported in every issue of the Journal. The readers are requested to send their comments to: Prof. Amool R. Singh, Ph.D., Editor in Chief, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health for publication in next issue of the journal. Also, please send your case study using projective test for publication in next issue of the journal.

A Probe of Existential Meaning in Depression Kasturi Thakur and Saugata Basu The present study explores the roles of meaning in life and reasons for living in Depression. The Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006) and Reasons for Living Inventory (Linehan et al., 1983) were administered to two groups- the clinical group and the normal group, each consisting of 15 males and 15 females, matched on the basis of age, sex and educational qualiﬁcations. Since signiﬁcant differences between males and females in clinical and normal groups did not emerge on any of the variables, hence further statistical treatments were done combining males and females together. Signiﬁcant differences were found between clinical and normal groups with respect to presence of meaning in life and fear of suicide of reasons for living. Also signiﬁcant relationships were obtained between depression and presence of meaning in life and between depression and survival and coping beliefs and fear of suicide of reasons for living in the clinical group. Survival and coping beliefs of reasons for living was found to be the highest contributing factor for the development of depression, followed by child-related concern of reasons for living. Victor Frankl posited that meaning in life can be discovered in three different ways: (1) by creating a work or doing a deed; (2) by experiencing something or encountering someone; and (3) by the attitude we take toward unavoidable suffering. He further delineated that man’s search for meaning is the primary motivation in life and not a “secondary rationalization” of instinctual drives. This meaning is unique and speciﬁc in that it must and can be fulﬁlled by the person alone, only then does it achieve a signiﬁcance, which will satisfy the will to meaning. The detrimental inﬂuence of the feeling of total and ultimate meaninglessness of people’s lives, their awareness of a meaning worth living for, as a result of which they are haunted by the experience of their inner emptiness, a void within themselves which he thus called “existential vacuum”. And when someone with such vacuum is confronted with signiﬁcant life stress, it is proposed that an existential neurosis can be triggered. Maddi (1967) has described existential neurosis as consisting of cognitive symptoms such as devaluing one’s personal pursuits or goals, affective symptoms such as dull or depressive affect, and behavioral symptoms such as disengagement from activity. Characterized as it is by anhedonia, depressive affect and behavioral disengagement, the existential neurosis could be viewed as a form, or subtype of depression. This negative relationship between meaning in life and negative affect, which extends to the severe negative affect typical of depression, is a common clinical observation with the depressed and that loss of meaning in life could predispose to suicidal tendencies, a risk factor in depression. People who struggle with suicidal feelings as is evident in depression, describes reasons for living that help them resist these suicidal feelings. This reasons for living, a set of life sustaining beliefs and cognitive expectancies are prominent in nonsuicidal individuals and act as cognitive barriers in committing suicide. A seldom posed but important question is not why depressed people have suicidal ideations or attempts but from where do they derive their strengths to continue to live? As the incidence of depression and suicide continue to increase (Barlow and Durand, 2002) it becomes ever more important to investigate factors affecting and consequently arising as a result of development of depressive symptoms. A phenomenon that may parallel increased rates of depression and hopelessness is the loss of existential meaning, or existential neurosis, which could be considered the disorder of our age. Research and epidemiological studies while associating meaning in life and well-being portrayed that psychopathology may arise from lack of meaning and conversely attainment of meaning is healing. From this perspective, acquiring or losing meaning in life can inﬂuence positive and negative psychological functioning (Zika and Chamberlain, 1992), less meaning in life results in depression and anxiety (Debats et al., 1993), multiple sources of meaning in life protects the individual against meaninglessness (Emmons, 1997), an impoverishment of meaning is associated with feelings of emotional dejection or sadness (Van Selm and Dittmann-Kohli, 1998). Mascaro and Rosen (2005) conﬁrmed that existential meaning has a unique relationship with and can prospectively predict levels of hope and depressive symptoms within a population of college students. Further emphasizing on why depressed people wants to live brings forth some research evidences that points out the relationship between reasons for living and depression. This was shown in various studies. Kasturi Thakur, Faculty, Department of Psychology, Sampurna Montfort College, 184 Old Madras Road, Indiranagar, Bangalore560038 and Saugata Basu, Reader, Department of Psychology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C Road, Kolkata 700009. Keywords: Meaning in Life, reasons for living, depression.

where depressed patients who had not attempted suicide expressed more reasons for living (Malone et al., 2000), signiﬁcant correlation between reasons for living with hope and hopelessness were found (Range and Penton, 1994), that deﬁcient reasons for living act as vulnerability factors and interact with negative life stress to predict hopelessness (Bonner and Rich, 1991), the relationship between depression and reasons for living was also examined (Mehrotra, 1998). Further in another study Dogra et al. (2007) revealed that there exists a signiﬁcant negative relation between reasons for living and presumptive stress among college students, while in another study by Dogra et al. (2008), it was found that personality , presence and search for meaning, reasons for living contribute signiﬁcantly towards suicidal ideation among college students. Moreover a study by Sil and Basu (2007) pointed out that there is a signiﬁcant relationship between trait hope, hopelessness, different dimensions of reasons for living and suicidal ideation among college students. Also that there exists signiﬁcant relationships between some of the dimensions of reasons for living and suicidal ideation among college students was explored by Thakur and Basu (2006). Although meaning in life has been conceptualized as a potential contributor in subjective well-being and the lack of which inevitably results in psychological distress in various forms like depression, also that reasons for living signiﬁcantly act cognitive barriers in committing suicide—these have been studied individually as reﬂected from the various Western studies and to mention only an Indian study (Dogra et al., 2007). Thus this study has taken a step forward to present an integrative model to understand meaning in life and reasons for living and their respective role in depression. The following objectives were outlined for the present research: To ﬁnd out whether there exist any signiﬁcant differences between clinical group and normal group in terms of the different dimensions of meaning in life and reasons for living. 1. To ﬁnd out whether there exist any signiﬁcant relationships between depression and different dimensions of meaning in life and reasons for living in the clinical group. 2. To ﬁnd out the relative contribution of different dimensions of meaning in life and different dimensions of reasons for living on the development of depression in clinical group. Materials and Methods: Sample: The present study consisted of two groups of participants. Thirty patients diagnosed with depression and 30 normal individuals were taken for the study. The two groups were matched on the basis of age, gender and educational qualiﬁcation. All participants were from Kolkata belonging to the age group of 20 to 50 years, and have completed secondary education. Subjects of clinical group were diagnosed with ICD 10 criteria where the diagnosis was conﬁrmed by two mental health professionals, had a minimum education of class X and who were conversant in English were included in the study. However, depressive patients with history or presence of chronic illness, organicity, psychosis and personality disorder were excluded from the study. Tools: Demographic data sheet was used to collect details such as age, education, gender, occupation, and illness related information. Normal participants were screened on General Health Questionnaire to rule out psychiatric complications. Beck Depression Inventory was used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms. 1.The Meaning in Life Questionnaire(Steger et al., 2006): It is a self-report measure designed to assess the presence and search for meaning in life in depressive patients and normal participants. This scale has 10 items and the respondent rates each item on a 7-point scale. The presence subscale is obtained by summing items 1, 4, 5, 6 and 9-reverse coded. The search subscale is obtained by summing items 2, 3, 7, 8 and 10. The alpha coefﬁcient for the target self-report on the MLQ-P was 0.86 and for MLQ-S was 0.92. To establish convergent validity for the MLQ-P scale, self-reports were correlated with informant reports. The correlation score was 0.39, the discriminant validity for the MLQ-P with other meaning measures was 0.65. Evidence of convergent validity for MLQ-S was provided by the signiﬁcant correlation between self and informant reports on the MLQ-S at 0.35. Discriminant validity between self and informant reports on the MLQ-S was 0.33. 2.Reasons for Living Inventory (Linehan et al., 1983): The Reasons for Living Inventory a 48-item selfreport measure was used to assess the beliefs and expectations for not committing suicide both in the clinical group and in the normal group. Each item is Existential Meaning in Depression 57

rated on a six point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all important) to 6 (extremely important). Scoring is based on a total score and of the six sub scales. The subscales and total scale are scored by summing the items and dividing by the number of items. The cronbach alpha statistic was used with reliabilities ranging from 0.72 to 0.89, indicating moderately high internal reliabilities for the scales. Procedure: For the present study, the researcher approached the hospital authorities for their approval and cooperation to collect data from depressive patients. Participants with depressive disorder who fulﬁlled the inclusion/ exclusion criteria were selected from the outpatient services of the hospitals. They were explained about the nature and purpose of the study and were also assured about proper conﬁdentiality. Thus consent was obtained from each individual prior to the administration of the questionnaires. Clear instructions were given before the administration of each questionnaire, and its response categories. Each item of every questionnaire was explained to the subjects and all the queries of the respondents were clariﬁed as they arose. Adequate rest pauses were also provided. Similar method was followed in case of administration of questionnaire to normal group. Statistical analysis: The obtained data have been analyzed using parametric test. t test was computed to draw a comparison between i) males and females of the clinical and normal groups with respect to the different dimensions of meaning in life and reasons for living and ii) also to draw a comparison between clinical and normal groups in general with respect to the different dimensions of meaning in life and reasons for living. However there did not emerge any signiﬁcant differences between males and females in both clinical and normal groups with respect to any of the variables (Table I), hence further statistical treatments were done combining males and females together. Relationships between depression and the dimensions of meaning in life and reasons for living were examined using product moment correlation coefﬁcients. Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis (SMRA) was also done to ﬁnd out the relative contribution of different dimensions of meaning in life and different dimensions of reasons for living on the development of depression in clinical group. All statistical analyses were done using SPSS-10. Results and Discussions: When the system of meaning and the repertoire of reasons for living are not robust, people experience sudden drops in meaning resulting in increased hopelessness and depression. Thus the present study revealed signiﬁcant evidences of the crucial roles of meaning in life and reasons for living in depressive patients and thus answering the question “why and how these patients continue to live”. Referring to Table 1 it is revealed that the males and females of the clinical and normal group does not differ signiﬁcantly with respect to the different dimensions of meaning in life and reasons for living. Meaning in life has been deﬁned as the sense made of and signiﬁcance felt regarding the nature of one’s being and existence. A common clinical observation with depressed people is that they frequently report Table 1 Means, S.D., and ‘t’ Values between Males & Females in Two Groups with Meaning in life & Reasons for Living Variables Male Female 't' Signiﬁcance Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Presence of Meaning in life 25.86 6.95 25.30 7.83 0.296 NS Search of Meaning in life 25.60 5.96 27.50 5.29 -1.305 NS Survival & Coping Beliefs 109.56 24.26 106.86 26.75 0.409 NS Responsibility of Family 29.26 8.53 27.83 7.21 0.702 NS Child related concern 13.36 5.06 13.90 4.95 -0.412 NS Fear of Suicide 17.63 6.72 18.43 7.79 -0.426 NS Fear of Social Disapproval 9.13 4.66 9.80 5.28 -0.518 NS Moral Objection 12.96 5.12 12.96 5.60 -0.000 NS 58 Thakur and Basu

Table 2 Comparison between Two Groups on Dimensions of Meaning in Life and Reasons for Living Variables Clinical Group Normal Group 't' Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Presence of Meaning in life 22.70 7.80 28.46 5.63 -3.281* Search of Meaning in life 27.33 5.55 25.76 5.77 1.071 Survival & Coping Beliefs 102.06 26.20 114.36 23.30 -1.921 Responsibility of Family 26.80 8.37 30.30 7.03 -1.753 Child related concern 13.26 5.23 14.00 4.76 -0.567 Fear of Suicide 20.43 5.94 15.63 7.68 2.707* Fear of Social Disapproval 10.33 4.79 8.60 5.04 1.365 Moral Objection 14.23 5.39 11.70 5.04 1.878 *Signiﬁcant at 0.01 level. “My life is meaningless.” Durkheim pointed out (1951) that this loss of meaning in life could predispose to suicidal tendencies. This meaning in life which looses its depth during depression, and the reasons for living which thereafter stand opposing the depressed from committing suicide have been found to hold equal importance with respect to both the genders. Thus the different dimensions of reasons for living could be thought of bearing equal importance to both the genders, in the form of adaptive cognitive beliefs for not committing suicide or related to suicidal ideations and intentions. However, there may be individual differences in the propensity to look for meaning in life and for reasons for living. This result is in agreement with the literature. Malone et al., (2000) found that depressed patients who had not attempted suicide had reasons for living as protective factors against suicidal ideation. Table 2 suggests that the clinical and normal group differs signiﬁcantly with respect to presence of meaning in life and fear of suicide of reasons for living. It reﬂects that there are differences in the routes to meaning in life; however, theorists uniformly regard meaning as crucial. Meaningful living has been directly equated with authentic living (Kenyon, 2000), as also the result of the present study points out that presence of meaning in life is more in case of normal group (Mean=28.46) as compared with that of the clinical group (M=22.7). Further, meaningful living has also been equated with eudaimonic theories of well-being, which focus on personal growth and psychological strengths beyond pleasant affect, meaning is important whether as a critical component (Ryff and Singer, 1998) or as a result of maximizing one’s potentials (Deci and Ryan, 2000; Maslow, 1971). This further explains the more presence of meaning in life in the normal group. Frankl (1963) argued that humans are characterized by a “will to meaning”, an innate drive to ﬁnd meaning and signiﬁcance in their lives, and that failure to achieve meaning results in psychological distress. Research has supported this proposed link between lack of meaning and psychological distress. Having less meaning in life has been associated with greater need for therapy (Battista and Almond, 1973), depression and anxiety (Debats et al., 1993) as well as other forms of distress. When meaning in life is not attained, a sense of meaningless is evident and an existential vacuum with associated feelings of boredom, apathy and emptiness is experienced (Frankl, 1969). “Existential neurosis may arise whereby the vacuum is ﬁlled with symptoms such as depression”, (Frankl, 1963) – corroborating the ﬁnding of the present study. On the other hand, a higher presence of meaning in life (M=28.46) as is evident in the normal group implies subjective experience that life is meaningful (affective component) (Antonovsky, 1996; Reker et al., 1987; Shapiro, 1988; Shek, 1991). Similar ﬁndings have been showed in a study where there is an association between positive well-being and meaning in life (Scannell et al., 2002; Zika and Chamberlain, 1992). It is encouraging to ﬁnd that people can generate a large and diverse number of reasons for staying alive when considering suicide. Among the various reasons for living, fear of suicide – signiﬁcantly differed between the clinical and normal group. The actual pain involved in suicidal act, along with fear of death, fear that method of killing oneself would fail acted as important considerations for many of them Existential Meaning in Depression 59

Table 3 Correlation between Depression & Dimensions of Meaning in Life and Reasons for Living in Clinical Group Variables Product Moment Correlation Coefﬁcient (r) Signiﬁcance Presence of Meaning in life -0.433* Signiﬁcant Search of Meaning in life 0.177 Not Signiﬁcant Survival & Coping Beliefs -0.542** Signiﬁcant Responsibility of Family -0.059 Not Signiﬁcant Child related concern 0.126 Not Signiﬁcant Fear of Suicide 0.368* Signiﬁcant Fear of Social Disapproval 0.280 Not Signiﬁcant Moral Objection 0.110 Not Signiﬁcant *Signiﬁcant at 0.05 level, **Signiﬁcant at 0.01 level who were contemplating suicide. This may lead to speciﬁc negative expectancies which the individual holds concerning what might come about as a result of suicide thus generating more fear of suicide in the clinical group (M=20.43) as compared to the normal group (M=15.63). For the normal group, their less fear of suicide could be attributed to various reasons for living – the positive factors having to do with continuing to live, the survival and coping beliefs, the responsibility to family and the child related concern. As a result they also reported less fear of suicide, and consequently less fear of social disapproval and moral objections when compared with the clinical group. Further, it is likely that as fear of suicide increases, fear of social disapproval and moral objections would consequently increase. This has been found in the present study as well. Literature has pointed out that individuals who endorse more moral concerns are likely to have more fear regarding suicide. Further, psychiatric patients who attach high importance to expectancies for social disapproval following suicidal behavior are also less likely to report communicating suicidal ideation to other people. A signiﬁcant relationship between depression and presence of meaning in life and fear of suicide of reasons for living is depicted in Table III. When something within an individual blocks them from engaging in those activities from which most people naturally derive meaning, or when something within them inhibits awareness of the meaningfulness of the activities in which they are already engaged, it leads to existential psychopathology. Consequently, a negative relationship between meaning in life and negative affect surfaces – a negative affect typical of depression. This crisis barely enable them to constitute presence of meaning, i.e., the subjective sense that one’s life is meaningful – a crucial ﬁnding of this study. Thus the current ﬁnding emphasizes the ability of presence of meaning in life to affect aspects of mental health. Findings of the present study is supported well by other studies, where this proposed link between lack of meaning and psychological distress has been established, i.e., having less meaning in life is associated with depression (Debats et al.1993), while the presence of meaning contribute to the foundation of overall client happiness (Mascaro and Rosen, 2005; Bhogle and Prakash, 1993; Debats, 1996). It has been suggested that the strong correlation between meaning and depression suggests current measures of meaning in life are not independent of depression (Dyck, 1987). That presence and search for meaning in life predicts suicidal ideation was shown in a study by Dogra et al. (2008). The detrimental inﬂuence of the feeling of total and ultimate meaninglessness, the experience of inner emptiness creates a void resulting in existential vacuum. With the dent in reasons for living the ties to survival and coping beliefs also weakens increasing the propensity towards suicidal behavior. In a study by Sil and Basu (2007) and Dogra et al. (2008), it was portrayed that hopelessness, reasons for living contribute signiﬁcantly towards suicidal ideation. This is further associated with fear of suicide because of the speciﬁc negative expectancies with the individual holds concerning what may come as a result of suicide—as found in the present study. This ﬁnding is in agreement with the literature (Linehan et al., 1983; Mehrotra 1998; Range and Penton, 1994; Synder et al., 1991; Connell and Meyer, 1992). 60 Thakur and Basu

Table 4 Multiple Regression Analyses Revealing Variables Contributing Signiﬁcantly to Depression in Clinical Group Criterion Variable Signiﬁcant Contributory Variables β R2 Adjusted R2 Depression (BDI) Survival and Coping Beliefs -0.673 0.293 0.268 Child Related Concern 0.367 0.411 0.367 Variance Explained: 36.7% Survival and coping beliefs and child related concern of reasons for living contributes to the development of depression is revealed from Table IV. The loss of existential meaning inhibits man to place the simple value on life. He tends to be come less optimistic and fails to strengthen his self-efﬁcacy. Gradually his survival and coping beliefs, a positive factor having to do with continuing to live starts loosing its signiﬁcance. He is no more motivated to live more by a positive value placed on life. Depressed people report lower levels of ongoing hope and weaker strength of the repertoire of reasons for staying alive. As they have difﬁculties in generating reasons for living and at the same time have less presence of meaning in life, their survival and coping beliefs tends to be low. Thus child-related concern which could also be viewed to have its own survival and coping beliefs tends to loose its signiﬁcance and the individual starts seeing it as an added responsibility, which furthers his depression. Delineating signiﬁcant relationship between depression with meaning in life and reasons for living implies that the study of existential meaning and its relationship with mental health is an area that could promote increased integration not only within psychology but also between psychology and other ﬁelds. Globalization has brought with it the quest for “more” in every aspect of life, entailing the increase in search for additional sources of meaning, as the existing one ﬂuctuates in signiﬁcance. Conclusion: The awareness of meaninglessness gives rise to an experience of inner emptiness – Existential vacuum, a widespread phenomenon of the 21st century. The importance of existential meaning acts as a barrier in the development of depression. The present study also pointed out similar ﬁndings with respect to our culture as well. It is a disorder of our age. We hope the current ﬁndings suggests to members of these disciplines that the construct of existential meaning, reasons for living is to a useful degree measurable and uniquely related to enhanced mental health and that it ought to be subjected to further empirical investigation. References: Antonovsky, A. (1996) The sense of coherence: An historical and future perspective. Israel Journal of Medical Science, 36, 725-733. Barlow, D.H., and Durand, V.M. (2002) Abnormal Psychology: An integrative Approach (3rd Ed.) Belmont, CA: Thompson / Wadsworth. Battista, J. and Almond, R. (1973) The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry, 36, 409-427. Beck, A.T., Ward, C.H., Menderson, M., Mock, J.E. and Erbaugh, J.K. (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571. Bhogle, S. and Prakash, I.J. (1993) Indicators of subjective well-being in a non-clinical adult sample. Psychological Studies, 38, 135-141. Bonner, R.L. and Rich, A.R. (1991) Predicting vulnerability to hopelessness: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 179(1), 29-32. Connell, D.K. and Meyer, R.G. (1992) The reasons for living inventory and a college population: adolescent suicidal behaviors, beliefs, and coping skills. Psychological Reports, 70(1), 107-112. Debats, D.L. (1996) Meaning in life: Clinical relevance and predictive power. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 503-516. Debats, D.L., van der Lubbe, P.M. and Wezeman, F.R.A. (1993) On the psychometric properties of the Life Regard Index (LRI): A measure of meaningful life. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 337-345. Dogra, A.K., Basu, S. and Das, S. (2008) The Roles of Personality, Stressful Life Events, Meaning in Life, Reasons for Living on Suicidal Ideation: A study in college students. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 15, 52-57. Dogra, A.K., Kar, S. and Basu, S. (2007) A Study of Potential Correlates of Reasons for Living in College Students. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 14, 129-134. Existential Meaning in Depression 61

Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. (2000) The “what” and “why” of goal pursuit: Human needs and the self-determination of behaviour. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268. Durkheim, E. (1951) Suicide. Glencoe: Free Press (Original Work Published, 1897). Dyck, M.J. (1987) Assessing logotherapeutic constructs: Conceptual and psychometric status of the purpose in life and seeking of Noetic Goals Tests. Clinical Psychology Review, 7, 439-447. Emmons, R.A. (1997) Motives and goals. In R. Hogan and J.A. Johnson (Eds.), Handbook of Personality Psychology (p. 485-512). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Frankl, V.E. (1963) Man’s search for meaning. Boston: Beacon Press. Frankl, V.E. (1969) Self-transcendence as a human phenomenon. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 6, 97-106. Kenyon, G.M. (2000) Philosophical foundations of existential meaning. In G.T. Reker and K. Chamberlain (Eds.), Exploring existential meaning: Optimizing human development across the life span (pp. 7-22). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Linehan, M.M., Goodstein, J.L., Nielson, S.L. and Chiles, J.A. (1983) Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The reasons for living inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 276-286. Maddi, S.R. (1967) The existential neurosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72, 311-325. Malone, K.M., Oquendo, M.A., Haas, G.L., Ellis, S.P., Li, S. and Mann, J. (2000) Protective factors against suicidal acts in Major Depression: Reasons for Living. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1084-1088. Mascaro, N. and Rosen, D.H. (2005) Existential meaning’s role in the enhancement of hope and prevention of depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality, 73(4), 1467-1494. Maslow, A.H. (1971) The further reaches of human nature, New York: Viking. Mehrotra, S. (1998) Correlates of suicidal ideations: Looking beyond depression and hopelessness. NIMHANS Journal, 16(3), 167-175. Range, L.M. and Penton, S.R. (1994) Hope, hopelessness, and suicidality in college students. Psychological Reports, 75 (1 Pt 2), 456-458. Reker, G.T., Peacock, E.J. and Wong, P.T.P. (1987) Meaning and purpose in life and wellbeing: A life span perspective. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 44-49. Ryff, C.D. and Singer, B. (1998) The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1-28. Scannell, E.D., Allen, F.C.L., and Burton, J. (2002) Meaning in life and positive and negative well-being. North American Journal of Psychology, 4(1), 93-112. Shapiro, S.B. (1988) Purpose and meaning: A two factor theory of existence. Psychological Reports, 63, 287-293. Shek, D.T. (1991) Meaning in life and psychological well-being: An empirical study using the Chinese version of the purpose in life questionnaire. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 153, 185-200. Sil, M. and Basu, S. (2007) A study of hope, hopelessness, reasons for living and suicidal ideation in college students. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34 (1), 76-82. Steger, M.F., Frazier, P., Kaler, M. and Oishi, S. (2006) The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93. Synder, C.R., Harris, C., Anderson, J.R., Holleran, S.A., Irving, L.M., Sigmon, S.T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C. and Harney, P. (1991) The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570-585. Thakur, K. and Basu, S. (2006) A study of reasons for living and suicidal ideations among college students. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33 (1), 40-46. Van Selm, M., and Dittmann-Kohli, F. (1998) Meaninglessness in the second half of life: The development of a construct. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47, 81-104. Zika, S. and Chamberlain, K. (1992) On the relation between meaning in life and psychological well being. British Journal of Psychology, 83, 133-145. 62 Thakur and Basu

Personality Pattern of Male and Female Schizophrenics on Human Figure Drawing Test Amrita Kanchan, Nawab A. Khan, Amool R. Singh, M. Jahan and K.S. Sengar Projective analytic theory is based on the assumption that deep and often unconscious feelings and motives may be assessed through various means of self expression (Machover, 1949). The drawing of a human ﬁgure was seen as an ideal vehicle for self expression. The present study was designed to use it as means of self expression and compare the pattern of responses of male and female schizophrenic patient. The sample comprised of 50 males and 50 females schizophrenic patients and 50 normal subjects. The mean, SD and t-test was computed to compare cognitive level between normal and schizophrenics: and male and female schizophrenic patients. The result revealed that schizophrenic group had signiﬁcant level of cognitive impairment in comparison to normal control but there was no signiﬁcant difference in level of cognitive impairment between male and female patients. The chi-square was also computed to compare the drawing patterns of male and female schizophrenic patients and the results indicated signiﬁcant difference in their personality patterns. Drawing has drawn the attention of psychologists because people are interested in Art from the very beginning of the civilization. Even at Stone Age people tried to make different types of pictures on the walls of caves to express their feelings. Even small children are found interested in drawing something, and make their interpretation. It seems to be a media of projection by children and adult with poor communication ability. Interpretation of human ﬁgure and drawing has signiﬁcant importance in psychoanalytic theory. It is the language and symbolic expression of unconscious mind (Cassell and Dubey, 2003). The person creates distance between self and anxiety provoking images, thereby temporarily reducing anxiety. An understanding of these projections can potentially reveal a persons inner predisposition and conﬂicts. Clients might even draw a ﬁgure that is opposite to their actual self if they have “decided” to portray an unrealistic ego ideal. Thus, the projection of the self should not be deﬁned in narrow terms. It might be subjects’ actual self, their ideal self, or their feared self. It might represent their perception of other people in their environment. Machover (1949) has given systematic interpretation, analysis and synthesis of drawings and emphasized the use of data for clinical evaluation of the patients and the normal subjects. From Machover (1949) to Urban (1963) and Handler (1985), human ﬁgure drawing has been interpreted on the basis of variation in characteristics such as: size, placement on the page, apparent rigidity of the drawn ﬁgure, drawing proportion, aesthetic appearance , line quality, gender issues, clothing and omission, to mention only a few of the traditionally interpretable drawing component. The drawing patterns such as omission, bizarre drawing additions, grossly exaggerated size; front view proﬁle confusion and tiny empty have also been used as indicators of schizophrenia drawing (Machover et al., 1949). Mitchell et al. (1993) carried the process ahead by using the human ﬁgures to assess the cognitive level of the patients. The cognitive and personality pattern of patient were assessed on the basis of 74 drawing feature. Their study revealed that greater number of schizophrenics had drawn ﬁgure of inappropriate size, their ﬁgures were not centrally aligned, it lacked spontaneity, aesthetic appearance, and their ﬁgures were not age appropriate and had many omissions in comparison to subjects of other diagnostic group. These drawing patterns efﬁciently predict the personality pattern such as small ﬁgure (Mc Elhaney, 1969; Urban, 1963) often drawn by schizophrenics represent inferiority and inadequacy. Likewise, different researchers have from time to time compared ﬁgures drawn by people with different personality and also studied the signiﬁcance of different quality of ﬁgures drawn by different people such as bizarre drawing represent psychosis (Machover, 1949) and childlike ﬁgure represent regressed emotional states (Machover, 1949). Omission of parts of ﬁgure has special signiﬁcance in human ﬁgure drawing test. McLachlan (1974) found ﬁgures in which head was omitted indicate organicity whereas omission of hairs indicate organicity and sexual concern (Buck, 1950). Various studied have been used to compare subjects of different diagnostic group. The present study is an attempt to compare the Human Figure drawings of Schizophrenics male ad Female patients. Amrita Kanchan, Ph.D Scholar (RINPAS); Nawab Akhtar Khan, Clinical Psychologist (District Mental Health Program), Gumla, Jharkhand; Amool R. Singh; Prof & Head (RINPAS); M. Jahan, Associate Professor (RINPAS), K.S. Sengar, Assistant professor; Dept of Clinical Psychology, (RINPAS) Ranchi-834006 (India) . Keywords: Human Figure Drawing Test; Personality & Cognitive assessment

Objective: The present study was conducted to compare the cognitive and personality patterns of male and female patients with schizophrenia on Human Figure Drawing Test. Methodology: Sample: Based on the purposive sampling technique, 50 normal subjects in the age range of 30-50 years, having no history of severe physical illness in the near past, no visual or hearing impairment, were chosen for the study from local areas of Kanke. Another 50 male and 50 female patients, diagnosed as schizophrenia (ICD- 10 criteria), falling in the age range of 30-50 years were also selected from different wards of RINPAS, Kanke Ranchi. Patients with score of 3 and above on BPRS or having any history of co-morbid psychiatric disorder were excluded from the study. Tools:

• Socio-Demographic and Clinical Data Sheet.

• General Health Questionnaire-12 (Goldberg and Williams, 1988): The test consists of 12 questions. It was used to identify and exclude the individuals for normal control group.

• Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS, Overall & Gorham, 1962) BPRS is a well established and appropriate scale for assessing patients with major psychiatric disorder. It is an 18 item scale measuring p o s i t i v e symptoms, general psychopathology and affective symptoms. Each item is rated on a 7 point rating scale and accordingly severity of psychopathology is ascertained. Rating till 3 indicates non pathological intensity of symptoms.

• Human Figure Drawing Test (Mitchell, Trent and Mc Aurthur, 1993): This test is based on traditional projective drawing technique designed to support both quantitative and qualitative clinical interpretation of human ﬁgure drawings. The individual to be tested is asked to draw two human ﬁgures, one of each gender, the drawing are then evaluated to generate clinical interpretation. The cognitive and personality pattern of patient were assessed on the basis of 74 drawing feature mainly classiﬁed under few broad headings such as size, placement (left, right placement), proportion, aesthetic appearance, line quality, gender, sexual features, waist and omission. Procedure: Initially, the prospective subjects were interviewed and chosen as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. The normal controls were screened on the basis of General Health Questionnaire-12 and schizophrenic males and females were screened on the basis of Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. The Human Figure Drawing Test was administered following standardized procedure. Results: The Mean and SD of impairment score of normal controls and patients with schizophrenia was compared. The Mean score of normal control patients was 56 and its corresponding SD was 3.61. The Mean score of schizophrenic group was 66 and its corresponding SD was 8.80. Further, t-score of 8.25** (** p<0.01) suggests signiﬁcant difference between normal and schizophrenic group in the level of cognitive impairment. The results reveal that schizophrenic patients had moderate to severe level of cognitive impairment in comparison to normal control group who had no cognitive impairment. Table 1 compares the Mean and SD of impairment score of male and female patients with schizophrenia. The results reveal that both male and female patients with schizophrenia suffer from moderate to severe level of cognitive impairment. However no difference in the level of cognitive impairment was found in male and female schizophrenic patients. Common Table 1 Comparison of Cognitive Impairment of Male and Female Patients with Schizophrenia Mean SD t-score Male schizophrenics 9.86 1.69 (NS) Female schizophrenics 7.71 64 Kanchan et al

Table 2 Cognitive Impairment among Patients with Schizophrenia Cognitive Impairment Indicators (Drawing Pattern) Speciﬁc Psychological Symptom Associated With The Drawing Pattern Schizophrenic Normal Dontrol group Small Size (less than 5 inches) Negative self concept 65% 20% Top Placement Fantasy 47% 25% Left Placement 40% 4% Thin Arms Developmental Impairment/ Regression 50% 2% Thin Legs 50% Genderless 55% 2% Developmentally Indistinguishable 60% 4% Pupil Omitted 50% 2% Mouth Omitted 40% Petal like ﬁngers 13% Internal organ shown 10% Childlike 31% Chicken feet 15% 2% Neck omitted Developmental Impairment/ Regression 42% 6% Shoulder omitted 42% 4% Trunk omitted 18% 6% Arms omitted 23% 10% Hands omitted 44% 18% Eyes omitted 28% Nose omitted 28% Hairs omitted Sexual disturbances 50% Waist Not Indicated 37% 10% Spiked Fingre Aggression 47% 6% Stick Figure Alienation 13% 2% Blank (Void of features) 15% indicators of cognitive impairment among patients with schizophrenia can be deciphered through table 2. Table 3 compares the males and females patients with schizophrenia in terms of their drawing patterns, the response was obtained in terms of frequency and ﬁnally chi-square was computed to compare the difference between male and female patients in terms of drawing pattern, which in turn depict the personality patterns of these patients. The table depicts that signiﬁcant difference was found between males and females patients with schizophrenia in following drawing patterns. Personality Pattern of Schizophrenics 65

Table 3 Comparison of Personality Proﬁle of Male and Female Patients with Schizophrenia DRAWING PATTERN MALE SCHIZOPHRENICS FEMALE SCHIZOPHRENICS CHI-SQUARE Shoulder Omitted 24% 74% 10.05* Hand Omitted 28% 64% 7.86* Finger Omitted 16% 58% 12.08* Feet Omitted 26% 52% 4.22* Bizarre Drawing 24% 64% 9.08* Tremulous Figure 60% 20% 10.00* Waist Not Indicated 40% 10% 9.00* Naked Without Genitalia 64% 36% 3.92* Genitalia Shown 10% 50% 13.32* Discussion: The schizophrenic patients had shown signiﬁcant cognitive impairment as compared to normal control group. Both male and female patients had moderate to severe level of cognitive impairment but the difference was not found signiﬁcant in their level of cognitive impairment. Certain drawing patterns were found to be common in both male and female schizophrenic patients, which also indicate their cognitive impairment. These drawing patterns varied greatly from the drawings of normal people. Schizophrenic patients had drawn ﬁgures with top and left placement on the sheet which indicates seeking satisfaction in fantasy, aloofness, inaccessibility and high aspirations with low energy level. Both schizophrenic males and females had drawn ﬁgures which were small in size. This is consistent with the ﬁndings of Machover and Liebert (1960). Small size ﬁgure are indicative of withdrawal tendencies, regression and “shrunken ego” states. The drawings had thin arms and thin legs which indicates feelings of futility and lack of achievement. The ﬁgures were mostly genderless, childlike and developmentally indistinguishable which suggest withdrawn and regressed emotional states. The ﬁgures were also characterized by the omission of neck, shoulders, trunk, arms, hands, pupil and mouth. These results are also consistent with the ﬁndings of Kumar et al. (2004) and Machover and Liebert (1960). Omission of these body parts indicates presence of immaturity, egocentricity and regression in these patients. The ﬁgures also had omission or disheveled hairs and waist, which indicate sexual inadequacy and presence of regression. Drawings with spiked ﬁngers may indicate aggression in schizophrenics. Scholten et al. (2006) is in agreement that schizophrenics had greater aggression in comparison to other diagnostic groups. The ﬁndings suggest that schizophrenics, in precise, suffer from feelings of futility, aloofness, low energy level and shrunken ego state, combined with immaturity, egocentricity, regression and sexual inadequacy. The possible reasons behind such cognitive impairment in schizophrenics could be slow mental processing, impairment of judgment, poor self care, poor encoding and retrieval process. Because of the presence of delusion and hallucinations, these patients are mostly institutionalized (Harvey et al., 1998), this affects the patient's perception about self and leads to self stigma. Patient may consider them only as garbage of the society and feel incompetent which may also leads to lack of interaction, lack of motivation, reduced energy and lack of job involvement, all together causing cognitive impairment and negative self concept (Harvey et al., 1997,Velligan et al., 1997). Also, due to poor information processing, low interaction with external environment and poor motivation they are detached from the society. This consequently pushes them to live in their own world and ﬁnally lead them to developmental impairment and regression causing global social-deﬁcits (Harvey et. al., 1999). Due to long standing course of illness, the schizophrenic patients often have disruption of marital life and family functioning, leading to develop sexual conﬂicts and aggression (Davidson et. al. 1995). Although there were certain common personality patterns and cognitive indicators in both male and female patients but signiﬁcant difference was also found in them. The personality patterns can be summarized as follows: The ﬁgures drawn by Males were tremulous in nature 66 Kanchan et al

which indicates schizoid traits and alcoholism. They had also drawn ﬁgures without waist or was marginally indicated which is suggestive of lack of division between physical strength/nurturance vs. sexual prowess/sexual reproduction. Figures drawn by males were mostly naked without sex organs indicate narcissism and inattention to details may be associated with denial/sexual conﬂict. The ﬁndings are consistent with results of Machover and Liebert (1960). The alcoholism among male schizophrenic is more evident than female schizophrenics. The results are consistent with the ﬁndings of Atalay and Atalay (2006) and Hafner (2003). Alcoholism among males can also be attributed to the cultural background of Jharkhand (India), the area of the majority of the patients, where country liquor is culturally accepted and promoted. The long term hospitalization and antipsychotic drugs have deprives the basic sexual desires of the male patients. Although female patients have also suffer from long term hospitalization and antipsychotic drugs, but they have shown less sexual preoccupation. Machover and Liebert (1960) also supported the ﬁnding that female schizophrenics had less sexual preoccupation, in comparison to male patients. This can also be attributed to the cultural factors of India where males are more expressive about their sexual issues in comparison to females. Most of the females had drawn the ﬁgures with omitted shoulder, indicating feeling of inferiority and regression. Females had also drawn ﬁgures with omission of hand and ﬁngers, which indicates lack of conﬁdence, feeling of inadequacy, helplessness and regression. The results are in agreement with Machover and Liebert (1960). Breeke et al. (2001) and Gureje et al. (2004) have also found that schizophrenic patients have low self esteem leading them to compromised quality of life and poor social functioning, however these studies have not mentioned any difference in self esteem of schizophrenic males and females. Figures drawn by females also had omission of feet’s which indicate feeling of constriction and regression, this is however inconsistent with the ﬁndings of Machover and Liebert (1960) who found that schizophrenic females emphasize feet in comparison to schizophrenic males. Bizarre ﬁgures drawn by them indicate severe thought disorder and organicity. In comparison to males, females had drawn ﬁgures in which genitalia was shown or strongly indicated which suggest impulsivity and erotic desires. Versola-Russo (2006) has also found that schizophrenics had greater impulsivity than patients with other diagnostic group. The female patients had shown lack of conﬁdence, interpersonal inadequacy and helplessness. The females in general value love, communication, beauty and relationships. Their sense of self is deﬁned through their feelings and the quality of their relationships. They spend much time supporting, nurturing and helping each other and therefore have greater social conformity (Hafner, 2003). However, the female schizophrenics are brought to Mental Hospital, Kanke, when they become unmanageable and many of such female patients are dumped in the wards than male patients. The guardians of female patients are reluctant to take them back home. Due to this, they are devoid of their basic characteristics of nurturing their children and family and consequently develop sense of insecurity and helplessness. Conclusion: Signiﬁcant difference was found in certain personality patterns of males and females such as males had more of schizoid traits, alcoholism, concern over sexual control and narcissism whereas females had greater impulsivity, feeling of inferiority, lack of conﬁdence, feeling of inadequacy, interpersonal inadequacy, helplessness, feeling of constriction, impulsivity and artistic sophistication. No signiﬁcant difference was found in the level of cognitive impairment of male and female schizophrenic patients. References: Atalay, F. and Atalay, H. (2006) Gender differences in patients with schizophrenia in terms of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics; German Journal of Psychiatry ;1. 4. Bailey, W.J., Shinedling, M.M., and Payne, I.R. (1970) Obese individual’s perception of body image; Perceptual and Motor skills; 31, 617-618. Brekke, J.S., Kohrt, B. and Green, M.F. (2001) Neuropsychological functioning as a moderator of the relationship between psychosocial functioning and the subjective experience of self and life in schizophrenia; Schizophrenia Bulletin 27, (4): 697- 708. Buck, J.N. (1966) The House Tree Person Technique: Revised Manual; Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Davidson, M. Harvey, P.D., and Powchik, P. (1995) Severity of symptoms in geriatric chronic schizophrenic inpatients; Am. J. Psychiatry; 152, 197-207. Goldberg, D. and Williams, P. (1988) Manual of the General Health Questionnaire; winder; NFER-Nelson. Personality Pattern of Schizophrenics 67

Gureje, O., Harvey, C. and Herrman, H. (2004) Selfesteem in patients who have recovered from psychosis: Proﬁle and relationship to quality of life; Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry; 38, 334-338. Hafner, H.

(2003) Gender differences in schizophrenia; Psychoneuroendocrinology. vol 28 pp. 17-54. Handler, L. (1985) The Clinical Use of the Draw –A-Person Test (DAP); In C.S.Newmark (ED.); Major psychological assessment instruments (pp. 165-216). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Harvey, P.D., Howanitz, E., Parrella, M., White, L., Hoblyn, J., Mohs, R.C. and Davis, K.L., (1998) Cognitive adaptive and clinical symptoms in geriatric patients with lifelong schizophrenia: A comparative study across treatment sites; Am. J. Psychiatry; 155, 1080–1086. Harvey, P.D., Sukhodolsky, D., Parrella, M., White, L. and Davidson, M. (1997) The association between adaptive and cognitive deﬁcits in geriatric chronic schizophrenic patients; Schizophrenia Research; 27, 211–218. Kahn, T.C. and Gifﬁn, M.B. (1960) Psychological Techniques in Diagnosis & Evaluation; Permagon press; New York. Kumar, S., Sharma, V.D, Mohanty, S. & Kumar, R. (2004) A comparison of human ﬁgure drawing among schizophrenics, manics and control groups; SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health; 11 : 47-51. Lilienﬁeld, S.O., Wood, J. M. and Grab H.N. (2001) What’s wrong with this picture; Scientiﬁc American; 285 (5), 80-87. Machover, K. and Liebert, R. (1960) Human ﬁgure drawing of schizophrenic and normal adult: change following administration of lysergic acid; A.M.A. Archive General Psychiatry; 3; 139-152. Machover, K. (1949) Personality Projection in the Drawing of the Human Figure: A Method of Personality Investigation. Springfield, IL: Thomas. McElhaney, M. (1969) Clinical Psychological Assessment of the Human Figure Drawing. Springﬁeld, IL: Thomas. McLachlan, J.F.C and Head, V.B. (1974). An impairment rating scale for human ﬁgure drawing; Jr. of clinical Psychology; 30, 405-407. Mitchell, J.; Trent, R. and McArthur, R. (1993); Human Figure Drawing Test; Western Psychological Services; California. Overall, J.E. & Gorham, D.R. (1962) The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; Psychological rehabilitation; 10, 799-812. Rosenthal, M.J., and Beutall, N.J. (1981) Movement and body image: A preliminary study; Perceptual and Motor Skills; 53, 758. Scholten, M.R.M., (2006) Project: Schizophrenia and sex differences in emotional processing; www.onderzoekinformatie.nl site. Urban, W.H. (1963) The Draw A Person Catalogue For Interpretative Analysis. Los Angeles: Western Psychological services. Van Dyne, W.T. and Carsleadon, T.G. (1978) Relationship among three components of self concept and same-sex and opposite sex human ﬁgure drawings; Journal of Clinical Psychology; 34, 537-538. Velligan, D.I., Mahurin, R.K., Diamond, P.L., Hazleton, B.C., Eckert, S.L. and Miller, A.L., (1997) The functional signiﬁcance of symptomotology and cognitive function in schizophrenia; Schizophrenia Research; 25, 21–31. Versola-Russo, J.M. (2006) Cultural and demographic factors of schizophrenia; Interna. Jr.Psychosocial Rehabilitation; 10 (2), 89-103. William, H. and Frank, S. (1980) Handedness as a determinant of left-right placement in human ﬁgure drawings; Journal of personality assessment; 44, 5. 68 Kanchan et al

SIS Imagery in Depression with Somatization – Therapeutic Intervention: A Case Study Ranjeet Kumar and Deapti Mishra This case study involves a 28 year Engineering graduate woman severely depressed with multiple somatic symptoms. It is evident that many of her SIS responses reﬂected the severe extent of her depression. SIS responses also projected her poor relationship with her mother-in-law. The therapeutic intervention had begun to restore her self image as being a competent mother to care for her child. The rich and graphic SIS symbols are discussed in the case study. Their symbolic imagery revealed in a disguised form her family stressors and her “inner cry”. Even though she was an adult, her mother in law’s criticisms greatly undermined her sense of conﬁdence. It is understandable that her extreme vulnerability led her to somatize her feelings and imagine “fainting”. Yet her initial response to early psychotherapy had begun to restore her self image as being a competent mother to care for her child. The rich and graphic SIS symbols now need to be effectively translated into the language of psychotherapy making up for the paucity of words to describe emotions. This case illustration involves a 28 year Engineering graduate severely depressed woman with multiple somatic symptoms. These included a sensation of heaviness in her head, various discomforts throughout her body and a year’s duration of “falling unconscious”. Psychosocial history revealed a number of signiﬁcant stressors. The onset of her complaints occurred after her marriage two years previously when she moved into her in-laws home. She complained that her mother in law was too controlling: “No body can do anything without her permission”. She used to shout at me for small things; she says that I am nothing except my education. She is very dominating and expects that every body do, the way she wants”. Gradually she started avoiding her abusive mother in law, yet she could not avoid her completely. After episodes of verbal abuse, she began to subsequently imagine persistently hearing her critical voice and persistently feeling anxious retreating to her room. Gradually she developed more problems. She began experiencing fainting spells and claimed that she was “unconscious for long periods”. Things even got worse after she gave birth to a child, when her mother in law took over total care of her infant. After the ﬁrst year she was allowed to assume some responsibility for the child. Yet her conﬁdence for providing adequate care was very low, consequently her anxiety increased, as did her fainting. The SIS-II Booklet was administered to uncover psychopathology and as a basis for developing a language for more effective psychotherapy. The signiﬁcant responses are analyzed and discussed ahead: A 1: Looks like an elderly man without head. This response is a symbolic projection of her weakness and lack of social power in dealing with her mother in law’s domination.) A 2: 1.Puppy pushing a piggy.(Here the “puppy” symbolizes herself attempting to overcome and push out of the way her mother in law, in order to assume care of her own child.)

2.Two person making whirlpool. (This symbolizes her struggle not to be pulled down in a fainting spell by her socially stronger mother in-law.) A 3: Looks like a shroud magician trying to do some magic. This may indicate that some one is trying to dominate her. A 4: Human body parts: Normal response

1. Lord Ganesha (This image of a God like elephant headed God having a large trunk and big mouth depicts in symbolic form her domineering verbally abusive mother in law.)

2. Little birdie saying bye.(A symbolic portrayal of her losing attachment with her child.) A 5: A bat ﬂying---Vulture ﬂying---.Heart carried by both of them.(This portrays the vulnerability that she feels. She has a feeling of love for her child in her own heart but senses his distancing). Ranjeet Kumar, Ph.D.,M.M & S.P., Asst. Prof. Clinical Psychology, Gwalior Mental Hospital, Gwalior (India), Cell: 91-9406586814 , Email: ran_psy@yahoo.com, Deapti Mishra, Ph. D., Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology, P.G. Institute of Behavioural and Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. Key Words: Depression, Projection, Therapeutic Intervention

A 6: A sweet teddy bear (This reﬂects her positive feelings forward her child that she is so desperately trying to care for).

Ball hitting a wicket: Indicate aggressive contents. A 7: 1.Lady dancing. It is normal response indicating wishful thinking to lead happy life?

2. Two snakes grabbing food: may indicate erotic conﬂict and aggression.

3. Man throwing a big stone.(This suggests her own feeling of being a victim. Quite possibly her husband supported his mother in her criticisms.) A 8: Something hanging in space is leading to darkness.(Here the “darkness” symbolizes her depression..) A 9: 1.Two persons going apart. (This depicts her feeling of separation, perhaps from her husband.)

2. One picture looking like a dragon. (This is a symbolic representation of her relationship with her dominating mother in law.) A 10: 1. A picture of a lady with burnished eye and crying. (This is a direct projection of her “inner cry”. This symbolism provides an important interview lead for her psychotherapist in assisting her to express dysphoria and grief.)

2. Two frogs jumping (Normal response). A 11: 1. A crow hanging downwards.(Like in 8a this indicates her sense of isolation and depression.)

2. Liver (As part of her withdrawal from her stressful social environment, she has focused on her own body as a psychological object. Minor body sensations are now experienced as conversion pain and weakness.)

3. Flying dragon. (This represents a symbol of her mother in law.) A 12: 1. A human ear (Normal response).

2. Small baby (Her longing for her child is reﬂected in this response.)

3. Jesus Christ. (Her extreme sense of suffering and betrayal may be causing her to identify with religious symbolism of being abandoned and cruciﬁed. Alternatively this can reﬂect her reaching out to God for help.) A 13: 1. A hand being surrounded by small insects. (This symbolizes the ever present stinging criticisms that she is bombarded with daily..)

2. Human brain. No doubt her social stresses are ﬂooding her mind, making her more conscious of her thinking. This plus her headaches are determining this anatomical response.) A 14: 1. A human spinal cord attached to stomach (Normal response).

2. Water spilled in a pit out of a pipe.(this depicts her perception that everything has gone out of her control.) A 15: A baby hanging and being engulfed in darkness. ((Her stress has caused her to mentally regress, feel helpless and at times faint. She is engulfed in a psychological sea of dark depressive emotions. Not only does she need psychotrophic medication, she requires psychotherapy, both individual and family involvement is indicated.) A 16: 1.Two birds playing.(In spite of her hopelessness, she still clings to the notion that everything will work our in the future in her marriage.)

2. Plant growing.(She has beneﬁted from her initial psychotherapy and sense personal growth occurring.) A 17: 1. human ribs and human lungs (Normal response).

2. Two seahorse eating food (Normal response). A 18: A wolf being surrounded by two big dragons. (This response symbolizes her family situation involving the mother in law and one other controlling person. The family psychotherapist needs to ascertain the identity of the other “dragon”.Perhaps her critics have depicted her a wicked wolf eating their resources.) A 19: My head is aching while watching this picture. (While the symbolism described above has served to defend her from facing directly her family stressors, eventually the release of the stressful underlying imagery triggered one of her main somatic symptoms.) A 20: Human kidney and urinary bladder (Normal response). 70 Kumar and Mishra

A 21: A starﬁsh--Small baby and other baby crawling. (Caring for her child is on her mind.) A 22: 1. A monster with heads joined and a horn coming out of it with claws. (This again symbolizes her threatening family situation.)

2. Two baby elephants.(Again the heightened awareness of “Baby” imagery.) A 23: 1. Alligator. (A threatening image depicting those her fear of being harmed and being attacked.)

2. Small birdies sitting one over the other on a pot being balanced on a stick. (her interest in her child causes her in this response to see “small birdies”.) A 24: 1. A set of babies being hold by someone. (Baby imagery continues to ﬂood projective awareness.)

2. A monster with ﬁre in his hand towards left. (Another response like in A 22.)

3. A big lizard (Like A23) A 25: 1. Like a candles ﬂame. This might indicate her repressed conﬂict in erotic area.

2. An owl looking scary. This indicate her feeling of insecurity and suspicion.

3. Lizards. Erotic connotation is projected through this response. The Therapist should explore this area during therapy. A 26: 1. A baby (Normal response).

2. An elephant resting (Normal response). A 27: 1. A cave. This might indicate her conﬂict in erotic area.

2. Volcano bursting (She feels like bursting from the tremendous ﬂood her “inner cry” attempting to surface.)

3. A cat holding something long like snake in to mouth (Disguised sexual feelings.) A 28: 1. A muscular human hands (Normal response).

2. A wolf standing behind a tree. This again symbolizes her threatening family situation.) A 29: 1. A deep groove beside a ﬂat hilltop.

2. A crow in search of food. This indicate her insecurity. A 30: A human skull (Normal response). A 31: 1. A man and a women (Normal response).

2. A boy with a cap running. B 1: 1. A cloud of gas looking like an octopus.

2. A man falling with high speed. B 2: a monster running after snatching a kid. (A direct portrayal of her mother in law’s taking her child.) B 3: 1. Two person watching horror movie in cinema hall.

2. A girl working on computer. (Normal response). B 4: 1. Statue of a man (Normal response).

2. A dead female (bhootne) with bloody eye and mouth and no nose. (On the basis of this death symbolism, it is important for those clinicians providing care to check for unreported suicidal ideation.) B 5: A man and a women sitting on chaires in a tent with some hanging lamps. B 6: Human legs (Normal response). B 7: 1.A leaf being eaten by small insects. Indicates her helplessness.

2. A ﬂower garland (Normal response). B 9: Human kidney turned upside down with bladder upwards (Normal response). B 10: A kid hiding from a dragon between two big wild leaves . B 11: 1. Two men with big nose and wounded forehead. (This depicts in symbolic form conﬂict at home, possibly between male ﬁgures over the child’s care. The wound may again relate to her headache,now activated by the stress of the test procedure.)

2. A hat (Normal response). B 12: 1. A cruel magician with a big nose ring.

2. Dragon holding a kid’s head. (By now the reader can interpret this symbolic material consistent with the above formulation.) B 13: 1. A giant robot. This may indicate authoritarian ﬁgure with aggressive contents.

2. Hawan kund (This may depict her own feeling of being burned or sacriﬁced by the family.)

3. Lord Ganesha. This may indicate her spiritual strength while feeling helpless. SIS Imagery in Depression with Somatization 71

B 14: 1. A pot trying to fetch water (Normal response)

2. Beetle leaf (Normal response). B 15: 1. Fire crackers. This may indicate her aggression and hostility.

2. Many grasshoppers and spade like knives attacking someone and the person trying to protect himself with his rod. (At this point in the protocol, hopefully the reader is learning to interpret the reoccurring symbols depicting her stressors.) B 16: 1. A top (Normal response)

2. Small birdies sitting on a top (Normal response) B 17: A burning heart and ﬂames coming out of its. (The symbol of a “burning heart” may be translated by her psychotherapist during therapy to more effectively release her “inner cry”, than traditional language for suffering.) B 18: A big anaconda like snake in sea trying to pass through a groove. This may indicate her insecurity. B 19: 1. A bug (Normal response)

2. Sun being broken in pieces. This indicate her depressive contents.

3. Insects trying to enter moon. The insect may connote her mother in-laws who is intruding in her life. B 20: Human brains small insects eating it. (Here the “insects” symbolize her threatening thoughts and upsetting emotions impinging upon her consciousness.) B 21: A leaf (Normal response) B 22: 1. A man sleeping and lost in his dreams. This may indicate her wishful thinking to have good time.

2. A man drowning in water but protected by a shield, (While prior to initiating treatment, she had a depressive sense of hopelessness. However, she now feels hope for the future, now protected by the “shield” of her psychotherapist.) B 23: A big spider falling from the wall with a broken stick in its two legs. (Another threatening symbol She senses a feeling of having a mental “breakdown”.) B 24: 1. Aladin lamps in water. This may indicate her wishful thinking that some spiritual power may help her in improving her present condition.

2. A saint standing on a ﬂying carpet. This indicate her feeling to ﬂee from the present environment. B 25: 1. Future being seen in magic bowel (Feeling of insecurity and depressive contents).

2. Fire burning in a cave. This might indicate her repressed conﬂict in erotic area. B 26: Leopard and a ghost. This may indicate her insecurity and fear of being tortured by her mother in-laws. B 27: A newly born child and another Fetus. ( Normal response). B 28: An old lady thinking and look scary.(here the symbolism again refers to her dominating mother in law.) B 29: A man running towards light. (In spite of all her stressors, at a deeper level of awareness now that she has initiated treatment, she has hope – symbolized by moving toward “light”. B 30: 1. Right and left ear closed in a glass bowl (Normal response).

2. A man coming out of right ear. (While she has no overt psychotic clinical features, this response has a bizarre quality.) B 31: A happy family ma, pa, two kids.( This response, like B 29 again points to a positive prognosis.) Conclusion: It is evident that many of her SIS projective responses reﬂected the severe extent of her depression. Their symbolic imagery revealed in a disguised form her family stressors and her “inner cry”. Even though she was an adult, her mother in law’s criticisms greatly undermined her sense of conﬁdence. It is understandable that her extreme vulnerability led her to somatize her feelings and imagine “fainting”. Yet her initial response to early psychotherapy had begun to restore her self image as being a competent mother to care for her child. The rich and graphic SIS symbols now need to be effectively translated into the language of psychotherapy making up for the paucity of words to describe emotions. 72 Kumar and Mishra

Dissociative Convulsion Disorder: A Case Study Deepak K. Mishra; Masroor Jahan and Amool R. Singh The Somatic Inkblot Series was administered to a 12 years old girl, studying in 7th grade with complaints of nervousness, headache, low mood, stiffness in upper limbs and body, ﬁts of occasional unconsciousness. She was diagnosed as a case of “ Dissociative Convulsion Disorder” as per ICD-10. The SIS responses projected her poor interpersonal relationship, pent-up aggression, physical abuse and disturbed family functioning. The SIS imagery projected traumatic feelings which formed the basis for effective therapeutic intervention. The patient was a twelve years old girl, studying in seventh grade, with no past history of physical or mental problems. All of her birth and developmental milestones were normal, with no past history of any behavioral problems. She had been a good, sincere student, praised by her teachers. She always secured fourth or ﬁfth position in her class. Yet her parents were never satisﬁed with her achievements and compelling her to get ﬁrst position. Despite of very hard scholastic work, she was never able to achieve her parents’ academic goals. Consequently they were unduly critical of her and scolded her harshly on minor faults. Sometimes she was even beaten up and abused physically. None of the parents supported her on any issue except her younger brother, who used to solace her in times of distress. Her symptoms started six months earlier when she took admission in class seventh. As reported by her parents, she had frequent stiffness in upper limbs and body, headache and ﬁts of occasional unconsciousness. During examination she becomes very anxious, and often used to cry. At times, her anxiety would get so severe that she would continually complain about headaches. Eventually at school, she was not able to move her ﬁngers so she could not properly write answers to examination questions. There was no history of neuro-psychiatric illness. Before coming to Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences (RINPAS), her parents had taken her for consultation to a neurologist. No neurological problem was detected, so she was referred for psychiatric evaluation and treatment. On psychological assessment it was observed that when she failed to solve the problem, she became anxious and her body became stiff in response. After sometime, if she was able to solve the problem or someone helped her in solving it, the muscular rigidity would disappear as she became relaxed. When this conversion reaction was explored with her in psychotherapy, she expressed severe concern about the punitive reaction of her parents regarding of her grade. She dreaded their response when she would not be able to secure ﬁrst position. In addition during therapy, she indicated the ongoing marital conﬂict between the parents was also highly stressful. She reported that her father frequently was both verbally and physically abusive to her mother. After stormy session they would stop talking to each other and would not pay any attention to the children. When relating this information she appeared to become anxious and depressed. On two occasions, when her parents were in extreme conﬂict, she developed ﬁts of unconsciousness for 5-10 minutes. As consistent with the negative neurological ﬁndings, during her attack of “unconsciousness” there were no auras, froth, tongue biting, serious bruising and incontinence of urine were observed. Current Symptoms: Her presenting symptoms at initial psychological evaluation included nervousness, headache, low mood, stiffness in body and limbs, and occasional “unconsciousness”. She had low self image and low self conﬁdence. She was diagnosed as having Dissociative Convulsion Disorder as per ICD-10. Her attacks were of pseudo seizures. On EEG no abnormality was found in cerebral activity. As part of the psychological assessment, she was administered the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, which revealed average level of intelligence. The Somatic Inkblot Series-II (SIS) was administered. The diagnostic/treatment applications of this projective interview aide are the subject of this case history presentation. The treatment plan involved improving coping strategies, stress management, family intervention and supportive psychotherapy. This was supplemented by introducing SIS symbolism as a guide in assisting her to express her previously unexpressed inner cry. This Deepak K. Mishra, Ph. D. Scholar; Masroor Jahan, Associate Professor; Amool R. Singh, Prof. & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Ranchi Institute of Neuro Psychiatry and Allied Sciences, Kanke, Ranchi-834006 (India) Key words: Dissociative convulsion disorder, pseudo-seizure, SIS-II proﬁle.

combination appeared to have marked therapeutic effects. The family members reported considerable improvement in the present complaints. Therapy is still continuing once a week. The signiﬁcant SIS responses are interpreted below: SIS Responses: The three Least Liked images in order: B 31: “Unhappy family” indicates poor interpersonal relationship among the family, particularly between her father and mother who keeps on quarrelling and ﬁghting. She had tried several times to pacify the matter by intervening along with her brother and took both the parents away from each other. A 31: “Mother scolding her daughter for bad results in exams” this recapitulates a scene in which she was very badly scolded and beaten by her mother for not being able to secure ﬁrst position in the class. This further brings out her inner cry which needs to be processed by her psychotherapist. A13: “A hand in ﬂames, helpless” depicts her inner feelings of helplessness, depression and pain. The three Most Liked images in order: A 7: “Structure of a lady in dancing position” is normal response suggesting her ego strength and positive attitude towards life. This is positive sign of her feminine identiﬁcation and suggests a good prognosis to therapy. A 16: “Two happy birds taking food for their kids” This response may suggest that she has elements of hope that now that she and other family members are beneﬁting from psychotherapeutic help. B 29: “A running boy” also depicts her hope of being able to ﬁnd her goal. Analysis of other responses: A 1: “Lungs” This anatomical response is consistent with her preoccupation with body imagery and multiple somatic symptoms. It is predicted that as her psychological stresses subside and she is able to experience more on happy family events, that there will be resultant refocusing of her attention away from physical body to loving psychological / spiritual experiences. When this occurs she will be able to make optimum scholastic use of her average intellectual endowment. A 3: “Jesus Christ” Previously prior to treatment, she was unable to turn to her parents for love so her sense of positive spirituality was her main psychic strength. In psychotherapy, her religious beliefs need to be supported but in addition she needs to be encouraged to trust her parents. If she belonged to another religion, the same support should be given to religious symbol consistent to that religion. A 4: “A sad face of a lady” This response needs to be analyzed at two levels. The ﬁrst involves the memory of her mother’s appearance after bouts of marital conﬂicts. She needs to be informed in cognitive psychotherapy not to blame her self and her grades for all their arguments. As indicated previously she should be advised to stop intervening in their arguments. The second level of analysis involves asking if this sad face might reﬂect her won sadness and “inner cry”. She should be encouraged in therapy to express her inner pain thru tears and other modalities such as art therapy. A 6: “Mother and child”. The mother is ignoring the child” This reﬂects her direct projection of what previously has happened. In therapy she should be given an opportunity to express how she felt when her mother ignored her. In order to see her mother as supportive parents, a child in such a situation typically blames herself and consequently develops low self esteem. This needs to be corrected cognitively during psychotherapy. A 9: “A man and woman looking away from each other” This depicts the pattern of psychological withdrawal between the parents after their conﬂict. Such a response can be used by family therapist to explore dysfunctional behavior. A 10: “A crying woman” This depicts her sympathetic perception of her mother when she is abused by her father. Such imagery can be pointed out to the parents so that they may learn to keep their conﬂict out of their children’s perception. A 12: “Embryo” This response symbolizes regressive feelings in order to avoid the reality of her inability to resolve her problem. 74 Mishra et al

A 21: “Flying bird, babies on sides” This symbolizes her previously noted age regression feelings and reﬂects wishful thinking for having a more caring mother. A 30: “One of my toys of childhood” Since there is nothing in the picture consisting with this response it truly reﬂects mental mechanisms of overpowering psychological projection motivated by regressive wishes. B 2: “A dinosaur in Jurassic park, I like the movie very much” This is a positive response projecting her desire to be happy and stress free. Here the psychotherapist may add a statement suggesting that the outlook for therapy is positive. B 4: “Brother and sister, sharing thoughts” This reﬂects her love relationship with her brother with whom she can share her feelings. The family therapist needs to involve other children in the family with regard to their stresses and ﬁnd out as well the other children also have been stressed. B 5: “A man and woman are arguing” This response may project frequent arguments and quarreling among the parents. Parents should be educated during psychotherapy, the impact of poor home environment on the young children in the family. B 9: “Kidneys” is a normal response. B 17: “Broken heart” this symbolically depicts her inner feelings of sadness and sadness and despondency. The language of this symbolic response may be effectively used during psychotherapy to release her feelings by questioning her how she feels about broken heart. B 22: “A girl trying to sleep but not able to” This response may reﬂect her insomnia. If she has sleep disorder and other neuro-depressive symptoms, a trial of anti-depression medication might be indicated. B 28: “Mother and child” This response may indicate her desire to have happy relationship with mother as she had earlier. Conclusion: The clinical case history of a 12 years old girl, studying in class seventh was outlined. Her presenting symptoms initially included nervousness, headache, low mood, stiffness in body and limbs, and occasional ﬁts of so called “unconsciousness”. She had low self esteem as well as lack of conﬁdence. Her responses on Somatic Inkblot Series-II reﬂected her disturbed family functioning and unexpressed “inner cry”. Incorporating the SIS symbolic responses, within the language of psychotherapy, helped her in recovering from her stressful family situation. The treatment plan also involved family intervention and cognitive psychotherapy. Dissociative Convulsion Disorder 75

Manifestation of Auditory Hallucination in the Cases of Schizophrenia Jay Kumar Ranjan, Jai Prakash, Vinod K. Sharma and Amool R. Singh Auditory hallucination is the commonest and the most important disorder of perception. Hearing voices is core characteristics of schizophrenia. The present study aims to assess beliefs about auditory hallucinations in the cases of schizophrenia. A total of ﬁfty (50) male schizophrenia patients from Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry & Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Ranchi, India; were administered Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire (BAVQ). Result reveals that schizophrenic patients showed malevolence beliefs, resistance related to feeling, poor resistance related to behavior, negative engagement related to feeling and behavior, regarding auditory hallucinations. Hallucinations make up one of the central themes in the history of psychopathology. Jasper (1962) has deﬁned hallucination as “false perception which are not in any way distortions of real perceptions, but spring up on their own as something quite new and occur simultaneously with and alongside real perception”. Phenomenologicaly. auditory hallucination is the commonest and the most important disorder of perception (Thomas et al., 2007) . Recently, Baethge et al. (2005) estimated the cross-sectional prevalence of hallucinations among inpatients with schizophrenia is 61.1%. Hearing voices is, of course, characteristics of schizophrenia (Sims, 2003; Baethge et al., 2005). Auditory hallucinations were present among 47% to 98% of schizophrenic patients who had hallucinations (Bracha et al., 1989; Mueser et al., 1990; Suhail & Cochrane, 2002). The prevalence of auditory hallucinations were found 64.3% in Indian samples (Thomas et al., 2007). Hallucinations are conventionally treated as psychotic phenomenon where there is a break from reality. However, the concept of reality value varies across culture (Al-lssa, 1995). In western thinking, what is apparent to everybody is reality. But in many non western philosophies, reality lies hidden from the apparent everyday appearance e.g. concept of ‘Maya’ in Hindu Philosophy. Also coping with hallucination was also found different in different cultural settings. Wahass & Kent (1997) found that the majority of Saudi Arabian patients used strategies associated with their religion whereas UK patients were more likely to use distraction or physiologically based approaches to cope with hallucinations. Functional signiﬁcance and meaning of hallucinations are related to social context and the stimuli associated with them. Attitudes toward hallucinations, the emotional reaction to hallucinations, and the degree of control to cope with hallucinations, are also sociated with social context. (Al-Issa, 1995). The aim of the present research investigation is to assess beliefs about auditory hallucinations in the cases of schizophrenia. Material and Method: Sample: Based on purposive sampling technique, 50 male schizophrenia patients were selected from inpatient wards of the Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry & Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Ranchi, India after obtaining informed consent. Patients with a history of substance dependence, mental retardation, organic mental disorder, head injury and other neurological disorders were excluded. Age of patients ranged from 21-40 years in majority (68%) of the cases. Out of ﬁfty patients twenty one patients (42%) were educated up to secondary level or below and few patients were graduates. Majority of the patients belonged to rural area and had lower socio-economic status. Forty two percent of the cases were unemployed due to schizophrenic illness. Tools: Beliefs about Voices Questionnaire (Chadwick & Birchwood, 1995): It consists of 30 items. The questionnaire measures four signiﬁcant classes of phenomena: Malevolence, Benevolence, Resistance relating to feelings and behavior, and Engagement related to feeling and behavior. The questionnaire was administered to the patients individually. Obtained responses on the questionnaire were analyzed by computing chi-square test. Result and Discussion: Findings of the present investigation has presented in the table-1. Results indicate that most of the Jay Kumar Ranjan, Ph.D. Scholar, Jai Prakash, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Vinod K. Sharma, Asst. Prof., Dept. of Psychology, S.P. College, Dumka, Amool R. Singh, Ph.D. Prof. and Head; Dept of Clinical Psychology. RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 (India)Email:sisamool@yahoo.com. Key-words: Auditory hallucination, Schizophrenia.

schizophrenia patients are having Malevolence beliefs regarding auditory hallucination. They perceived auditory hallucination which are persecuting them (x2= 5.12, P<0.05), harm them (x2= 9.68, P<0.01), corrupted and destroyed them (x2= 6.49, P<0.05), and voices are very powerful (x2= 20.48, P<0.01). In agreement with the present study Junginger (1990) has reported that 85% of voice hearers see the voices as power and omnipotent. Brichwood & Chadwick (1997) have also reported similar ﬁndings, they concluded that most of voice hearers perceive voices that are persecuting them and are out of control. At the same time some of the schizophrenic patients think auditory hallucinations are punishing (x2= 1.28, P>0.05), evil (x2= 2.88, P>0.05), and wants them to do bad thing (x2= 1.28, P>0.05), however, difference among these responses were not found statistically signiﬁcant. Table 1 Table Showing Manifestation of Auditory Hallucination in Schizophrenia Patients: Item Number Beliefs Variable Responses χ2 P-value Yes No Malevolence Punishing 1.28 NS persecuting 5.12* p<0.05 evil 2.88 NS harm me 9.68** p<0.01 wants me to do bad things 1.28 NS corrupt or destroy me 6.48* p<0.05 powerful 20.48** p<0.01 Benevolence help me 2.00 NS protect 3.92* p<0.05 keep me sane 3.92* p<0.05 develop special powers 0.32 NS helping me to achieve goal 3.92* p<0.05 grateful 5.12* p<0.05 Resistance (feelings) frightens me 8.00** p<0.01 makes me feel down 2.88 NS makes me feel angry 9.68** p<0.01 makes me feel anxious 13.52** p<0.01 Resistance (behaviour) saying leave me alone 2.88 NS take my mind off 2.88 NS I try and stop 3.92* p<0.05 do things to prevent 2.88 NS reluctant to obey it 2.00 NS Engagement reassures me 0.72 NS makes me happy 8.00** p<0.01 makes me feel calm 2.00 NS makes me feel conﬁdent 2.88 NS Engagement (behaviour) I listen because I want to 5.12* p<0.05 I willingly follow 6.48* p<0.05 do thing to contact with voice 6.48* p<0.05 seek the advice 1.28 NS * Signiﬁcant at 0.05 level. , ** Signiﬁcant at 0.01 level. Auditory Hallucination in Schizophrenia 77

78 Ranjan et al Schizophrenic patients perceived hallucinations as savage for them. They think that auditory hallucination don’t protect them (x2= 3.92, P<0.05), are not helpful to achieve goals of life (x2= 3.92, P<0.05).Patients also perceived voices not very great rather sordid and contemtible (x2= 5.12, P<0.05). In agreement with the present study Chadwick & Brichwood (1995) have found that very few voice hearers perceived voices as benevolence. Further they perceived auditory hallucinations as frightening (x2= 8.00, P<0.01), anxious (x2= 13.52, P<0.01), and make them angry (x2= 9.68, P<0.01), hence, they try to resist these auditory voices. Benjamin (1989), Miller, et al. (1993), Qulis et al. (2007), Singh et al. (2002) have also found similar trend of negative correlation between auditory hallucination and supportiveness and mood enhancing effect of the hallucination. Schizophrenic patients showed resistance towards auditory hallucinations and tried to stop them by using diversion, avoidance, problem solving, and help seeking behaviour (x2= 3.92, P<0.05). Similar ﬁndings have been observed by Singh et al. (2002). Carter et al. (1996), Farhall & Gerrbe (1987), Nayani et al. (1996) & O’Sullivan (1994) also reported that schizophrenic patients using resistance behaviour to cope with hallucination. Schizophrenic patients showed negative engagement with auditory hallucination. Baethge et al. (2005) also have concluded that auditory hallucination produce anxiety, irritability in schizophrenic patients. Singh et al. (2002) reported that most of the schizophrenic patients (68%) expressed hallucination made them feel unprotected and tense. It has also been found that schizophrenic patients do not wish to listen voices (x2= 5.12, P<0.01), they don’t follow them (x2= 6.48, P<0.05) as a result of negative attitude regarding auditory hallucination and the ﬁnding is consistent with the result of Singh et al. (2002), in which they have reported that majority (81%) of schizophrenic patients has negative attitude toward auditory hallucination and they don’t want to listen voices. Conclusion: Schizophrenic patients have malevolence beliefs regarding auditory hallucination. Schizophrenic patients have resistance related to feeling toward auditory hallucination but behaviorally they are not resisting it. They are having negative feeling of engagement with auditory hallucination but bahaviourally they are not engaged with auditory hallucination. References: Al-Issa, I. (1995).The illusion of reality or the reality of illusion, Hallucinations and culture. British Journal of Psychiatry; 166 (3): 368-73. Baethge, C., Baldessarini, R.J., Freudenthal, K., Streeruwitz, A., Bauer, M., and Bschore, T. (2005). Hallucination in bipolar disorder: characteristics and comparison to unipolar depression and schizophrenia. Bipolar Disorders, 71 (2):136 145. Benjamin, L.S. (1989). Is chronicity a function of the relationship between the person and the auditory hallucinations? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15: 291-310. Bracha, H.S., Wolkowitz, O.M., Lohr, J.B., Karson, C.N., Bigelow, L.B. (1989). High prevalence of visual hallucinations in research subjects with chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146 (4): 526 528. Birchwood, M. & Chadwick, P. (1997). The Omnipotence of Voices: testing the validity of cognitive model. Psychological Medicine, 27: 1345-1353. Carter, D.M., Mackinnon, A., Copolov, D.L. (1996). Patients’ strategies for coping with auditory hallucinations. J Nerv Ment Dis. 184: 159-164. Chadwick, P. & Birchwood, M. (1995).The omnipotence of voices: a cognitive approach to auditory hallucination. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164: 190-201. Chadwick, P. & Birchwood, M. (1995).The omnipotence of voices. II: The Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire. British Journal of Psychiatry, 166: 773-776. Farhall, J. & Gerrbe, M. (1997). Coping with hallucinations, Exploring stress and coping framework. British J. Clin. Psycho. 36: 259-261. Jaspers K. (1962). General Psychopathology. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Junginger, J. (1990). Predicting Compliance with Command Hallucinations. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147: 245-247. Miller, L.J., Eillon, O., Connor, R.N., Di Psaquaic, T. (1993). Patient’s attitude toward hallucinations. American J.Psychiatry, 150: 584-588. Mueser, K.T., Bellack, A.S., Brady, E.U. (1990). Hallucinations in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 82 (1), 26 29.

Auditory Hallucination in Schizophrenia 79 Nayani, T.H. & David, A.S. (1996). The auditory hallucinations: a phenomenological survey. Psychological Medicine. 26: 177-189. O’Sullivan, K. (1994). Dimensions of coping with auditory hallucinations. Journal of Mental Health. 3: 251-256. Sims, A. (2003). Symptoms in the Mind, 3rd ed. Elsevier Science Limited, 100-102. Qulis, P., Gournellis, R., Konstantakopoulos, G., Matsoukas, T., Michalopoulou, P.G., Soldatos, C., Lykouras, L., (2007). Clinical dimensions of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenic disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48: 337-342. Singh, G., Sharan, P. & Kulhara, P. (2002). Attitude Towards Hallucinations in Schizophrenia. Hong Kong J Psychiatry, 12(1):2-5. Suhail, K., Cochrane, R. (2002). Effect of culture and environment on the phenomenology of delusions and hallucinations. International J. Social Psychiatry, 48 (2):126 138. Thomas, P., Mathur, P., Gottesman, I.I., Nagpal, R., Nimgaonkar, V.L., & Deshpande, S.N., (2007). Correlates of hallucinations in Schizophrenia: A cross-cultural evaluation. Schizophrenia Research, 92(1-3): 41-49. Wahass, S. & Kent, G. (1997). Coping with auditory hallucinations: a cross-cultural comparison between western (British) and non-western (Saudi Arabian) patients. Journal of Nervous System and Mental Disorder, 185(11): 664-8. SIS Instruments can be Obtained from : Somatic Inkblot Center 4501E, 104th Avenue Anchorage, AK.99516 (USA) E-Mail: siscassell@yahoo.com & Somatic Inkblot Center 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA) E-mail:sisdubey@rediffmail.com

Anil Agrawal, Anil Agrawal, B.E.,MBA, B.E.,MBA, Executive Director, Executive Director, B-145, Sector 50, NOIDA- 201301 B-145, Sector 50, NOIDA- 201301 Cell:91- 99716 59990 Cell:91- 99716 59990 Cell: 99582 82999, E-Mail: anilagrawal33@yahoo.com Cell: 99582 82999, E-Mail: anilagrawal33@yahoo.com Email: anil.agrawal@mtil.in Email: anil.agrawal@mtil.in (SIS Membership No.19) (SIS Membership No.19) N.N. Aggarwal N.N. Aggarwal, M.D. , M.D. Director Director RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India Tel. 0651-2541700, Cell:91-9431701974 Tel. 0651-2541700, Cell:91-9431701974 (SIS LM No. 333) (SIS LM No. 333) Rakesh Aggarwal, Rakesh Aggarwal, 364, Sector 15, Panchkula 134113 364, Sector 15, Panchkula 134113 Tel. 0172-2591824,E-mail : Tel. 0172-2591824,E-mail : rakesh17@yahoo.co.in rakesh17@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 210) (SIS LM No. 210) Sakshi Aggarwal Sakshi Aggarwal

A 46, Lok Vihar, Pitumpura, Delhi- 110034 A 46, Lok Vihar, Pitumpura, Delhi- 110034 E-mail : a_sakshi@rediffmail.com (LM 2003) E-mail : a_sakshi@rediffmail.com (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 28) (SIS Membership No. 28) Nimisha Ahuja Nimisha Ahuja W/o Surinder Pal Singh W/o Surinder Pal Singh H.No.: 47, Abchal Nagar, Factory Area, Patiala H.No.: 47, Abchal Nagar, Factory Area, Patiala Cell:91-9878605179 (LM) 2004 Cell:91-9878605179 (LM) 2004 Email:- ahujanimisha@yahoo.co.in Email:- ahujanimisha@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 46) (SIS Membership No. 46) Sanjay Ahuja Sanjay Ahuja

1602, New Janta Colony, N.I.T., Faridabad- 121001 1602, New Janta Colony, N.I.T., Faridabad- 121001 Email : sanjay_ahuja80@yahoo.co.in (LM 03) Email : sanjay_ahuja80@yahoo.co.in (LM 03) Tel.: 91-129-25442877, Tel.: 91-129-25442877, (SIS Membership No. 92) (SIS Membership No. 92) Saurabh Ahuja, Saurabh Ahuja, C-211, Amand Vihar C-211, Amand Vihar New Delhi 110085 Tel. 011-22158920 New Delhi 110085 Tel. 011-22158920 E-mail : E-mail : sau_2k4@rediffmail.com sau_2k4@rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 211) (SIS LM No. 211) Deoshree Akhouri Deoshree Akhouri C/o Prof. A. B. B. Lal C/o Prof. A. B. B. Lal Aryapuri, Ratu Road, Ranchi — 834001 Aryapuri, Ratu Road, Ranchi — 834001 Cell — 91-9905578833 Cell — 91-9905578833 (SIS Membership No. 309) (SIS Membership No. 309) S. Alam, S. Alam, Ph.D. Ph.D. Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology, Women’s Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology, Women’s College, Aligarh Muslim University, College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002 (India) Aligarh-202002 (India) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 148) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 148) Kristian Aleman, Kristian Aleman, Ph.D. Ph.D. Psychoanalyst, Psychoanalyst, Vidargatan 5, entréplanet, Vidargatan 5, entréplanet, 113 27 Stockholm, SWEDEN. 113 27 Stockholm, SWEDEN. Phone: 00 46 8 32 82 08 Phone: 00 46 8 32 82 08 (M 2004) (M 2004) Email: kristian.aleman@ka-psychoanalysis.se Email: kristian.aleman@ka-psychoanalysis.se (SIS Membership No. 96) (SIS Membership No. 96) Zahirunnis Zahirunnisa Ali a Ali Specialist in Physical Therapy, Plot No. 65, Specialist in Physical Therapy, Plot No. 65, Ayppa Nagar, P.O. Katol Road, Nagpur (India) Ayppa Nagar, P.O. Katol Road, Nagpur (India) Tel.: 91-712-2539418 (LM 95) Tel.: 91-712-2539418 (LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 171) (SIS Membership No. 171) Sarika Alreja, Sarika Alreja, MA MA C/o Shri A. N. Alreja C/o Shri A. N. Alreja 117/K/103, R.S. Puram, Sarvodaya Nagar 117/K/103, R.S. Puram, Sarvodaya Nagar Kanpur — 208025 (U.P.) Kanpur — 208025 (U.P.) (M) 91-9835947497 (M) 91-9835947497 (SIS Membership No.234) (SIS Membership No.234) Vijaylaxmi Aminabhao, Vijaylaxmi Aminabhao, Ph.D. Ph.D. Professor, Dept of Psy, Karnatak Univ. Professor, Dept of Psy, Karnatak Univ. Dharwad (Karnataka) (LM 2004) Dharwad (Karnataka) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No.260) (SIS Membership No.260) Abhinit Anand, Abhinit Anand, MA MA C/o R. B. Singh, Near AVKS School C/o R. B. Singh, Near AVKS School Morhabadi, Ranchi — 834008 (Jharkhand) Morhabadi, Ranchi — 834008 (Jharkhand) (M) 91-9334427965, Email: anand6364@yahoo.co.in (M) 91-9334427965, Email: anand6364@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No.306) (SIS Membership No.306) Tulika Anand Tulika Anand Research Scholar, 154, Maya Bazar, Research Scholar, 154, Maya Bazar, Reti Road, Gorakhpur-273001 Reti Road, Gorakhpur-273001 Ph.: 91-551-2344781, 98394-80442 (LM 03) Ph.: 91-551-2344781, 98394-80442 (LM 03) Email: Email: tulika_anand@yahoo.com tulika_anand@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 8) (SIS Membership No. 8) Anil R, Anil R, Ph.D. Ph.D. Lecturer , P.K.M.College of Education, Lecturer , P.K.M.College of Education, Madampam, P.O. Kannur, Madampam, P.O. Kannur, Kerala-670631(India) LM 2004 Kerala-670631(India) LM 2004 Cell: 91-9447027999, Email: Cell: 91-9447027999, Email: arpkm@rediffmail.com arpkm@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 9) (SIS Membership No. 9)

T.P. Antony T.P. Antony Principal, Avila College of Education, Principal, Avila College of Education, Aquinas Grounds, Edacochin, Aquinas Grounds, Edacochin, Cochin-682006 (M 2005) Cochin-682006 (M 2005) Tel: 91-484-2328166,2328167,2328567 Tel: 91-484-2328166,2328167,2328567 (SIS Membership No. 10 ) (SIS Membership No. 10 ) Roohi Arora Roohi Arora 802, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109 802, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109 Tel: 91-172-2573187 Tel: 91-172-2573187 (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No.11) (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No.11) Shweta Arora Shweta Arora 58,Sector 12A, Panchkula-134112 (India) 58,Sector 12A, Panchkula-134112 (India) Tel: 91-171-2571627 Email: shweta_arora5@yahoo.com Tel: 91-171-2571627 Email: shweta_arora5@yahoo.com (LM) 2004) (SIS Membership No. 12) (LM) 2004) (SIS Membership No. 12) Nidhi Ayri Nidhi Ayri

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Gagan Preet Singh Bakshi, Gagan Preet Singh Bakshi, 120/320, Lajpat Nagar, 120/320, Lajpat Nagar, Kanpur-208005 Tel. 0512-2297996 Kanpur-208005 Tel. 0512-2297996 Mob: 9872891055, 9415125810 Mob: 9872891055, 9415125810 Email id: gaganbakshi15@yahoo.com Email id: gaganbakshi15@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 212) (SIS LM No. 212) Rajni Bala Rajni Bala C/o Jawahar Lal C/o Jawahar Lal Kokar, H.B. Road, Ranchi - 834 001 Kokar, H.B. Road, Ranchi - 834 001 Jharkhand. Cell : 91-9835334105 Jharkhand. Cell : 91-9835334105 E-mail : rajni_b_80@yahoo.co.in E-mail : rajni_b_80@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No.250) (SIS Membership No.250) Priyanka Banerjee, Priyanka Banerjee, M.Sc.(Psy) M.Sc.(Psy) 1B, Lovelock Place, Flat # 1A, 1B, Lovelock Place, Flat # 1A, Lovelock Apartments, Lovelock Apartments, Kolkata-700019. Kolkata-700019. E-mail: ms_p_banerjee@hotmail.com E-mail: ms_p_banerjee@hotmail.com Mobile: 91-9830066754 (LM2004) Mobile: 91-9830066754 (LM2004) (SIS Membership No.15) (SIS Membership No.15) Shubhra Banerjee, Shubhra Banerjee, Ph.D. Ph.D. “Shubhalaya”, 7, Mahaveer Colony, “Shubhalaya”, 7, Mahaveer Colony, Kamachha, Varanasi - 221 010, Kamachha, Varanasi - 221 010, (India) (LM 97) Tel. : 91-542-2312049 (H) (India) (LM 97) Tel. : 91-542-2312049 (H) (SIS Membership No.16) (SIS Membership No.16) Pankaj Bansal, Pankaj Bansal, MBA,

MBA,

52, Preet Nagar, Ferozpur City-152002 52, Preet Nagar, Ferozpur City-152002 Tel: 91-1632-220641 Tel: 91-1632-220641 Email : pankajkbansal79@yahoo.com (LM 03) Email : pankajkbansal79@yahoo.com (LM 03) (SIS Membership No.17) (SIS Membership No.17) Manav Bansal Manav Bansal 659, Sector 12, Panchkula-134112 (India) 659, Sector 12, Panchkula-134112 (India) Tel: 91-172-2563427 Tel: 91-172-2563427 Email:manav_bsl@yahoo.com (LM) 2004 Email:manav_bsl@yahoo.com (LM) 2004 (SIS Membership No.18) (SIS Membership No.18) Ms. Jayanti Basu, Ms. Jayanti Basu, Ph.D. Ph.D. AE 692, Salt Lake, Sec. 1, AE 692, Salt Lake, Sec. 1, Kolkata- 700 064, (India) (F97) Kolkata- 700 064, (India) (F97) Tel. : 91-33-23341421,(H) (LM 95) Tel. : 91-33-23341421,(H) (LM 95) E-Mail : E-Mail : jaybc@rediffmail.com jaybc@rediffmail.com , , btapas@cal2.vsnl.net.in btapas@cal2.vsnl.net.in (SIS Membership No.20) (SIS Membership No.20) Saugata Basu, Saugata Basu, M.Sc, M.Phil. M.Sc, M.Phil. Surendranath Cooperative,201, Surendranath Cooperative,201, Manikatala Main Road, Flat No.12, Manikatala Main Road, Flat No.12, Kolkata - 700 054, (India) Kolkata - 700 054, (India) Tel. : 91-33-23559772 (H) (F 97) Tel. : 91-33-23559772 (H) (F 97) E-Mail : saubasu@cal3.vsnl.net.in E-Mail : saubasu@cal3.vsnl.net.in (SIS Membership No.21) (SIS Membership No.21) Mansij Bhan Mansij Bhan Exe.Director, R.S.Careers Traders Pvt. Ltd, Exe.Director, R.S.Careers Traders Pvt. Ltd, 505 Sector-38A, Chandiogarh-160036 505 Sector-38A, Chandiogarh-160036 Mob: 9814332988 (LM2004) Mob: 9814332988 (LM2004) Email: roadkingindia@hotmail.com Email: roadkingindia@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No.22) (SIS Membership No.22) Nidhi Bhardwaj Nidhi Bhardwaj

3G/169, N.I.T., Faridabad (Haryana) 3G/169, N.I.T., Faridabad (Haryana) Phone : 91- 129- 2417087, 5054993 Phone : 91- 129- 2417087, 5054993 Email Nidhibhardwajnidhi@Yahoo.Com Email Nidhibhardwajnidhi@Yahoo.Com (SIS Membership No.23) (SIS Membership No.23) Suruchi Bhatia, Suruchi Bhatia, MBA MBA Address not known Address not known Email: suruchi.bhatia@it is.co.in, Email: suruchi.bhatia@it is.co.in, (LM2003)(SIS Membership No.24) (LM2003)(SIS Membership No.24) Anindita Bhattacharya Anindita Bhattacharya D/o Shri Aloke Kumar Bhattacharya D/o Shri Aloke Kumar Bhattacharya 4A/1 Indira Nagar, P.O. Durgapura, Jaipur-302018 4A/1 Indira Nagar, P.O. Durgapura, Jaipur-302018 Cell:91-9771566819, Tel: 91-141-2545398, 2724292 (H) Cell:91-9771566819, Tel: 91-141-2545398, 2724292 (H) E-mail: itsanindita@gmail.com, E-mail: itsanindita@gmail.com, E-mail: itsanindita@yahoo.co.in E-mail: itsanindita@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 328) (SIS LM No. 328) J.S. Bedi, J.S. Bedi, Chairman Chairman Gian Jyoti Inst. of Mgt. & Technology, Gian Jyoti Inst. of Mgt. & Technology, Phase-II, Mohali-Chandigarh (LM 99) Phase-II, Mohali-Chandigarh (LM 99) Tel. : 91-172-2228806, 2661327 (H) Tel. : 91-172-2228806, 2661327 (H) (SIS Membership No.25) (SIS Membership No.25) Mahesh Bhargava, Mahesh Bhargava, Ph.D. Ph.D. Director, Director, National Psychological Corporation, National Psychological Corporation, 4/230, Kacherighat, Agra - 282 004 (India) (F 95) 4/230, Kacherighat, Agra - 282 004 (India) (F 95) Tel. : 91-562-3257708 (W), 2464926(W) Tel. : 91-562-3257708 (W), 2464926(W) 562-2150113 (H) Telefax: 2155497(H) 562-2150113 (H) Telefax: 2155497(H) Mob: 9837061093(MB), 9412253754(Vivek) Mob: 9837061093(MB), 9412253754(Vivek) Email: Email: npc_agra@yahoo.com npc_agra@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No.26) (SIS Membership No.26) Hitkar Pushpa Bhengra, Hitkar Pushpa Bhengra, M.Phil (M&SP) M.Phil (M&SP) C/O Mr. Eman Dan Bhengra, C/O Mr. Eman Dan Bhengra, Vill : Dongrakata (Near The Block) Vill : Dongrakata (Near The Block) P.O. : Manoharpur, Dist : West Singhbhum P.O. : Manoharpur, Dist : West Singhbhum Mob.: 91-9835166504, 91-9304489084 Mob.: 91-9835166504, 91-9304489084 (SIS Membership No. 254) (SIS Membership No. 254) Nitesh Bhatia, Nitesh Bhatia, R-7/B-28, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad (LM 2001) R-7/B-28, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad (LM 2001) Tel: 91-120-24719685 Tel: 91-120-24719685 (SIS Membership No.27) (SIS Membership No.27) Parbhtej Singh Boparai, Parbhtej Singh Boparai, 119, Ph-II, SAS Nagar-160055 119, Ph-II, SAS Nagar-160055 Tel. 0172-2271339 Tel. 0172-2271339 (SIS LM No. 214) (SIS LM No. 214) Amardeep Singh Brar Amardeep Singh Brar 123,Sector-11, Chandigarh-160011 (India) 123,Sector-11, Chandigarh-160011 (India) Tel: 91-9814033830 Tel: 91-9814033830 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No.57) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No.57) Ameet Brar, Ameet Brar, 2261, sector-19 C, Chandigarh-160019, 2261, sector-19 C, Chandigarh-160019, Tel: 91-172-774466(H) (LM 02) Tel: 91-172-774466(H) (LM 02) (SIS Membership No.29) (SIS Membership No.29) Membership Directory 81

Wilfred A. Cassell, Wilfred A. Cassell, MD, FAPA, APC, MD, FAPA, APC, Director, SIS Center, Director, SIS Center, 4501E, 104th Avenue, 4501E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska - 99516 (USA). Anchorage, Alaska - 99516 (USA). Tel : 907-346-3450 (H) (F 92) Tel : 907-346-3450 (H) (F 92) E-Mail : E-Mail : siscassell2@yahoo.com siscassell2@yahoo.com Email: Email: soroptimary@yahoo.com soroptimary@yahoo.com (SIS Founder Member No.1) (SIS Founder Member No.1) Prakash Chandran, Prakash Chandran, Ph.D. Ph.D. Kammathiparambil , Kammathiparambil , Elamakkara, Kochi-682026(Kerala) Elamakkara, Kochi-682026(Kerala) Tel: (0484)2536709, 2537556, Mobile: 9847039971 Tel: (0484)2536709, 2537556, Mobile: 9847039971 Email: Email: prakasharackal@rediffmail.com prakasharackal@rediffmail.com (F 1995) (F 1995) (SIS Membership No. 30) (SIS Membership No. 30) Ariban Chakraborty, Ariban Chakraborty, B 2/9, Golf Green, Phase 1, B 2/9, Golf Green, Phase 1, Kolkata-700095, tel: 91-33-24737465 Kolkata-700095, tel: 91-33-24737465 Email id: anirban_ubs@yahoo.com Email id: anirban_ubs@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 215) (SIS LM No. 215) Harpreet Kanwal Chhabra, Harpreet Kanwal Chhabra, Ph.D. Ph.D. House No. 21, Phase 3A, Mohali-160059 House No. 21, Phase 3A, Mohali-160059 Tel:91-172-227059 (LM 2002) Tel:91-172-227059 (LM 2002) (SIS Membership No. 32) (SIS Membership No. 32) Manav Chhabra, Manav Chhabra, MBA

MBA

Gh-10, 29D, Sunder Apt., Paschim Vihar, Gh-10, 29D, Sunder Apt., Paschim Vihar, New Delhi -110063,Ph.011 25262897 (LM 03) New Delhi -110063,Ph.011 25262897 (LM 03) Email : Chhabramanav@rediffmail.com Email : Chhabramanav@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 33) (SIS Membership No. 33) Tarlok Singh Chhabra Tarlok Singh Chhabra Bangalow No. 889, Phase-3/B-2, Bangalow No. 889, Phase-3/B-2, Sector-60, Mohali, SAS Nagar-160059 (Punjab) Sector-60, Mohali, SAS Nagar-160059 (Punjab) Mobile: 91-9888687760, 91-9814410162 Mobile: 91-9888687760, 91-9814410162 (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 208) (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 208) Rita Chaudhury Rita Chaudhury C/O. Col. S. Chaudhury C/O. Col. S. Chaudhury A-2/9, Ravi Park, 77 Jagtap Nagar A-2/9, Ravi Park, 77 Jagtap Nagar P.O. : Wanwadi, Pune - 411040 P.O. : Wanwadi, Pune - 411040 Maharashtra (India) Maharashtra (India) (SIS Membership No. 34) (SIS Membership No. 34) Col. S. Chaudhury, Col. S. Chaudhury, MD, Ph.D. MD, Ph.D. Prof. and Head, Deptt. of Psychiatry, Prof. and Head, Deptt. of Psychiatry, RINPAS, Kanke,Ranchi-834006, (India) RINPAS, Kanke,Ranchi-834006, (India) Cell: 91-9334386496 Cell: 91-9334386496 E-Mail: suprakashch@gmail.com E-Mail: suprakashch@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 35) (FM 1997) (SIS Membership No. 35) (FM 1997) Aman Chahal, Aman Chahal, MBA, MBA, 240, Sector-11 A, 240, Sector-11 A, Chandigarh-160011 Chandigarh-160011 Tel: 91-172-2740978 Tel: 91-172-2740978 Email: amanchahal_ubs@yahoo.co.in Email: amanchahal_ubs@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 216) (SIS LM No. 216) Deepak Chawla

Deepak Chawla

# L398, Model Town, Panipat-132103 (Haryana # L398, Model Town, Panipat-132103 (Haryana) Phone 91-1742-652169, Phone 91-1742-652169, Email Deepakl_Chawla@Indiatimes.Com Email Deepakl_Chawla@Indiatimes.Com (SIS Membership No. 36) (SIS Membership No. 36) Neeti Chopra, Neeti Chopra, MBA, MBA, 555, Sector-8B, Chandigarh-160008 555, Sector-8B, Chandigarh-160008 (SIS Membership No. 37) (SIS Membership No. 37) Alfred Collins, Alfred Collins, Ph.D. Ph.D. Consultant Clinical Psychologist Consultant Clinical Psychologist 615 East, 82nd Ave, Suite 102, 615 East, 82nd Ave, Suite 102, Anchorage, AK - 99518 (USA) Anchorage, AK - 99518 (USA) Tel. (907)-344-3338(W), Tel. (907)-344-3338(W), E-Mail : E-Mail : acollins@alaska.net acollins@alaska.net (LM 95)(SIS Membership No. 38) (LM 95)(SIS Membership No. 38) Carina Coulacoglou, Carina Coulacoglou, Ph.D. Ph.D. Psychologist, University of La Verne, Psychologist, University of La Verne, 40E, Esperou Str. Kiﬁ ssia, Athens 14561 40E, Esperou Str. Kiﬁ ssia, Athens 14561 Greece (M99) Telefax : (301) 6252269 Greece (M99) Telefax : (301) 6252269 E-mail : E-mail : carina@fairytaletest.com carina@fairytaletest.com Email: Email:carinacoul@yahoo.com carinacoul@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 31) (SIS Membership No. 31) Silvia Daini, Silvia Daini, M.D. M.D. Instituto di Psichiatria e Psicologia, Instituto di Psichiatria e Psicologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Roma, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome ( Italy) 00168, Rome ( Italy) Mobile: 0039 339 3798428, Tel/fax (0)6 3054850, Mobile: 0039 339 3798428, Tel/fax (0)6 3054850, Email: Email: daini@katamail.com daini@katamail.com (LM 2006)(SIS Membership No. 209) (LM 2006)(SIS Membership No. 209) Samridhi Dalal, Samridhi Dalal, E2 Sector 14, Chandigarh-160014 E2 Sector 14, Chandigarh-160014 Tel. 0172-2542110, E-mail : Tel. 0172-2542110, E-mail : samridhi_dalal@ samridhi_dalal@ rediffmail.com rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 217) (SIS LM No. 217) Sanjukta Das, Sanjukta Das, M.Phil. (Cl.Psy.) M.Phil. (Cl.Psy.) Flat No.2, 1st Floor, P-32, Moti Gheel Ave, Flat No.2, 1st Floor, P-32, Moti Gheel Ave, Calcutta-700074(LM01) Calcutta-700074(LM01) Tel:91-33-23508386(H) Tel:91-33-23508386(H) (SIS Membership No. 39) (SIS Membership No. 39) Manisha Das Gupta, Manisha Das Gupta, D 4/202,Peerless Nagar, D 4/202,Peerless Nagar, Panihati, Distt: 24 Pargana(N) Panihati, Distt: 24 Pargana(N) Kolkata-700114 (LM 2004) Kolkata-700114 (LM 2004) Email: manisha_peu@rediffmail.com Email: manisha_peu@rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 218) (SIS LM No. 218) Sonali De, Ph.D. Sonali De, Ph.D. B-1015, Karuna Moyee Housing Estate, B-1015, Karuna Moyee Housing Estate, Salt Lake, Calcutta - 700091 (India) Salt Lake, Calcutta - 700091 (India) Tel. : 91-33-23590561 (H) (LM 2000) Tel. : 91-33-23590561 (H) (LM 2000) E-Mail : E-Mail : sonali.de@cucc.ernet.in sonali.de@cucc.ernet.in (SIS Membership No. 40) (SIS Membership No. 40) Karl DeSousa, Karl DeSousa, M.A. M.A. 635 Atafondem Pular 635 Atafondem Pular Moira, Bardez , Goa-403514 (India) Moira, Bardez , Goa-403514 (India) Tel : 91-832- 2470319 Tel : 91-832- 2470319 E mail: E mail: himnkarl@gmail.com himnkarl@gmail.com (SIS Life Member No.272) (SIS Life Member No.272) 82 Membership Directory

Renu Dewan, Renu Dewan, Ph.D. Ph.D. Reader, Dept. of Psychology Reader, Dept. of Psychology Ranchi Women’s College, Ranchi Ranchi Women’s College, Ranchi (SIS LM - 319) (SIS LM - 319) Gurbir Singh Dhaliwal, Gurbir Singh Dhaliwal, 2535, Hargovind Nagar, Bhatinda-151001, 2535, Hargovind Nagar, Bhatinda-151001, Tel. 0164-2215927 Tel. 0164-2215927 (SIS LM No. 219) (SIS LM No. 219) Vikramjeet Singh Dhillon, Vikramjeet Singh Dhillon, 131 Sector 18-A, Chandigarh -160018 131 Sector 18-A, Chandigarh -160018 Tel. 91-172-2724284, 9872486677 Tel. 91-172-2724284, 9872486677 (SIS LM No. 220) (SIS LM No. 220) Sanmeet Dhillon Sanmeet Dhillon 84R,Model Town, Jalandhar-144003 84R,Model Town, Jalandhar-144003 Tel: 91-181-2272871(H) Cell: 9814133743 (LM04) Tel: 91-181-2272871(H) Cell: 9814133743 (LM04) (SIS Membership No. 41) (SIS Membership No. 41) Gyanender Dhillon, Gyanender Dhillon, MBA MBA 17, Phase-VI, Mohali, 17, Phase-VI, Mohali, Tel.: 0172-2268430 (LM 2003) Tel.: 0172-2268430 (LM 2003) E-mail : gyaninderdhillon@hotmial.com E-mail : gyaninderdhillon@hotmial.com (SIS Membership No. 42) (SIS Membership No. 42) Pratibha Dhondia, Pratibha Dhondia, M.A. M.A. 1138, Sector 43-B, 1138, Sector 43-B, Chandigarh - 160 034. Chandigarh - 160 034. Tel. : 91-172-2664562 (H) (LM 97) Tel. : 91-172-2664562 (H) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 43) (SIS Membership No. 43) Dipti Dipti 78, Sector-2, Industrial Area, 78, Sector-2, Industrial Area, Kurukshetra Kurukshetra Tel.: 91-129-25442877, Tel.: 91-129-25442877, (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 44) (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 44) Dipti Dhingra Dipti Dhingra # 1069, Sector 44-B, Chandigarh # 1069, Sector 44-B, Chandigarh E-mail: deeptidhingra@hotmail.com E-mail: deeptidhingra@hotmail.com (LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 45) (LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 45) Vidhata Dixit Vidhata Dixit D/o Shri Raj Pal Dixit D/o Shri Raj Pal Dixit A.P.M. Accounts ofﬁ cer A.P.M. Accounts ofﬁ cer Head Post Ofﬁ ce II Meerut (U.P.) Head Post Ofﬁ ce II Meerut (U.P.) Cell:91-9771695807, 9412203856, 9456830810 (H) Cell:91-9771695807, 9412203856, 9456830810 (H) (SIS LM No. 327) (SIS LM No. 327) Vanita Dua, Vanita Dua, Ph.D. Ph.D. A1-504 Mayank Appts, Plot No. 21, A1-504 Mayank Appts, Plot No. 21, Sector – 6, Dwarka, New Delhi-110 045 (India) Sector – 6, Dwarka, New Delhi-110 045 (India) Tel:91-11-25071935, 25071936, Cell: 9311810864 Tel:91-11-25071935, 25071936, Cell: 9311810864 E-mail: vanita.dua@gmail.com E-mail: vanita.dua@gmail.com Email: Email: vvv_16b@yahoo.com vvv_16b@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No.311) (SIS Membership No.311) Anand Dubey, Anand Dubey, B.E., MBA B.E., MBA Editor, 4406 Forest Road, Editor, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 (USA) Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 (USA) Tel: (907) 248-2256 (Home) Tel: (907) 248-2256 (Home) E-Mail: anand.dubey@gmail.com E-Mail: anand.dubey@gmail.com (F 97) (SIS Membe (F 97) (SIS Membership No. 47) rship No. 47) Asheem Dubey, Asheem Dubey, M.B.A. M.B.A. 4406 Forest Road, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 (USA) Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 (USA) E-Mail :asheem.dubey@gmail.com E-Mail :asheem.dubey@gmail.com Mob: 917-446-2452, Mob: 917-446-2452, (F 97) (SIS Membership No. 48) (F 97) (SIS Membership No. 48) Bankey L. Dubey, Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D. Ph.D. Director SIS Center India, Director SIS Center India, President Somatic Inkblot Society, President Somatic Inkblot Society, 4406 Forest Road, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 Cell:9417036655(India) Cell:907-250-8834(USA) Cell:9417036655(India) Cell:907-250-8834(USA) E-Mail: E-Mail: sisdubey@rediffmail.com sisdubey@rediffmail.com E-Mail:bldubey@gmail.com E-Mail:bldubey@gmail.com (SIS Founder Member No.2) (F 92) (SIS Founder Member No.2) (F 92) S.N.Dubey, S.N.Dubey, Ph.D. Ph.D. New Colony, Bachhra Road, New Colony, Bachhra Road, Faizabad-224001 (LM 03) Faizabad-224001 (LM 03) Tel:91-5278-2241070(H) 2232305(W) Tel:91-5278-2241070(H) 2232305(W) (SIS Membership No. 49) (SIS Membership No. 49) Ankur Dutta Ankur Dutta 18, East Lane, Sunderpur, RGB Road, 18, East Lane, Sunderpur, RGB Road, Guwahati-781005 (India) Guwahati-781005 (India) Tel: 91-361-2202515 Tel: 91-361-2202515 (LM 2001) (SIS Membership No. 50) (LM 2001) (SIS Membership No. 50) Moon Moon Dutta Moon Moon Dutta, MA (Psy) , MA (Psy) 17 Girish Banerjee Lane, Howrah-711101 (WB) 17 Girish Banerjee Lane, Howrah-711101 (WB) Tel: 91-33-26410311 (H), Cell:91-9830416586, Tel: 91-33-26410311 (H), Cell:91-9830416586, E-mail: moonmoon2nov@yahoo.co.in E-mail: moonmoon2nov@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 331) (SIS LM No. 331) Rajan Dutta, Rajan Dutta, M.P.M.I.R. M.P.M.I.R. President HR, Lupin Ltd., President HR, Lupin Ltd., Luxmi Towers,’B’Wing, 4th Floor, Luxmi Towers,’B’Wing, 4th Floor, Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai-400051 Mumbai-400051 Tel: 91-22-66402222 Tel: 91-22-66402222 E-mail: rajandutta@lupinpharma.com E-mail: rajandutta@lupinpharma.com (SIS Membership No. 51) (SIS Membership No. 51) Padma Dwivedi, Padma Dwivedi, M.A. M.A. 4406 Forest Road, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 Cell:9417036655(India) Cell:907-250-8834(USA) Cell:9417036655(India) Cell:907-250-8834(USA) E-Mail: E-Mail: sisdubey@rediffmail.com sisdubey@rediffmail.com (FM 92)(SIS Founder Member No.3) (FM 92)(SIS Founder Member No.3) Amanda M.Fernandes, Amanda M.Fernandes, M.A. M.A. House No.133/A, Quirnin, Quitula, Aldona. House No.133/A, Quirnin, Quitula, Aldona. Bardez, Goa-403508 (India) Bardez, Goa-403508 (India) (LM 2008, SIS LM No.312) (LM 2008, SIS LM No.312) M. Irfan Farooqi, M. Irfan Farooqi, Ph.D. Ph.D. Street Maqbarian, 1/5, sarahandi Gate, Street Maqbarian, 1/5, sarahandi Gate, Malerkotla-148023 Malerkotla-148023 Tel:91-1675-2252694(H),9855186967 Tel:91-1675-2252694(H),9855186967 (SIS Membership No. 52) (LM01) (SIS Membership No. 52) (LM01) Membership Directory 83

Roberto Ferro, Roberto Ferro, Ph.D. Ph.D. Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Via Bernardino Bellincione -14, 20134 MILANO Via Bernardino Bellincione -14, 20134 MILANO (ITALY),(M 95) Tel: 39-2-2154874(H) (ITALY),(M 95) Tel: 39-2-2154874(H) E-Mail : csguazzin@fsm.it E-Mail : csguazzin@fsm.it (SIS Membership No. 53) (SIS Membership No. 53) Megha Megha Gagneja, Gagneja, 270, Sector 32-A, Chandigarh 160030 270, Sector 32-A, Chandigarh 160030 Mob. 9814174233 ,E-mail : Mob. 9814174233 ,E-mail : m_gagneja@yahoo.com m_gagneja@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 221) (SIS LM No. 221) Bhawna Gandhi Bhawna Gandhi Quality House,Vikas Nagar, Quality House,Vikas Nagar, Shimla-171009 (India) (LM 2004) Shimla-171009 (India) (LM 2004) Tel: 91-177-2620512 Cell: 9418011151 Tel: 91-177-2620512 Cell: 9418011151 (SIS Membership No. 54) (SIS Membership No. 54) K. L. Garg, K. L. Garg, MD MD Consultant Neuro-Psychiatrist, SCO-6, Consultant Neuro-Psychiatrist, SCO-6, 1st Floor, Sector 17-E, 1st Floor, Sector 17-E, Chandigarh - 160 017 (India) Chandigarh - 160 017 (India) Tel.:91-172-2702281(W) 2564800(H) Tel.:91-172-2702281(W) 2564800(H) (LM95) (SIS Membership No. 55) (LM95) (SIS Membership No. 55) Divya Ghai, Divya Ghai, MBA MBA 1162 Sector 21-B, 1162 Sector 21-B, Chandigarh-160022 Chandigarh-160022 Tel.: 91-172-2703266, Tel.: 91-172-2703266, Email: divyaghai@hotmail.com Email: divyaghai@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 56) (SIS Membership No. 56) Tulika Ghosh, Tulika Ghosh, MA MA C/o Shri Subhash Chandra Ghosh C/o Shri Subhash Chandra Ghosh 7th Lane, Kantatoli Colony 7th Lane, Kantatoli Colony Netaji Nagar, Netaji Nagar, Ranchi — 834001 (Jharkhand) Ranchi — 834001 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9905757898 Mob: 91-9905757898 E-Mail: tulikaghosh_rinpas@yahoo.com E-Mail: tulikaghosh_rinpas@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 305) (SIS Membership No. 305) Ankush Girdhar, Ankush Girdhar, 75 Bhagat Singh Colony, Makhu Road, 75 Bhagat Singh Colony, Makhu Road, Ferozepr City-152002 Ferozepr City-152002 Tel. 01632-222539 Mob. 9855435539 Tel. 01632-222539 Mob. 9855435539 E-mail : E-mail : ankushgirdhar_ubs@yahoo.co.in ankushgirdhar_ubs@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 222) (SIS LM No. 222) Sonali Giri, Sonali Giri, 538 KA/187/1A, Tulsipuram Triveni Nagar-3, 538 KA/187/1A, Tulsipuram Triveni Nagar-3, Lucknow-226020 Tel. 2757149 Lucknow-226020 Tel. 2757149 E-mail : E-mail : sona_smarti@yahoo.com sona_smarti@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 223) (SIS LM No. 223) Deepak Kumar Giri, Deepak Kumar Giri, M.D. M.D. C/o Mr. P. K. Mutt, 95, LIG (Near RITPS) C/o Mr. P. K. Mutt, 95, LIG (Near RITPS) Adityapore Colony, Adityapore, Jamshedpur Adityapore Colony, Adityapore, Jamshedpur Saraikela, Kharswan (Jharkhand) Saraikela, Kharswan (Jharkhand) Tel.: 91-657-2308945 Tel.: 91-657-2308945 E-mail: deepak29giri@yahoo.co.in E-mail: deepak29giri@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 310) (SIS LM No. 310) Shilpa Goyal Shilpa Goyal 94 A, Tagore Nagar, Civil Lines, 94 A, Tagore Nagar, Civil Lines, Ludhiana-141001 (India) Ludhiana-141001 (India) Tel: 91-161-2471710 Tel: 91-161-2471710 (LM 2004)(SIS Membership No. 59) (LM 2004)(SIS Membership No. 59) Philip Greenway, Philip Greenway, Ph.D. Ph.D. Faculty of Education, Monash University, Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton Campus,Clayton, Victoria-3168 Clayton Campus,Clayton, Victoria-3168 Australia. Tel : 99052842(W),94585052(H) (M-2001) Australia. Tel : 99052842(W),94585052(H) (M-2001) E-Mail: E-Mail: philip.greenway@education.monash.edu.au philip.greenway@education.monash.edu.au (SIS Life Membership 60) (SIS Life Membership 60) Aditya Nath Gupta, Aditya Nath Gupta, 101, SFS Flats, Gulmohar Enclave, New Delhi-110049 101, SFS Flats, Gulmohar Enclave, New Delhi-110049 Tel.9872749369, 011-26851463 Tel.9872749369, 011-26851463 Email id: Email id: adionthenet@yahoo.com adionthenet@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 224) (SIS LM No. 224) Ravikant Gunthey, Ravikant Gunthey, Ph.D. Ph.D. A-111, Shastri Nagar, Jodhpur-342003 (India) A-111, Shastri Nagar, Jodhpur-342003 (India) (F 96) Tel.: 91-291-2433943(H) 2747277(W) (F 96) Tel.: 91-291-2433943(H) 2747277(W) Mob. Mob.: 9414127931 E-mail: guntheyravi@yahoo.co.in : 9414127931 E-mail: guntheyravi@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 61) (SIS Membership No. 61) Abhishek Gupta Abhishek Gupta Subhash Cottage, 670, Sector 6, Panchkula - 134 109. Subhash Cottage, 670, Sector 6, Panchkula - 134 109. (LM2001) Tel: 91-172-2773834, (LM2001) Tel: 91-172-2773834, Email:abhishek_gupta@spiceindia.com Email:abhishek_gupta@spiceindia.com E-Mail: abhishekgupta@engineer.com E-Mail: abhishekgupta@engineer.com (SIS Membership No. 62) (SIS Membership No. 62) Hemant Gupta

Hemant Gupta

House No. 275, Sector 16, Panchkula-134113 House No. 275, Sector 16, Panchkula-134113 Ph.:0172-2572101 Email: hemant_gupt@yahoo.com Ph.:0172-2572101 Email: hemant_gupt@yahoo.com Email: hemant.gupta@ionsoftnet.com Email: hemant.gupta@ionsoftnet.com (SIS Membership No. 63) (SIS Membership No. 63) Nitin Gupta, Nitin Gupta, Gupta Cloth House, Near Arya Samaj Mandir, Gupta Cloth House, Near Arya Samaj Mandir, Main Bazar, Dina Nagar, Main Bazar, Dina Nagar, Distt Gurdaspur-143531 Distt Gurdaspur-143531 Mob. 9814506329 Mob. 9814506329 E-mail : E-mail : ernitingupta@rediffmail.com ernitingupta@rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 225) (SIS LM No. 225) Nehra Gupta, Nehra Gupta, 529/5-4, Shastri Nagar, 529/5-4, Shastri Nagar, Mandigobindgarh (Pb.) Mandigobindgarh (Pb.) Tel.01765-266268 Tel.01765-266268 E-mail : E-mail : guptanehra16@hotmail.com guptanehra16@hotmail.com (SIS LM No. 226) (SIS LM No. 226) Priyanka Gupta, Priyanka Gupta, A-2,Doctor’s Enclv,Gangawal Park, A-2,Doctor’s Enclv,Gangawal Park, Jaipur (LM01) Jaipur (LM01) (SIS Membership No. 64) (SIS Membership No. 64) Piyush Gupta, Piyush Gupta, 3349, Sector 21-D, 3349, Sector 21-D, Chandigarh Chandigarh Tel. 9872222623 Tel. 9872222623 (SIS LM No. 227) (SIS LM No. 227) 84 Membership Directory

Rama Gupta, Rama Gupta, M.B.A. M.B.A. 553, Dhanas, 553, Dhanas, Chandigarh Chandigarh Tel:91-172-2696993 Tel:91-172-2696993 (SIS Membership No. 65) (SIS Membership No. 65) Sapna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Vidyarthi Prakashan, P.B.No.161, Vidyarthi Prakashan, P.B.No.161, Bhagat Singh Marg, Bhagat Singh Marg, Saharanpur-247001 (LM2001) Saharanpur-247001 (LM2001) Tel : 91-132-2726298 Tel : 91-132-2726298 (SIS Membership No. 66) (SIS Membership No. 66) S. C. Gupta, S. C. Gupta, Ph.D. Ph.D. 1/5, Balda Road Colony, Nishat Ganj, 1/5, Balda Road Colony, Nishat Ganj, Lucknow-226007 Lucknow-226007 F 1996) Tel.: 91-522-2780891 F 1996) Tel.: 91-522-2780891 E-Mail: sureshcguptaskg@yahoo.com E-Mail: sureshcguptaskg@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 67) (SIS Membership No. 67) Sarita Gupta Sarita Gupta, M.A. , M.A. D-54/18, Aurangabad, D-54/18, Aurangabad, Varanasi-221001 Varanasi-221001 Tel.: 91-542-2421488 (LM 96) Tel.: 91-542-2421488 (LM 96) (SIS Membership No. 68) (SIS Membership No. 68) Rajat Gupta Rajat Gupta J-143 Sakel, New Delhi-11017 J-143 Sakel, New Delhi-11017 Tel. 91-11-26855973, 9888138382 Tel. 91-11-26855973, 9888138382 (SIS LM No. 228) (SIS LM No. 228) Shivani Gupta Shivani Gupta

Flat No.11, Young Dwellers Society, Flat No.11, Young Dwellers Society, Sector 49, Sector 49, Chandigarh-160047 Chandigarh-160047 Email : shivanigupta_78@rediffmail.com Email : shivanigupta_78@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 69) (SIS Membership No. 69) Vishal Gupta Vishal Gupta

1297, Sector 15, 1297, Sector 15, Panchkula 134113 Panchkula 134113 Phone 91-172-2593999(H) Phone 91-172-2593999(H) Email mbavishal78@yahoo.com Email mbavishal78@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 70) (SIS Membership No. 70) Pankaj Handa Pankaj Handa B 23, New Sarswati Society, Plot 26/1, Sector 9, B 23, New Sarswati Society, Plot 26/1, Sector 9, Rohini, Delhi-110085 Rohini, Delhi-110085 (SIS Life Membership No. 330) (SIS Life Membership No. 330) Susmita Haldar, Susmita Haldar, Ph.D., Ph.D., T-2, 4/4, Ruchira Residency, 369 Poorbachal T-2, 4/4, Ruchira Residency, 369 Poorbachal Kalitala Main Road, EM Bypass, Kolkata-700078 Kalitala Main Road, EM Bypass, Kolkata-700078 Ph.: 91-033-25575910 Ph.: 91-033-25575910 (SIS Life Membership No. 235) (SIS Life Membership No. 235) Mohd. Saif Ul Haq Mohd. Saif Ul Haq D1165 Indra Nagar, D1165 Indra Nagar, Lucknow-226016 (India) Lucknow-226016 (India) Tel: 91-0527-2353896 (LM 2004) Tel: 91-0527-2353896 (LM 2004) Cell:9780467095 Cell:9780467095 Email: Email: m_saif_h@yahoo.com m_saif_h@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 71) (SIS Membership No. 71) Smita Hemrom, Smita Hemrom, M.Phil (M&SP), M.Phil (M&SP), C/O R. Hemrom, C/O R. Hemrom, At –Dela Toli, Tiril, Kokar, At –Dela Toli, Tiril, Kokar, Bariatu, Ranchi – 834009 Bariatu, Ranchi – 834009 Cell: 91-9431576989 Cell: 91-9431576989 (SIS Membership No.251) (SIS Membership No.251) Ishani, Ishani, Police Flat no.3,Sec 17, Police Flat no.3,Sec 17, Chandigarh-160017 Chandigarh-160017 Tel:91-172-2728706 Tel:91-172-2728706 (SIS LM No. 229) (SIS LM No. 229) Sudarshan Kumar Jagga Sudarshan Kumar Jagga 531/3, Shaheed Udham Singh Nagar, 531/3, Shaheed Udham Singh Nagar, Malout, Distt: Muktsar (Punjab) Malout, Distt: Muktsar (Punjab) Tel: 91-1637-264411(H), Tel: 91-1637-264411(H), Cell: 9815964429 (LM 2005) Cell: 9815964429 (LM 2005) (SIS Membership No. 72) (SIS Membership No. 72) Masroor Jahan, Masroor Jahan, Ph.D. Ph.D. Associatet Professor of Clin. Psychology Associatet Professor of Clin. Psychology RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Cell:91-9835165223 Cell:91-9835165223 (LM and SIS FM No. 237) (LM and SIS FM No. 237) Ruchi Jain, Ruchi Jain, Ph.D. Ph.D. c/o Vidya Books Agency, c/o Vidya Books Agency, Bhagwan Mahavir Marg Bhagwan Mahavir Marg Baraut (Bagpat- 250611(India) Baraut (Bagpat- 250611(India) LM 2004 (SIS Membership No. 73) LM 2004 (SIS Membership No. 73) Shilpa Jain, Shilpa Jain, Ph.D. Ph.D. B-50, Vinoba Kunj, Plot No.9, Sector-9, Rohini B-50, Vinoba Kunj, Plot No.9, Sector-9, Rohini New Delhi-110085 New Delhi-110085 Tel: 91-11-30914703, 91-11-27569635 Tel: 91-11-30914703, 91-11-27569635 Email: shilpajain77@yahoo.co.in Email: shilpajain77@yahoo.co.in (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 261) (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 261) Sonal Jain Sonal Jain AE15, Tons Colony, Dak Pat AE15, Tons Colony, Dak Pat har, Dehradoon (India) (LM 2004) har, Dehradoon (India) (LM 2004) Tel: 91-1360-222128, Email: jnsonal@yahoo.cpm Tel: 91-1360-222128, Email: jnsonal@yahoo.cpm (SIS Membership No. 74) (SIS Membership No. 74) Vandana Tara Janveja, Vandana Tara Janveja, A-23, Nizamuddin East, A-23, Nizamuddin East, New Delhi- 110013 New Delhi- 110013 Mob:91-9810753858, 91-11-24352533 Mob:91-9810753858, 91-11-24352533 Email: Email: tara.artprinters@sify.com tara.artprinters@sify.com (LM 2006) (SIS LM No. 230) (LM 2006) (SIS LM No. 230) Anuradha Jatana, Anuradha Jatana, M.A. M.A. 118, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109 118, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109 (Haryana) (LM 2000) (Haryana) (LM 2000) Tel. : 91-172-2567187,Cell:9815067187 Tel. : 91-172-2567187,Cell:9815067187 E-Mail : E-Mail : ritzu999@yahoo.com ritzu999@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 75) (SIS Membership No. 75) Mukesh K. Jha, Mukesh K. Jha, M.A. M.A. Dept. of Yoga Psychology, Bihar Yoga Bharati, Dept. of Yoga Psychology, Bihar Yoga Bharati, Ganga Dars Ganga Darshan, Munger - 811201, Bihar (India) han, Munger - 811201, Bihar (India) Tel. : 91-6344-2222430 (W) (LM 97) Tel. : 91-6344-2222430 (W) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 76) (SIS Membership No. 76) Membership Directory 85

M. R. Jhanwar, M. R. Jhanwar, DPM DPM Deva Institute of Mental Health,B-27/70, Deva Institute of Mental Health,B-27/70, Barhal Kothi,Durga Kund, Barhal Kothi,Durga Kund, Varanasi - 221 005. (India) Varanasi - 221 005. (India) (LM 94) Tel. : 91-542-22310670 (W) (LM 94) Tel. : 91-542-22310670 (W) (SIS Membership No. 77) (SIS Membership No. 77) Lt. Col. T. Rajan John, Lt. Col. T. Rajan John, MD. MD. Classiﬁ ed Specialist (Psychiatry) Classiﬁ ed Specialist (Psychiatry) 92 Base Hospital 92 Base Hospital C/o 56 A.P.O. (LM 2000) C/o 56 A.P.O. (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 78) (SIS Membership No. 78) Marina Joseph, Marina Joseph,M.A. M.A. Francis House, Mission Quarters, Urakkam P.O., Francis House, Mission Quarters, Urakkam P.O., TRICHUR (Kerala) (LM 2004) TRICHUR (Kerala) (LM 2004) Email: Email: jmerina@hotmail.com jmerina@hotmail.com (LM 2004) (LM 2004) Tel: (0487) 2343944. Cell: 971 506964376. Tel: (0487) 2343944. Cell: 971 506964376. (SIS Membership No. 79) (SIS Membership No. 79) Hardeep Lal Joshi, Hardeep Lal Joshi,Ph.D. Ph.D. Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra - 136119 Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra - 136119 Email: drhardeep_joshi@yahoo.co.in Email: drhardeep_joshi@yahoo.co.in (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 80) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 80) Kabir Julka, Kabir Julka, M.B.A. M.B.A. Julka Cottage,Tank Road, Julka Cottage,Tank Road, Solan-173212(HP) Solan-173212(HP) Tel: 91-1792-2222048, 2222809 Tel: 91-1792-2222048, 2222809 E-Mail: kabirjulka@hotmail.com E-Mail: kabirjulka@hotmail.com (LM 2001) (SIS Membership No. 81) (LM 2001) (SIS Membership No. 81) Sunita Kandhari, Sunita Kandhari, Ph.D. Ph.D. Asst. Professor Asst. Professor 82, Marudhar Vihar, Khatipura, 82, Marudhar Vihar, Khatipura, Jaipur, Rajasthan-302012 Jaipur, Rajasthan-302012 Cell: 91-9783307022, Cell: 91-9783307022, E-mail: bhawanaarya75@gmail.com E-mail: bhawanaarya75@gmail.com (SIS LM No. 336) (SIS LM No. 336) Abhisekh Kalra, Abhisekh Kalra,M.B.A. M.B.A. WZ 410, C/8, Hari nagar, Clock Tower, WZ 410, C/8, Hari nagar, Clock Tower, New delhi-110064, Tel: 91-11-25496652 New delhi-110064, Tel: 91-11-25496652 Cell:91-9833633899 Cell:91-9833633899 Email id: abhishekkalra2003@yahoo.com Email id: abhishekkalra2003@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 262) (SIS Membership No. 262) R. Kamala R. Kamala 15 Amool Colony, Amool Dairy Road, 15 Amool Colony, Amool Dairy Road, Anand-388001 (Gujrat) (LM 2002) Anand-388001 (Gujrat) (LM 2002) (SIS Membership No. 82) (SIS Membership No. 82) Amrita Kanchan, Amrita Kanchan, M.Phil (M&SP) M.Phil (M&SP) 1/155 Nawabganj, 1/155 Nawabganj, Kanpur -208002 (U.P.) Kanpur -208002 (U.P.) Mob: 91-9234610083 Mob: 91-9234610083 E-mail:Amrita.kanchan@rediffmail.com E-mail:Amrita.kanchan@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 253) (SIS Membership No. 253) Payal Kapoor, Payal Kapoor, 96, Jillians Blvd, Snrith 96, Jillians Blvd, Snrith Rs Parsipang, Rs Parsipang, NJ 07054 Tel. 973-887-6317 NJ 07054 Tel. 973-887-6317 (SIS Membership No. 263) (SIS Membership No. 263) Peony Kapoor, Peony Kapoor, Consultant Psychologist, 2070, Frontier Drive, Consultant Psychologist, 2070, Frontier Drive, Oak Ville, Ontario, L6M 3V5 Oak Ville, Ontario, L6M 3V5 Email: Email: nkapoor@cogeco.ca nkapoor@cogeco.ca Tel: 001-905-469-4065(H)Cell:001-416-804-4065 Tel: 001-905-469-4065(H)Cell:001-416-804-4065 (SIS Membership No. 83) (SIS Membership No. 83) Maj. Sanjay Kaul, Maj. Sanjay Kaul, 477 Sector 7, Panchkula (India) 477 Sector 7, Panchkula (India) Tel. : 91-172-2561960 (H) Tel. : 91-172-2561960 (H) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 84) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 84) Deepak Kaushic Deepak Kaushic 41, Pocket11, Sector 5, Rohini, 41, Pocket11, Sector 5, Rohini, New Delhi 110085 Tel. 011-55196524 New Delhi 110085 Tel. 011-55196524 E-mail : E-mail : kaushikdeepak@hotmail.com kaushikdeepak@hotmail.com (SIS LM No. 231) (SIS LM No. 231) Preet Kanwal, Preet Kanwal, MBA, MBA, # 6, Village & P.O.Sansarpur, # 6, Village & P.O.Sansarpur, Jalandhar -144024 Jalandhar -144024 (LM03)Tel:91-181-2265627 (LM03)Tel:91-181-2265627 (SIS Membership No. 85) (SIS Membership No. 85) Bhupesh Kasyap

Bhupesh Kasyap

SDA Residential Complex, Block 62, SDA Residential Complex, Block 62, Set No. 943, New Shimla-171009 Set No. 943, New Shimla-171009 Phone : 91-177-2270155 Phone : 91-177-2270155 Email Bhupesh_Kashyap@Yahoo.Com Email Bhupesh_Kashyap@Yahoo.Com (SIS Membership No. 86) (SIS Membership No. 86) Harpreet Kaur, Harpreet Kaur, Ph.D. Ph.D. 11, Greenview Colony, Rajbaha Road, 11, Greenview Colony, Rajbaha Road, Patiala 147002 (Punjab) Patiala 147002 (Punjab) Cell: 09815501369, (LM 98) Cell: 09815501369, (LM 98) Email:harprit.kaur@yahoo.com, Email:harprit.kaur@yahoo.com, (SIS Membership No. 87) (SIS Membership No. 87) Jasleen Kaur Jasleen Kaur WZ 197, Gali No. 3, Virender Nagar, WZ 197, Gali No. 3, Virender Nagar, New Delhi-110058 (India) (LM 2004) New Delhi-110058 (India) (LM 2004) Tel: 91-11-25505284 Tel: 91-11-25505284 Email: Email: jasleenseera@rediffmail.com jasleenseera@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 88) (SIS Membership No. 88) Rajinder P. Kaur, Rajinder P. Kaur, Ph.D. Ph.D. 364,Sector -38A, Chandigarh-160037 (LM 98) 364,Sector -38A, Chandigarh-160037 (LM 98) (SIS Membership No. 89) (SIS Membership No. 89) Ravneet Kaur, Ravneet Kaur, MBA MBA # 5466, Sector 38 West, # 5466, Sector 38 West, Chandigarh-160014 (LM 03) Chandigarh-160014 (LM 03) (SIS Membership No. 90) (SIS Membership No. 90) Rupinder Kaur, Rupinder Kaur, MBA, MBA, 7, K.M.Colony, Bhiwani-127221 7, K.M.Colony, Bhiwani-127221 Tel:91-1664-2246434(LM2003) Tel:91-1664-2246434(LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 91) (SIS Membership No. 91) Kunal Kaushesh, Kunal Kaushesh, House No.401, GH 22, House No.401, GH 22, Manasa Devi Complex, Panchkula Manasa Devi Complex, Panchkula (SIS Membership No. 264) (SIS Membership No. 264) 86 Membership Directory

Nawab Akhtar Khan, Nawab Akhtar Khan, M.Phil. M.Phil. C/o A. H. Khan, Patratoli, P.O.: RVC C/o A. H. Khan, Patratoli, P.O.: RVC Kanke, Ranchi-834007 (Jharkhand) Kanke, Ranchi-834007 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9234892942 Mob: 91-9234892942 (SIS Membership No. 249) (SIS Membership No. 249) Anatoly Khromov, Anatoly Khromov, Ph.D. Ph.D. N6, Micr, VI apt. 163, Kurgan,Russia - 640023 N6, Micr, VI apt. 163, Kurgan,Russia - 640023 Tel. : 007-352-2-485740 (H) Tel. : 007-352-2-485740 (H) E-Mail : anatolykh@hotmail.com E-Mail : anatolykh@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 93) (SIS Membership No. 93) Rohini Khullar Rohini Khullar 22 A, Ring Road, Lajpat Nagar-IV, 22 A, Ring Road, Lajpat Nagar-IV, New Delhi - 110 024 (India) (LM 95) New Delhi - 110 024 (India) (LM 95) E-Mail: E-Mail: rohinik3@gmail.com rohinik3@gmail.com Cell: 91-9810626161 Cell: 91-9810626161 LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 94) LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 94) Manisha Kiran, Manisha Kiran, Ph.D. Ph.D. Assistant Professor of P.S.W. Assistant Professor of P.S.W. RINPAS, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 (SIS Membership No. 241) (SIS Membership No. 241) Shalu John Koikara, Shalu John Koikara, S.H. L.D.(Psy(, M.D., S.H. L.D.(Psy(, M.D., Clinical Psychologist, Clinical Psychologist, Dept of Mental Health Care,OAC Clinic and Guidance Dept of Mental Health Care,OAC Clinic and Guidance center for Children, Holy Family Hospital, center for Children, Holy Family Hospital, Muthalakodam P.O.,Thodupazha-685605(Kerala) Muthalakodam P.O.,Thodupazha-685605(Kerala) Email: shakj2001@yahoo.com, Tel: 91-4862-227870, Email: shakj2001@yahoo.com, Tel: 91-4862-227870, (LM2004) (LM2004) (SIS Membership No. 95) Cell:9447522232 (SIS Membership No. 95) Cell:9447522232 Amit Kumar, Amit Kumar, M.A. M.A. S/o Sri Arun Kumar Singh S/o Sri Arun Kumar Singh At/PO: Sukurhutoo, Via-Kanke At/PO: Sukurhutoo, Via-Kanke Dist: Ranchi — 834006 (Jharkhand) Dist: Ranchi — 834006 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9835528311 Mob: 91-9835528311 (SIS Membership No. 308) (SIS Membership No. 308) Sajeet Kujur Sajeet Kujur Vill. Banhora, P.O. Hehal, Vill. Banhora, P.O. Hehal, Dist. Ranchi-834005, (Jharkhand) Dist. Ranchi-834005, (Jharkhand) Tel: 91-651-2513214 Tel: 91-651-2513214 (SIS LM No. 321) (SIS LM No. 321) Deepak Kumar, Deepak Kumar, Ph.D. Ph.D. 36 Arvind Puram-A,Sikandara, Agra (UP) 36 Arvind Puram-A,Sikandara, Agra (UP) (LM2004) Cell: 91-9414893206, (LM2004) Cell: 91-9414893206, Email: deepak.hypnotism@gmail.com Email: deepak.hypnotism@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 97) (SIS Membership No. 97) Ganesh Kumar, Ganesh Kumar, F31 Raag Complex, Subhan Pura, F31 Raag Complex, Subhan Pura, Baroda-390023 Tel. 91-265-2281678 Baroda-390023 Tel. 91-265-2281678 (SIS Membership No. 265) (SIS Membership No. 265) Harmesh Kumar, Harmesh Kumar, Ph.D. Ph.D. President, Therapeutic Residential services,Inc, President, Therapeutic Residential services,Inc, 2075 pacheco Street, Concord, CA 94520 (USA) 2075 pacheco Street, Concord, CA 94520 (USA) Cell: 925-285-9881 Cell: 925-285-9881 Email: harmeshkumar@sbc Email: harmeshkumar@sbcglobal.net global.net (SIS Membership No. 318) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 318) (LM 2000) Hridesh Kumar, Hridesh Kumar, Ashirvad Building, Sunny Side,Solan-173212 Ashirvad Building, Sunny Side,Solan-173212 (HP) Tel: 91-1792-2220233(H) (LM 2001) (HP) Tel: 91-1792-2220233(H) (LM 2001) (SIS Membership No. 98) (SIS Membership No. 98) Rakesh Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Ph.D. Ph.D. Sr. Cl. Psychologist, Institute of Mental Sr. Cl. Psychologist, Institute of Mental Health & Hospital,Agra-282002(India) Health & Hospital,Agra-282002(India) Cell: 91-9358311083 Tel. : 91-562-2602729(H) Cell: 91-9358311083 Tel. : 91-562-2602729(H) Email: mindpowerlab@gmail.com Email: mindpowerlab@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 99) (LM 98) (SIS Membership No. 99) (LM 98) Ranjan Kumar, Ranjan Kumar, M.A. M.A. S/o Er. R. P. Gupta, Smiriti Pravesh Kunj S/o Er. R. P. Gupta, Smiriti Pravesh Kunj New Area, 2nd Lane, New Area, 2nd Lane, Hazaribagh - 825301 (Jharkhand) Hazaribagh - 825301 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9835212873 Mob: 91-9835212873 E-mail: ranjan_counsellor@yahoo.com E-mail: ranjan_counsellor@yahoo.com ranjan_counsellor@rediffmail.com ranjan_counsellor@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 303) (SIS Membership No. 303) Ranjeet Kumar, Ranjeet Kumar, Ph.D.,M.M & S.P, Ph.D.,M.M & S.P, Assistant Professor Clinical psychology Assistant Professor Clinical psychology Gwalior Mental Hospital, Gwalior (M.P) Gwalior Mental Hospital, Gwalior (M.P) Cell: 91-9406586814 , Cell: 91-9406586814 , E-mail: ran_psy@yahoo.com E-mail: ran_psy@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 100) (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 100) (LM 2003) Sanjay Kumar Bhogta Sanjay Kumar Bhogta Vill.+P.O. Dumroun, P.S. Ichak, Vill.+P.O. Dumroun, P.S. Ichak, Dist. Hazaribagh-825402 (Jharkhand) Dist. Hazaribagh-825402 (Jharkhand) Cell: 91-9199869427 Cell: 91-9199869427 (SIS LM No. 322) (SIS LM No. 322) Shantna Kumari, Shantna Kumari, M.Phil, M.Phil, W/o Shri Sanjay Kr. Sahu W/o Shri Sanjay Kr. Sahu Vill. Bukuru Jatra Tar, P.O. Kanke Vill. Bukuru Jatra Tar, P.O. Kanke Dist. Ranchi-834006, (Jharkhand) Dist. Ranchi-834006, (Jharkhand) Cell: 91-9431360082 Cell: 91-9431360082 E-mail: k.shantna@yahoo.co.in E-mail: k.shantna@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 323) (SIS LM No. 323) Sita Kumari Sita Kumari C/o Dr. D. Mehta C/o Dr. D. Mehta Tetartoli, Near Akanksha Enclave, Tetartoli, Near Akanksha Enclave, P.O. RMCH, Harihar Singh Road, P.O. RMCH, Harihar Singh Road, Ranchi-834009, (Jharkhand) Ranchi-834009, (Jharkhand) Cell: 91-9431358022, Tel: 91-651-2546391 Cell: 91-9431358022, Tel: 91-651-2546391 (SIS LM No. 324) (SIS LM No. 324) Vijay Kumar Vijay Kumar

Flat No. 306, G.H. 27, Sector 5, MDC, Flat No. 306, G.H. 27, Sector 5, MDC, Panchkula Ph.: 91-172-2557021 Panchkula Ph.: 91-172-2557021 E-mail vijay_306@hotmail.com E-mail vijay_306@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 101) (SIS Membership No. 101) Anjali Kumari, Anjali Kumari, M.Phil. M.Phil. C/o Dr. Jay Lal Mahto C/o Dr. Jay Lal Mahto Dept. of Plant Breeding & Genetics Dept. of Plant Breeding & Genetics Birsa Agriculture University, RVC, Kanke, Birsa Agriculture University, RVC, Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 Ranchi - 834 006 E-mail : anjaliku E-mail : anjalikumari@yahoo.com mari@yahoo.com Cell : 9835147454, Phone : 0651-3202533 Cell : 9835147454, Phone : 0651-3202533 (SIS Membership No. 243) (SIS Membership No. 243) Membership Directory 87

Anju Kumari, Anju Kumari, M.Phil.(M.M.&S.P. M.Phil.(M.M.&S.P. C/o Omkar Nath C/o Omkar Nath Upper Cuitia, Beni Gali Upper Cuitia, Beni Gali Ranchi — 834001 (Jharkhand) Ranchi — 834001 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9334317911, 91-9431591030 Mob: 91-9334317911, 91-9431591030 (SIS Membership No. 255) (SIS Membership No. 255) Dolly Kumari, Dolly Kumari, M.Phil.(M.M.&S.P. M.Phil.(M.M.&S.P. C/o A. Sharma C/o A. Sharma Hesag, Near Donbaco School Hesag, Near Donbaco School Hatia, Ranchi — 834003 (Jharkhand) Hatia, Ranchi — 834003 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9931315272 Mob: 91-9931315272 (SIS Membership No. 256) (SIS Membership No. 256) Dr. A. S. Kundu Dr. A. S. Kundu Dy. Director General & Dy. Director General & Chief Social & Behavioral Research, Chief Social & Behavioral Research, ICMR, Ansari Nagar, ICMR, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110 029 New Delhi - 110 029 Tel. : 91-11-22653980 (W) (F 94) Tel. : 91-11-22653980 (W) (F 94) E-mail: E-mail: azadskundu@hotmail.com azadskundu@hotmail.com (SIS Founder Mem.No. 4) (SIS Founder Mem.No. 4) Ravinder K. Labana, Ravinder K. Labana, M.B.A. M.B.A. 335, Sector-44A, Chandigarh-160044 335, Sector-44A, Chandigarh-160044 Tel:91-172-2665309 (LM 2003) Tel:91-172-2665309 (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 102) (SIS Membership No. 102) Ramjee Lal, Ramjee Lal, Ph.D. Ph.D. Dept. of Applied Psychology, Dept. of Applied Psychology, Purvanchal University, Jaunpur (U.P.) Purvanchal University, Jaunpur (U.P.) E-mail : drramjeelal@rediffmail.com E-mail : drramjeelal@rediffmail.com Mobile: 91-9415207100 Mobile: 91-9415207100 (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 103) (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 103) Manisha Lamba, Manisha Lamba, 620 Sector 49-A, Chandigarh-160047 620 Sector 49-A, Chandigarh-160047 Mob. 9872634876 Mob. 9872634876 E-mail : E-mail : manishalamba@hotmail.com manishalamba@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 266) (SIS Membership No. 266) Anu Singh Lather, Anu Singh Lather, Ph.D. Ph.D. Professor, University School of Mgt.Studies, Professor, University School of Mgt.Studies, G.G.S Indraprastha University, G.G.S Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110006 Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110006 Tel: 91-11-23866082, 91-9871433504 Tel: 91-11-23866082, 91-9871433504 Email: anusinghlather@yahoo.com Email: anusinghlather@yahoo.com (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 267) (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 267) Prithpal Kaur Lohat Prithpal Kaur Lohat V&P.O.-Thandia, Distt Nawanshahar (India) V&P.O.-Thandia, Distt Nawanshahar (India) (LM 2004) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 104) (SIS Membership No. 104) Jagdip Singh Lotay, Jagdip Singh Lotay, 315, Field regiment, C/O 56APO(India)(LM99) 315, Field regiment, C/O 56APO(India)(LM99) (SIS Membership No. 105) (SIS Membership No. 105) Geeta Rani Magoo, Geeta Rani Magoo, Ph.D. Ph.D. 1/69,Alice Road, Mount Wavereley, 1/69,Alice Road, Mount Wavereley, 3149 Melbourne, Victoria(Australia) 3149 Melbourne, Victoria(Australia) Email:geetamagoo Email:geetamagoo@yahoo.com, @yahoo.com, Mobile:91-9812147284 Mobile:91-9812147284 (SIS LM No. 301) LM 2007 (SIS LM No. 301) LM 2007 Jyoti Mahajan Jyoti Mahajan 130, Phase XI, Mohali.Tel: 91-172-2231231, 130, Phase XI, Mohali.Tel: 91-172-2231231, E-Mail:jyotimahajan_80@hotmail.com E-Mail:jyotimahajan_80@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 106) (SIS Membership No. 106) Karan Mahajan Karan Mahajan 1048, Sector 27 B, Chandigarh-160019 (India) 1048, Sector 27 B, Chandigarh-160019 (India) Tel: 91-9815300454(LM 2004) Tel: 91-9815300454(LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 107) (SIS Membership No. 107) Mrinalini Mahajan Mrinalini Mahajan 1 Batala Rd, Vijay Nagar, 1 Batala Rd, Vijay Nagar, Mahajan Villla, AMRITSAR-143001, Mahajan Villla, AMRITSAR-143001, Tel. 0183-2271006 Tel. 0183-2271006 E-mail : E-mail : munmun_82@radiffmail.com munmun_82@radiffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 268) (SIS Membership No. 268) Vineet Mahajan Vineet Mahajan House No. 874/1, Sector 41-A, House No. 874/1, Sector 41-A, Chandigarh-160036 Chandigarh-160036 Tel: 91-172-2627620, 9815149887 Tel: 91-172-2627620, 9815149887 (SIS Membership No.269) (SIS Membership No.269) Jashobanta Mahapatra, Jashobanta Mahapatra, Ph.D. Ph.D. Asst. Professor of Clinical Psychology Asst. Professor of Clinical Psychology Deptt. of Psychiatry, SCB Medical College Deptt. of Psychiatry, SCB Medical College Cuttack, Orissa - 753007 Cuttack, Orissa - 753007 (India) LM 2004 (India) LM 2004 Cell: 91-9437256903 Cell: 91-9437256903 Email:hypnoagra@yahoo.co.in Email:hypnoagra@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 108) (SIS Membership No. 108) Akash Kumar Mahto, Akash Kumar Mahto, Ph.D. Ph.D. C/o Mr. Gajadhar Mahto C/o Mr. Gajadhar Mahto At-Kapuria, PO- Bhelatand At-Kapuria, PO- Bhelatand Dist: Dhanbad — 828103 (Jharkhand) Dist: Dhanbad — 828103 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9431314809 Mob: 91-9431314809 (SIS Membership No. 236) (SIS Membership No. 236) Neha Majumdar

Neha Majumdar

SN 15/149, Gautam Budha Marg, SN 15/149, Gautam Budha Marg, Sarnath, Varanasi-221007 Sarnath, Varanasi-221007 Ph.: 91-542-2591366 (LM 03) Ph.: 91-542-2591366 (LM 03) (SIS Membership No. 109) (SIS Membership No. 109) Puneet Makkar Puneet Makkar 59, Nyaspuri, Karnal, (India) (LM 2001) 59, Nyaspuri, Karnal, (India) (LM 2001) Tel : 91-184-250888 Tel : 91-184-250888 (SIS Membership No. 110) (SIS Membership No. 110) Ankit Markan Ankit Markan E1-8, Sector-14, Panjab Univ campus, E1-8, Sector-14, Panjab Univ campus, Chandigarh-160014 Chandigarh-160014 (LM01) Tel:91-172-2778236 (LM01) Tel:91-172-2778236 (SIS Membership No. 111) (SIS Membership No. 111) Mamta Malhotra, Mamta Malhotra, 908, Gowshalla road, Harbans Pura, 908, Gowshalla road, Harbans Pura, Ludhiana-141004 Ludhiana-141004 Tel: 91-161-2702085(H) Tel: 91-161-2702085(H) (LM01) (SIS Membership No. 112) (LM01) (SIS Membership No. 112) 88 Membership Directory

Seema Malho Seema Malhotra, tra, Ph.D. Ph.D. Asst. Prof. in Clinical Psychology, Asst. Prof. in Clinical Psychology, NIMHANS, Bangalore-560029 (India) (LM 95) NIMHANS, Bangalore-560029 (India) (LM 95) E-mail: seema@nimhans.kar.nic.in E-mail: seema@nimhans.kar.nic.in (SIS Membership No. 113) (SIS Membership No. 113) Simran Malhotra, Simran Malhotra, 2228 Sector 21 C, Chandigarh 160022 2228 Sector 21 C, Chandigarh 160022 Tel. 0172-2700939 Tel. 0172-2700939 (SIS Membership No. 270) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 270) LM 2005 Subhanish Malhotra, Subhanish Malhotra, MBA MBA Manager, Human Resource Manager, Human Resource The Arvind Mills Limited The Arvind Mills Limited Naroda Road, Ahmedabad - 380025 Naroda Road, Ahmedabad - 380025 Cell : 09904243475, Phone : 079-22203030 Cell : 09904243475, Phone : 079-22203030 Extn. : 2338 Extn. : 2338 E-mail: E-mail:subhanish@gmail.com subhanish@gmail.com Email: Email: subhanish@yahoo.com subhanish@yahoo.com (LM 2006) (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 271) (SIS Membership No. 271) L. Sam S. Manickam, L. Sam S. Manickam, Ph.D. Ph.D. Professor in Clinical Psychology Professor in Clinical Psychology Department of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College & Hospital, JSS Medical College & Hospital, Ramanuja Road, Mysore 570004, India Ramanuja Road, Mysore 570004, India Email: Email:lssmanickam@gmail.com lssmanickam@gmail.com 91-9444492423 (SIS LM 114) 91-9444492423 (SIS LM 114) Namita Mehtani Namita Mehtani 404, Skati Apts, Sector-14, 404, Skati Apts, Sector-14, Panchkula-134109 (India) Panchkula-134109 (India) Tel: 91-172-2579012 (LM 2004) Tel: 91-172-2579012 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 115) (SIS Membership No. 115) Vivek Mehndiratta Vivek Mehndiratta 5764-A, Sector-38West, 5764-A, Sector-38West, Chandigarh-160014 Chandigarh-160014 Tel: 91-172-2694989 (LM 2004) Tel: 91-172-2694989 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 116) (SIS Membership No. 116) Navjot Singh Miglani, Navjot Singh Miglani, 462A Guru Teg Bhadur Nagar 462A Guru Teg Bhadur Nagar Jalandhar City Jalandhar City Ph.: 91-181-3111038 Ph.: 91-181-3111038 E-mail : E-mail : shelly2109@hotmail.com shelly2109@hotmail.com (LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 117) (LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 117) Lisa Milne, Lisa Milne, Ph.D. Ph.D. 266, Middleborough Road, Blackburn South, 266, Middleborough Road, Blackburn South, Victoria-3130(Australia) (LM-2001) Victoria-3130(Australia) (LM-2001) Email:lcmilne@netspace.net.au Email:lcmilne@netspace.net.au (SIS Membership No. 118) (SIS Membership No. 118) Abhisekh Mishra Abhisekh Mishra 60, Sector 7A, Chandigarh – 160007 60, Sector 7A, Chandigarh – 160007 Tel:91-172-2794945,2794810 Tel:91-172-2794945,2794810 Email id: abhishek_misra@hotmail.com Email id: abhishek_misra@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 2 (SIS Membership No. 273) 73) Deepak Kumar Mishra Deepak Kumar Mishra W.N./H.N.-13/299, Ramgulam Tola Eastern W.N./H.N.-13/299, Ramgulam Tola Eastern Shastri Nagar, Dist: Deoria — 274001 (U.P.) Shastri Nagar, Dist: Deoria — 274001 (U.P.) Mob: 91-9905586321 Mob: 91-9905586321 E-mail: deepak2821@gmail.com E-mail: deepak2821@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 302) (SIS Membership No. 302) Mridula Mishra, Mridula Mishra, Ph.D. Ph.D. Professor, Management Department, Professor, Management Department, LSB, Lovely Professional University, LSB, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara-144002 (Punjab) Phagwara-144002 (Punjab) Email: mridulabyb@yahoo.com Email: mridulabyb@yahoo.com Email:sismishra@rediffmail.com, Email:sismishra@rediffmail.com, (FM and SIS Founder Membership No. 5) (FM and SIS Founder Membership No. 5) Nalini Mishra, Nalini Mishra, Ph.D. Ph.D. Plot No. 196, Saket Nagar, Naria, Plot No. 196, Saket Nagar, Naria, Varanasi-220005 (India) Varanasi-220005 (India) Cell: 91-5415221900 Cell: 91-5415221900 Email: sisnalini@rediffmail.com Email: sisnalini@rediffmail.com (FM) (SIS Founder Membership No. 6) (FM) (SIS Founder Membership No. 6) Nishi Misra, Nishi Misra, M. Phil., Ph. D. M. Phil., Ph. D. Scientist ‘D’ 201, Nag Chaudhuri Hostel, Scientist ‘D’ 201, Nag Chaudhuri Hostel, DRDO Residential Complex, DRDO Residential Complex, Lucknow Raod,Timarpur, Lucknow Raod,Timarpur, Delhi-110054 (India) Delhi-110054 (India) Tel.: 91-11-23955058(H) Cell.: 9811128239 Tel.: 91-11-23955058(H) Cell.: 9811128239 E-mail.: E-mail.: nishi201in@yahoo.com nishi201in@yahoo.com (LM 1995) (SIS Membership No. 119) (LM 1995) (SIS Membership No. 119) Praveen Mishra, Praveen Mishra, M.B.A. M.B.A. Asst Manager, Bharti Tele-Ventures Ltd. Asst Manager, Bharti Tele-Ventures Ltd. Infotel Ofﬁ ce, 224 Okhla Industrial Area, Phase III, Infotel Ofﬁ ce, 224 Okhla Industrial Area, Phase III, New Delhi - 110020 New Delhi - 110020 Tel:91 11 5161 4400, 91 11 5132 9596 (H) Tel:91 11 5161 4400, 91 11 5132 9596 (H) Cell : +91 98181 99487E Mail: Cell : +91 98181 99487E Mail: pravmis@gmail.com pravmis@gmail.com Pravmis@rediffmail.com Pravmis@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 120) (SIS Membership No. 120) P. K. Mishra, P. K. Mishra, Ph.D. Ph.D. Professor, Center for Advance Studies in Psychology, Professor, Center for Advance Studies in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar-751004 (India) Utkal University, Bhubaneswar-751004 (India) Tel.:91-674-2583286(H) 2581739 (W) Tel.:91-674-2583286(H) 2581739 (W) (LM97) (SIS Membership No. 121) (LM97) (SIS Membership No. 121) Sarita Mishra, Sarita Mishra, Ph.D. Ph.D. 7/157,Swaroop Nagar, 7/157,Swaroop Nagar, Kanpur-208002 (LM 2001) Kanpur-208002 (LM 2001) Tel: 91-512-2552006 Tel: 91-512-2552006 (SIS membership No. 122) (SIS membership No. 122) Sunil Mittal, Sunil Mittal, M.D. M.D. Psychiatrist, Delhi Psychiatry Center, Psychiatrist, Delhi Psychiatry Center, 35 Defence Enclave, Vikas Nagar, 35 Defence Enclave, Vikas Nagar, Delhi-110 092 (LM95) Delhi-110 092 (LM95) Tel.: 91-11-2214726(W) 222767(H) Tel.: 91-11-2214726(W) 222767(H) (SIS Membership No. 123) (SIS Membership No. 123) Reetinder Mohan, Reetinder Mohan, Ph.D. Ph.D. 269, Sec. 16-A, Chandigarh - 160016 269, Sec. 16-A, Chandigarh - 160016 (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 124) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 124) Membership Directory 89

M. Mohandas, M. Mohandas, Ph.D. Ph.D. Avinaash, Cheruparambath Road, Avinaash, Cheruparambath Road, Kadavanthra P.O, Kochi-682020 Kadavanthra P.O, Kochi-682020 Tel: 91-484-2311011, Cell: 91-9847239916 Tel: 91-484-2311011, Cell: 91-9847239916 Email: mohanmdas@yahoo.com Email: mohanmdas@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No.259) (SIS Membership No.259) Anish Monga, Anish Monga, MBA MBA 428, Model Town,Phase-I, 428, Model Town,Phase-I, Bathinda-151001 (Punjab) Bathinda-151001 (Punjab) Tel: 91-164-2211333,(LM 2003) Tel: 91-164-2211333,(LM 2003) Email: Email: anishmonga@indiatimes.com anishmonga@indiatimes.com (SIS Membership No. 125) (SIS Membership No. 125) Anjana Mukhopadhyay, Anjana Mukhopadhyay, Ph.D. Ph.D. Dept. of Psychology, Women’s College, Dept. of Psychology, Women’s College, BHU, Varanasi - 221 005 (India) BHU, Varanasi - 221 005 (India) Tel.: 0542-2367482, Tel.: 0542-2367482, Email:anjanamukhopadhyay@yahoo.co.in Email:anjanamukhopadhyay@yahoo.co.in (F 94) (SIS Membership No. 126) (F 94) (SIS Membership No. 126) Piyali Mukherjee, Piyali Mukherjee, Ph.D. Ph.D. C/o Mr. D. K. Mukherjee C/o Mr. D. K. Mukherjee 94, B.R. Ghosh Road, Kolkata - 700040 94, B.R. Ghosh Road, Kolkata - 700040 E-mail : mukherjee_piyali@yahoo.com E-mail : mukherjee_piyali@yahoo.com Phone : 033-24118963 Phone : 033-24118963 (SIS Membership No.244) LM 2006 (SIS Membership No.244) LM 2006 Ashok Kumar Nag Ashok Kumar Nag, M.D. , M.D. Director, RINPAS, Kanke, Director, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006, (Jharkhand) Ranchi-834006, (Jharkhand) Cell: 91-9431176091 Cell: 91-9431176091 (SIS LM No. 332) (SIS LM No. 332) Rahul Nagpal Rahul Nagpal House No-668; Sector-8; House No-668; Sector-8; PanchkulaHaryana-134109 PanchkulaHaryana-134109 Tel:91-9814469203 Tel:91-9814469203 (SIS Membership No. 274) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 274) LM 2005 Subhanker Nath, Subhanker Nath, 173, Sector-11A, Chandigarh-160011 173, Sector-11A, Chandigarh-160011 Tel:91-172-2746878, Cell:91 9971666330, Tel:91-172-2746878, Cell:91 9971666330, Email: shubhankar_nath@yahoo.com Email: shubhankar_nath@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 275) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 275) LM 2005 Anshuman Nayak, Anshuman Nayak, MBA, MBA, Charigharia, P.O. Madhav Nagar, Charigharia, P.O. Madhav Nagar, Bhadrak-756181(Orissa) Bhadrak-756181(Orissa) Tel:91-6784-2240873 (LM03) Tel:91-6784-2240873 (LM03) Email:anshuman_nayak@indiatimes.com Email:anshuman_nayak@indiatimes.com (SIS Membership No. 127) (SIS Membership No. 127) Sanjay Kumar Nayak, Sanjay Kumar Nayak, M. A. M. A. At+Post : Chalkari Basti At+Post : Chalkari Basti Dist. : Bokaro, Jharkhand - 829114 Dist. : Bokaro, Jharkhand - 829114 (SIS Membership No. 320) (SIS Membership No. 320) Himanshu Nayar Himanshu Nayar B-107, Sector 30, Noida-201303, B-107, Sector 30, Noida-201303, Tel. 0120-2452739 Tel. 0120-2452739 E-mail : E-mail : nayyar_himanshu@yahoo.com nayyar_himanshu@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 276) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 276) LM 2005 Manisha Nayar Manisha Nayar 484, Sector-20A, Chandigarh-160020 484, Sector-20A, Chandigarh-160020 Tel:91-172-2708950 Tel:91-172-2708950 (LM2001)(SIS Membership No. 128) (LM2001)(SIS Membership No. 128) Vivek S. Natarajan, Vivek S. Natarajan, Ph.D. Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor, Department of Management and Marketing, Department of Management and Marketing, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas-77710 Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas-77710 Email: Email: vivek.natarajan@lamar.edu vivek.natarajan@lamar.edu Email: n Email: nvivekshankar@rediffmail.com vivekshankar@rediffmail.com Phone: 409-880-8643(W), Cell: 817-917-3727 Phone: 409-880-8643(W), Cell: 817-917-3727 (SIS Membership No. 277) (SIS Membership No. 277) Abhilasha Negi, Abhilasha Negi, HIG Cottage No 11, Lower Jakhoo, HIG Cottage No 11, Lower Jakhoo, Housing Board Colony, Shimla-171002 Housing Board Colony, Shimla-171002 Tel. 0177-2620938, E-mail Tel. 0177-2620938, E-mail abhinegi@yahoo.com abhinegi@yahoo.com Email id: abhnegi@yahoo.com Email id: abhnegi@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 278) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 278) LM 2005 Paola Nicolini, Paola Nicolini, MA MA Via Enrico Fermi 14, Lomagna (LC) 23871, Via Enrico Fermi 14, Lomagna (LC) 23871, Italy (LM 99) Italy (LM 99) E-mail : pnicolini@skindeep.it E-mail : pnicolini@skindeep.it Email:paola.nicolini@libero.it Email:paola.nicolini@libero.it Telefax : 039-9220187 (W) Telefax : 039-9220187 (W) (SIS Membership No. 130) (SIS Membership No. 130) K. N. Ojha, K. N. Ojha, 1/213, First ﬂ oor, 1/213, First ﬂ oor, Vikas Nagar, Lucknow-226022 Vikas Nagar, Lucknow-226022 Phone: 0522-2769375 (R)09335235596 (M) Phone: 0522-2769375 (R)09335235596 (M) Email: knojha85@yahoo.co.in Email: knojha85@yahoo.co.in (LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 131) (LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 131) Ann M. O’Roark, Ann M. O’Roark, Ph.D. Ph.D. 866, Amelia Coart, NE St. Petersburg, 866, Amelia Coart, NE St. Petersburg, Fl 33702-2784(USA) Fl 33702-2784(USA) Cell: 727-492-5731, Tel/Fax:(727) 527-9863 Cell: 727-492-5731, Tel/Fax:(727) 527-9863 E-Mail: AnnMORoark@aol.com E-Mail: AnnMORoark@aol.com (M 98) (SIS Membership No. 132) (M 98) (SIS Membership No. 132) Yash Pal Yash Pal Village & PO- Keharwala, Dist- Sirsa (India) Village & PO- Keharwala, Dist- Sirsa (India) Tel: 91-1698-286204, 286205, Cell: 9416167312 Tel: 91-1698-286204, 286205, Cell: 9416167312 (SIS LM No. 133) (SIS LM No. 133) Ravinder S. Palia Ravinder S. Palia 609 Bristol Road west 609 Bristol Road west Mississauga. ON - L5R 3J6 (Canada) Mississauga. ON - L5R 3J6 (Canada) Tel: 905 890 6286(H)905 399 2012( cell Tel: 905 890 6286(H)905 399 2012( cell E-Mail : ravipalia@hotmail.com E-Mail : ravipalia@hotmail.com (SIS Life Membership No. 134) (SIS Life Membership No. 134) Rakesh Pandey, Rakesh Pandey, Ph.D. Ph.D. Reader, Deptt. of Psychology, Reader, Deptt. of Psychology, B.anaras Hindu University, B.anaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (India) Varanasi-221005 (India)

Tel.: 91-542-2318246, Cell:9415812329, 2304723(W) Tel.: 91-542-2318246, Cell:9415812329, 2304723(W) E-Mail: rpan_in@yahoo.com E-Mail: rpan_in@yahoo.com (F 1996) (SIS M (F 1996) (SIS Membership No. 135) embership No. 135) 90 Membership Directory

Col. Vijay Pandey, Col. Vijay Pandey, M.D. M.D. Classiﬁ ed Specialist (Psychiatry), Classiﬁ ed Specialist (Psychiatry), Military hospital, Military hospital, Kirkee, Pune Kirkee, Pune (M 95) (SIS Membership No. 136) (M 95) (SIS Membership No. 136) Lt. Col. S. S. Panglia, Lt. Col. S. S. Panglia, M.D. M.D. Consultant Physician,1446, Phase-10, Consultant Physician,1446, Phase-10, SAS Nagar, Mohali Distt. Ropar (India) SAS Nagar, Mohali Distt. Ropar (India) Tel.: 91-172-2212536 Tel.: 91-172-2212536 (SIS Membership No. 137) (SIS Membership No. 137) Paul E. Panek, Paul E. Panek, Ph.D. Ph.D. Associate Dean, OSU Newark Campus, Associate Dean, OSU Newark Campus, 1179, Uni. Drive, Newark, 1179, Uni. Drive, Newark, Ohio-43055, USA. Ohio-43055, USA. Tel. : (614) 366-9315 Tel. : (614) 366-9315 E-Mail : panek.1@osu.edu E-Mail : panek.1@osu.edu (F 98 )(SIS Membership No. 138) (F 98 )(SIS Membership No. 138) Suresh Parekh Suresh Parekh Prof. Deptt. of Psychology MMG Mahila College, Prof. Deptt. of Psychology MMG Mahila College, Junagarh-362001, Gujrat (India) (LM 2000) Junagarh-362001, Gujrat (India) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 139) (SIS Membership No. 139) Fr. Babu Payikkattu, Fr. Babu Payikkattu, MA MA Payikkattu-House, Chennalode-PO Payikkattu-House, Chennalode-PO Kalpett-Via, Wayanad-Dt, Kerala-673121 Kalpett-Via, Wayanad-Dt, Kerala-673121 Mob: 91-9905158767 Mob: 91-9905158767 E-mail: antobabuclpsy@rediffmail.com E-mail: antobabuclpsy@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 307) (SIS Membership No. 307) Edward M. Petrosky, Edward M. Petrosky, Ph.D. Ph.D. 1 Station Square, Room 102 1 Station Square, Room 102 Forest Hills, NY 11375 Forest Hills, NY 11375 Email:EPetrosky@iona.edu Email:EPetrosky@iona.edu (SIS Membership No. 279) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 279) LM 2005 Marisa Porreca, Marisa Porreca, Ph.D. Ph.D. Professor of Psychology Via Valsesia 8, 20152, Professor of Psychology Via Valsesia 8, 20152, Milano (Italy)(LM 99) Tel. : 024531624 Milano (Italy)(LM 99) Tel. : 024531624 (SIS Membership No. 140) (SIS Membership No. 140) Anil Prasad Anil Prasad 1691, Sector-4, Panchkula 1691, Sector-4, Panchkula Tel: 91-172-4638811 Tel: 91-172-4638811 Email id: anilprasad19@yahoo.com Email id: anilprasad19@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 280) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 280) LM 2005 Divya Prasad, Divya Prasad, M.Phil. M.Phil. Research Ofﬁ cer Research Ofﬁ cer RINPAS, Kanke, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Ranchi – 834006 (SIS Membership No. 248) (SIS Membership No. 248) Sheetala Prasad, Sheetala Prasad, Ph.D. Ph.D. Lecturer in Psy., Ewing Christian College, Lecturer in Psy., Ewing Christian College, Allahabad-211008 Allahabad-211008 Mob.: 9415216779, Tel.: 91-532-2413645 (W) (F 95) Mob.: 9415216779, Tel.: 91-532-2413645 (W) (F 95) (SIS Membership No. 141) (SIS Membership No. 141) Sourabh Prasad ourabh Prasad GF-1, Flat No 41 Golmuri Flats, GF-1, Flat No 41 Golmuri Flats, Jamshedpur 831003 (Jarkhand) Jamshedpur 831003 (Jarkhand) (SIS Membership No. 281) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 281) LM 2005 Jai Prakash, Jai Prakash, Ph.D. Ph.D. Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Cell:91-9934582290, Cell:91-9934582290, Email:drjaiprakashrinpas@rediffmail.com Email:drjaiprakashrinpas@rediffmail.com (LM & FM No.151) (LM & FM No.151) Richa Priyamvada, Richa Priyamvada, M.Phil (M.& S.P.) M.Phil (M.& S.P.) C/o Mr. Bipin Kumar Sinha, C/o Mr. Bipin Kumar Sinha, Q.No. 1581, Sector - 12/A, Q.No. 1581, Sector - 12/A, Bokaro Steel City — 827 012 (Jharkhand) Bokaro Steel City — 827 012 (Jharkhand) Cell : 91-9835066228 Cell : 91-9835066228 E-mail : richaprivambada@rediffmail.com E-mail : richaprivambada@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 252) (SIS Membership No. 252) Vikram S. Pujara Vikram S. Pujara Opposite Mohal Rest House, Opposite Mohal Rest House, Distt. Kullu-175125 (H.P). Distt. Kullu-175125 (H.P). Email: Vickyshashni@rediffmail.com Email: Vickyshashni@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 142) (SIS Membership No. 142) Nandhini Rajgopalan Nandhini Rajgopalan “ASWINI”, No. 10, 6th street, “ASWINI”, No. 10, 6th street, Karumari Amman Nagar, Vijay Nagar, Karumari Amman Nagar, Vijay Nagar, Velachery, Chennai-600042 Velachery, Chennai-600042 E-mail : nandhini15@rediffmail.com E-mail : nandhini15@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 282) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 282) LM 2005 Raj Kishore Ram Raj Kishore Ram S/o Sri Puran Ram S/o Sri Puran Ram Vill. Jamsingh, P.O. Ichatu, Vill. Jamsingh, P.O. Ichatu, P.S.+Dist. Ramgarh-825101, (Jharkhand) P.S.+Dist. Ramgarh-825101, (Jharkhand) Cell: 91-9835116528 Cell: 91-9835116528 E-mail: rajrinpas@yahoo.com E-mail: rajrinpas@yahoo.com E-mail: rajrinpas@rediffmail.com E-mail: rajrinpas@rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 329) (SIS LM No. 329) Dalbir Kaur Randhawa, Dalbir Kaur Randhawa, DM&SP, DM&SP, 3214 Firhill Dr., Abbotsford, BC, V2T 5L4 3214 Firhill Dr., Abbotsford, BC, V2T 5L4 (Canada) Tel.: 604-504-3562 (H) (L.M.97) (Canada) Tel.: 604-504-3562 (H) (L.M.97) E-mail : rdalbir@hotmail.com E-mail : rdalbir@hotmail.com E-mail gdrandhawa@rediffmail.com E-mail gdrandhawa@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 144) (SIS Membership No. 144) Geeta Rani Geeta Rani Director, Alaknanda Hospital, Director, Alaknanda Hospital, Ravindrapuri Extn. Ravindrapuri Extn. Ravindrapuri, Varanasi-221005 Ravindrapuri, Varanasi-221005 (SIS LM No. 334) (SIS LM No. 334) Kamlesh Rani Kamlesh Rani, M.Phil (Psy) , M.Phil (Psy) 612/1, New Railway Road, Sector-4/7, Chowk, 612/1, New Railway Road, Sector-4/7, Chowk, Dayanand Colony, Gurgaon-122001, (Haryana) Dayanand Colony, Gurgaon-122001, (Haryana) Cell: 91-9891916007, 9990484007, Cell: 91-9891916007, 9990484007, E-mail: kammov E-mail: kammoviren@yahoo.co.in iren@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 335) (SIS LM No. 335) Membership Directory 91

Bhavana Ranjan Bhavana Ranjan House No. 1415 Sector 39-B, Chandigarh-160036 House No. 1415 Sector 39-B, Chandigarh-160036 Tel: 91-172-2699208 Tel: 91-172-2699208 (SIS Membership No. 283) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 283) LM 2005 Jay Kumar Ranjan, Jay Kumar Ranjan, M.Phil (M&SP) M.Phil (M&SP) C/o Prof. Nagendra Prasad C/o Prof. Nagendra Prasad At — Kusum Vihar, East Morhabadi, At — Kusum Vihar, East Morhabadi, Ranchi — 834 008 Ranchi — 834 008 Cell : 91-9304153083 Cell : 91-9304153083 E-mail : jay_kr_ranjan@yahoo.co.in E-mail : jay_kr_ranjan@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No.257) (SIS Membership No.257) Varun Rao, Varun Rao, MBA MBA 302 Sector-16A, 302 Sector-16A, Chandigarh-160016 Chandigarh-160016 Mob:9815671000, 0172-2773123(H) Mob:9815671000, 0172-2773123(H) (LM 2003)(SIS Membership No. 145) (LM 2003)(SIS Membership No. 145) S.P. Rathee, S.P. Rathee, Ph.D Ph.D Dept. of Psychiatry, Command Hospital Dept. of Psychiatry, Command Hospital (WC), Chandi Mandir Cantt -134 107 (WC), Chandi Mandir Cantt -134 107 Tel: 91-172-2866574 (W) 2550080(H), 9876422259 Tel: 91-172-2866574 (W) 2550080(H), 9876422259 (LM 94)(SIS Membership No. 146) (LM 94)(SIS Membership No. 146) Stefano Reschini Stefano Reschini Via Anna Frank No.11/C, 20040 Usmate, Via Anna Frank No.11/C, 20040 Usmate, Usmate Velate, MI-Italy Tel.39+39-672092(W) Usmate Velate, MI-Italy Tel.39+39-672092(W) E-mail : E-mail : resco@lombardiacom.it resco@lombardiacom.it (LM 2002)(SIS Membership No. 147) (LM 2002)(SIS Membership No. 147) Tushar Roy Tushar Roy 3077, Sector-44D, Chandigarh-160047 3077, Sector-44D, Chandigarh-160047 Tel 91-172-2660733 Tel 91-172-2660733 (LM2001) (SIS Membership No. 149) (LM2001) (SIS Membership No. 149) Ayesha Sagar Ayesha Sagar 619 Sector-8, Panchkula 134109 (Haryana) 619 Sector-8, Panchkula 134109 (Haryana) Tel:91-172-2560259 Tel:91-172-2560259 (SIS Membership No. 284) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 284) LM 2005 Savina, Savina, MBA, MBA, 20, Type-5, Power Colony, Kurali Road, 20, Type-5, Power Colony, Kurali Road, Roopnagar-140001 Roopnagar-140001 Tel:91-1881-2225250(LM03) Tel:91-1881-2225250(LM03) (SIS Membership No. 150) (SIS Membership No. 150) Gaurav Sangwan, Gaurav Sangwan, MBA MBA 18 KM Colony, Bhiwani-127021 18 KM Colony, Bhiwani-127021 E-mail : g_sangwan@hotmail.com

E-mail : g_sangwan@hotmail.com

(SIS Membership No. 151) (SIS Membership No. 151) Ratnabha Saha, Ratnabha Saha, M.B.A. M.B.A. 3/28,Central Avenue, 3/28,Central Avenue, A-zone, Durgapur-713204 (WB) A-zone, Durgapur-713204 (WB) Tel: 91-343-2568953 Tel: 91-343-2568953 (SIS Membership No. 285) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 285) LM 2005 M. Sahay, M. Sahay, Ph.D., Ph.D., 95, Doctors Apts, 4, Vasundhara Enclave, 95, Doctors Apts, 4, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi - 110096 (FM 92) Delhi - 110096 (FM 92) Tel. : 91-11-22632807, 9 Tel. : 91-11-22632807, 9811 545 145. 22621789 811 545 145. 22621789 Email: manoranjansahay@hotmail.com Email: manoranjansahay@hotmail.com E-Mail : dr_m_sahay@hotmail.com E-Mail : dr_m_sahay@hotmail.com (SIS Founder Membership No. 14) (SIS Founder Membership No. 14) Brig. D. Saldanha, Brig. D. Saldanha, M.D. M.D. Commandant Commandant 92 Base Hospital, C/O 56 APO 92 Base Hospital, C/O 56 APO E-Mail : d_saldanha21@yahoo.co.in E-Mail : d_saldanha21@yahoo.co.in (F1994) (SIS Membership No. 152) (F1994) (SIS Membership No. 152) Lt. Col. Sudhir Kumar Salujha, Lt. Col. Sudhir Kumar Salujha, M.D. M.D. Military hospital, Jalandhar Military hospital, Jalandhar (LM-01) (SIS Membership No. 153) (LM-01) (SIS Membership No. 153) Amandeep K. Sandhu, Amandeep K. Sandhu, MPMIR MPMIR Tej Form, Manimajra, Chandigarh-160101 Tej Form, Manimajra, Chandigarh-160101 Tel. : 91-172-2740991 (H) 2782135 (LM98) Tel. : 91-172-2740991 (H) 2782135 (LM98) (SIS Membership No. 154) (SIS Membership No. 154) Binod K. Sao, Binod K. Sao, M.B.A. M.B.A. 302, Padmrao Nagar, 302, Padmrao Nagar, Secunderabad-500061 (India) Secunderabad-500061 (India) Email:binod.kumar@mafoi.com, Email:binod.kumar@mafoi.com, Mobile: 91-9885127668 Mobile: 91-9885127668 (SIS Membership No. 155) LM 2004 (SIS Membership No. 155) LM 2004 George Savage, George Savage, M.Sc. M.Sc. Consultant Clinical Psychologist, “Deo gratias” Consultant Clinical Psychologist, “Deo gratias” 37 Victoria Road, Retreat 7945, 37 Victoria Road, Retreat 7945, South Africa South Africa Telefax. : (27) 21-712-1281 (H) FM 95) Telefax. : (27) 21-712-1281 (H) FM 95) E-Mail : E-Mail : gsav@worldonline.co.za gsav@worldonline.co.za (SIS Membership No. 156) (SIS Membership No. 156) K. S. Sengar, K. S. Sengar, Ph.D. Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Cell; 91-9431769001 Cell; 91-9431769001 Email: kssengar2007@rediffmail.com Email: kssengar2007@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 238)LM 2006 (SIS Membership No. 238)LM 2006 Shashi Sethi, Shashi Sethi, Ph.D., Ph.D., ISHH Guidance and Counselling Center ISHH Guidance and Counselling Center 723 ,Sector -7 723 ,Sector -7 Panchkula -134109 (Haryana). Panchkula -134109 (Haryana). Email: dr_ssethi_723@hotmail.com Email: dr_ssethi_723@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 157) (SIS Membership No. 157) Dhrub Sharma, Dhrub Sharma, Panch Pallav Mytheestal, Upper Kailtheu, Panch Pallav Mytheestal, Upper Kailtheu, Shimla-170003 Shimla-170003 Tel. 9872547696 Tel. 9872547696 (SIS Membership No. 286) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 286) LM 2005 Geetika Sharma Geetika Sharma 2182,Sector 45C, 2182,Sector 45C, Chandigarh-160047 (India) Chandigarh-160047 (India) Tel: 91-98815832650 (LM 2004) Tel: 91-98815832650 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 158) (SIS Membership No. 158) Harish K. Sharma, Harish K. Sharma, M.Phil. M.Phil. Lecturer in Psychology,SBS (M) College, Lecturer in Psychology,SBS (M) College, Kotkapura, Punjab (India) Kotkapura, Punjab (India) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 159) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 159) 92 Membership Directory

Hemant K. Sharma, Hemant K. Sharma, Ph. D. Ph. D. Hemant Mansion, Near Haveli Barkat Sahib, Hemant Mansion, Near Haveli Barkat Sahib, Nai Sarak, Jodhpur -342001 (India) Nai Sarak, Jodhpur -342001 (India) Tel.: 91-291-2540088 (H) Tel.: 91-291-2540088 (H) (LM 96) (SIS Membership No. 160) (LM 96) (SIS Membership No. 160) M. G. Sharma, M. G. Sharma, Ph.D. Ph.D. Directort, S.I. Mental & Physical Health Society, Directort, S.I. Mental & Physical Health Society, C-33/204 -1B-1, Chandua Chhittupur, C-33/204 -1B-1, Chandua Chhittupur, Varanasi-221002, Varanasi-221002, Cell:91-9415448519 Cell:91-9415448519 Email: gopal.simphs@gmail.com Email: gopal.simphs@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 232) (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 232) (LM 2006) Narendra K. Sharma, Narendra K. Sharma, Ph.D. Ph.D. Prof. of Psychology, Dept. of Humanities, IIT Prof. of Psychology, Dept. of Humanities, IIT P.O.-IIT, Kanpur-208016 P.O.-IIT, Kanpur-208016 Tel: 91-512-2591773 Tel: 91-512-2591773 E-Mail : nksharma@iitk.ac.in E-Mail : nksharma@iitk.ac.in (LM 98) (SIS Membership No. 161) (LM 98) (SIS Membership No. 161) Neha Sharma Neha Sharma

526, Sector 10-D, 526, Sector 10-D, Chandigarh-160011(LM 2004) Chandigarh-160011(LM 2004) Ph. 91-172-2742555 Ph. 91-172-2742555 Email Nehasharma@Nikmates.Com Email Nehasharma@Nikmates.Com (SIS Membership No. 162) (SIS Membership No. 162) Neha Sharma Neha Sharma 1057,Sector 44B, 1057,Sector 44B, Chandigarh-160047 (India) Chandigarh-160047 (India) Tel: 91-172-2664269 Tel: 91-172-2664269 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 163) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 163) Pallavi Sharma Pallavi Sharma B-8/24,Hospital Road, Sujanpur, B-8/24,Hospital Road, Sujanpur, Tehsil Pathankot, Tehsil Pathankot, Distt-Gurdaspur-145023 (India) Distt-Gurdaspur-145023 (India) Tel: 91-9417470168, 91-186-2244402(H) Tel: 91-9417470168, 91-186-2244402(H) (LM 2004)(SIS Membership No. 164) (LM 2004)(SIS Membership No. 164) Swarit Sharma, Swarit Sharma, MBA, MBA, 161, Sector-16, Chandigarh-160016(LM 04) 161, Sector-16, Chandigarh-160016(LM 04) Tel: 0172-2542668(H) Tel: 0172-2542668(H) (SIS Membership No. 165) (SIS Membership No. 165) Vibha Sharma, Vibha Sharma, MBA MBA 207, Vasant Vihar, Kasumpti, 207, Vasant Vihar, Kasumpti, Shimla-171009 (LM 2003) Ph. 91-177-2221548 (H) Shimla-171009 (LM 2003) Ph. 91-177-2221548 (H) Email: vibsharma@hotmail.com Email: vibsharma@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 166) (SIS Membership No. 166) Vinod Kumar Sharma, Vinod Kumar Sharma, Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology, Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology, S.P. College, Dumka S.P. College, Dumka (SKM University) Dumka, Jharkhand (SKM University) Dumka, Jharkhand (SIS LM - 315) (SIS LM - 315) Radhe Shyam, Radhe Shyam, Ph.D. Ph.D. Proffesor, Dept. of Psychology, Proffesor, Dept. of Psychology, M.D.University, Rohtak- 124001(India) M.D.University, Rohtak- 124001(India) Cell:91-9416312480, Tel: 91-126-2266661 (H) Cell:91-9416312480, Tel: 91-126-2266661 (H) (SIS Membership No. 258) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 258) LM 2005 Abhay Sidhu, Abhay Sidhu, MBA MBA 120, Sector-9B, Chandigarh-160009 120, Sector-9B, Chandigarh-160009 Tel.: 91-172-2742105, 2743917 Tel.: 91-172-2742105, 2743917 Cell: 91-9915326220 Cell: 91-9915326220 Email: Email: abhaysidhu@yahoo.com abhaysidhu@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 167) (SIS Membership No. 167) Agyajit Singh, Agyajit Singh, Ph.D. Ph.D. 136, Civil Lines, Patiala. (LM 97) 136, Civil Lines, Patiala. (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 168) (SIS Membership No. 168) Amitinder Singh, Amitinder Singh, MBA, MBA, 401, Sector-37A, Chandigarh-160036 401, Sector-37A, Chandigarh-160036 Tel:91-172-2692755(LM2003) Tel:91-172-2692755(LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 169) (SIS Membership No. 169) Amool Ranjan Singh, Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., Ph.D., Professor & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, Professor & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke,Ranchi-834006, (India) RINPAS, Kanke,Ranchi-834006, (India) (F 95) Telefax: 91-651-2451121(W), (F 95) Telefax: 91-651-2451121(W), 2450813(W) 2233687(H) 2450813(W) 2233687(H) Mobile:91-9431592734 Mobile:91-9431592734 Email: sisamool@yahoo.com Email: sisamool@yahoo.com (SIS FM No. 170) LM 1996 (SIS FM No. 170) LM 1996 Archana Singh, Archana Singh, Ph.D. Ph.D. Psychiatric Social Worker, Psychiatric Social Worker, Deptt. of P.S.W., RINPAS Deptt. of P.S.W., RINPAS Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Kanke, Ranchi – 834006 Cell: 91-9934521695 Cell: 91-9934521695 (SIS FM No.233) LM 2005 (SIS FM No.233) LM 2005 Dharmendra Kumar Singh Dharmendra Kumar Singh S/o Prof. Ram Chandra Singh S/o Prof. Ram Chandra Singh (Dept. of Psychology) (Dept. of Psychology) Ayodhyapuri, Club Road Ayodhyapuri, Club Road Arrah - 802301 (Bihar) Arrah - 802301 (Bihar) Phone : 06182-232427 Phone : 06182-232427 Email: dharmendra-07@rediffmail.com Email: dharmendra-07@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No.242) LM 2006 (SIS Membership No.242) LM 2006 Lt. Col. Gurpinder Singh Lt. Col. Gurpinder Singh 1098, Sector 8-C, Chandigarh (India) 1098, Sector 8-C, Chandigarh (India) Tel. : 2547825 (W) (LM 2000) Tel. : 2547825 (W) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 172) (SIS Membership No. 172) Gurpreet Singh Gurpreet Singh 6,Sector 33 A, Chandigarh-160020 (India) 6,Sector 33 A, Chandigarh-160020 (India) Tel: 91-9815410115 (LM 2004) Tel: 91-9815410115 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 173) (SIS Membership No. 173) Hardeep Singh, Hardeep Singh, MBA,

MBA,

Amloh Road,Shanti Nagar, Near Petrol Pump, Amloh Road,Shanti Nagar, Near Petrol Pump, Mandi Gobind Garh-147301 Ph.91-1765-2542303 Mandi Gobind Garh-147301 Ph.91-1765-2542303 (SIS Membership No. 174) (SIS Membership No. 174) Hardeep Singh Hardeep Singh 35-A, Shastri Colony, Ambala Cantt,-133001 35-A, Shastri Colony, Ambala Cantt,-133001 Tel. 0171-2611225 Tel. 0171-2611225 (SIS Membership (SIS Membership No. 287) LM 2005 No. 287) LM 2005 Membership Directory 93

Harminder Singh Harminder Singh 192 Ph. 3B1, SAS Nagar 160059 192 Ph. 3B1, SAS Nagar 160059 Tel. 9888222372 , E-mail : Tel. 9888222372 , E-mail : harminder_ubs@yahoo.com harminder_ubs@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 288 LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 288 LM 2005 Harminder Singh Harminder Singh

3360, 35-D, Chandigarh. 3360, 35-D, Chandigarh. Ph. 91-172-2601393 Ph. 91-172-2601393 E-mail: harry3360@yahoo.com E-mail: harry3360@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 175) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 175) LM 2005 Jasmeet Singh Jasmeet Singh 2156 Phase-10, Mohali-160059 2156 Phase-10, Mohali-160059 Mob. 9815251000 Mob. 9815251000 E-mail : E-mail : jassarora_in@yahoo.com jassarora_in@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 289 LM 2005) (SIS Membership No. 289 LM 2005) Kavindra Singh Kavindra Singh C/o. Mr. N.S. Tolia SDO C/o. Mr. N.S. Tolia SDO State Elec. Dept. Didihat, State Elec. Dept. Didihat, Distt Pithoragarh-262551 (Uttaranchal) Distt Pithoragarh-262551 (Uttaranchal) Tel:05964-232283 Tel:05964-232283 (SIS Membership No. 290) (LM 2005) (SIS Membership No. 290) (LM 2005) Kumar Surya Narayan Singh Kumar Surya Narayan Singh Shanti Niketan, Pandav Colony, Shanti Niketan, Pandav Colony, Vill. Muram Kala, P.O. Gosha, Vill. Muram Kala, P.O. Gosha, Dist. Ramgarh-829122, (Jharkhand) Dist. Ramgarh-829122, (Jharkhand) (SIS LM No. 325) (SIS LM No. 325) Lok Nath Singh, Lok Nath Singh, Ph.D. Ph.D. Professor,Deptt. of Psychology, Professor,Deptt. of Psychology, M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth, M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi-221002(UP) Varanasi-221002(UP) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 176) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 176) M. P. Singh, M. P. Singh, Ph.D. Ph.D. 1329, Sec. 70, Guru Teg Bahadur Complex, 1329, Sec. 70, Guru Teg Bahadur Complex, Mohali, Mohali, Tel. : 91-1675-20583 (W)91-172-2223658 (H) Tel. : 91-1675-20583 (W)91-172-2223658 (H) Email: dr_mpsingh@rediffmail.com Email: dr_mpsingh@rediffmail.com (F 95) (SIS Membership No. 177) (F 95) (SIS Membership No. 177) Navneet Singh, Navneet Singh, MBA MBA S-20/6, DLF, Phase-3, S-20/6, DLF, Phase-3, Gurgaon-122002 Gurgaon-122002 (LM 95)Tel: 91-124-2387544 (H), 9810058444 (LM 95)Tel: 91-124-2387544 (H), 9810058444 E-Mail : E-Mail : navnit.singh@hsbcam.com navnit.singh@hsbcam.com (SIS Membership No. 178) LM 1997 (SIS Membership No. 178) LM 1997 Neetu Singh, Neetu Singh, MBA MBA 909, Sector-21D, Faridabad-121003 909, Sector-21D, Faridabad-121003 Tel:91-129-25422170(LM2003) Tel:91-129-25422170(LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 179) LM 2004 (SIS Membership No. 179) LM 2004 P. K. Singh, P. K. Singh, Ph.D. Ph.D. Lecturer of Yoga & Philosophy Lecturer of Yoga & Philosophy Deptt. of Clinical Psychology Deptt. of Clinical Psychology RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 Cell : 91-9430194744 Cell : 91-9430194744 (SIS Membership No. 239) (SIS Membership No. 239) LM 2006 LM 2006 Col. Rajinder Singh. Col. Rajinder Singh. M.D. M.D. Consultant Psychiatrist, 1734, Sec. 33-D, Consultant Psychiatrist, 1734, Sec. 33-D, Chandigarh-160 047 (India) Chandigarh-160 047 (India) Tel. : 91-172-2600694 (H) Tel. : 91-172-2600694 (H) (LM 96) (SIS Membership No. 180) (LM 96) (SIS Membership No. 180) Col. Rajinder Singh Col. Rajinder Singh Management Consultant,1526, Sector 34-D, Management Consultant,1526, Sector 34-D, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, Tel. : 91-172-601398 (H) Mob.: 9815728220 Tel. : 91-172-601398 (H) Mob.: 9815728220 (F 98) (SIS Membership No. 181) (F 98) (SIS Membership No. 181) R. P. Singh, R. P. Singh, Ph.D. Ph.D. Reader, Deptt. of Psychology, Reader, Deptt. of Psychology, M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth, M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi-221002(UP) Varanasi-221002(UP) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 182) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 182) Rajendra Singh, Rajendra Singh, Ph.D. Ph.D. Lecturer, Deptt. of Psychology, Lecturer, Deptt. of Psychology, M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth, M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi-221002(UP) Varanasi-221002(UP) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 183) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 183) Ravinderjit Singh Ravinderjit Singh 108,Sector 18-A, 108,Sector 18-A, Chandigarh-160018 (India) Chandigarh-160018 (India) Tel: 91-9815500108 Tel: 91-9815500108 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 184) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 184) Ripudaman Singh Ripudaman Singh 17, Ward No. 24, Mohalla Mata Rani, 17, Ward No. 24, Mohalla Mata Rani, Khanna-141401 Khanna-141401 Tel. 91-1628-231165 Tel. 91-1628-231165 (SIS Membership No. 291)(M 2005) (SIS Membership No. 291)(M 2005) R. K. Singh, R. K. Singh, Ph.D. Ph.D. Lecturer cum counsellor, Lecturer cum counsellor, DISHA Deaddiction Centre, DISHA Deaddiction Centre, Beur Jail, Patna. Beur Jail, Patna. SIS LM- 313 SIS LM- 313 S. K. Singh, S. K. Singh, Ph.D. Ph.D. Lecturer,Department of Psychology, Lecturer,Department of Psychology, MBS PG College, Gangapur, MBS PG College, Gangapur, Varanasi (UP) Varanasi (UP) SIS LM- 314 SIS LM- 314 Simral Singh Simral Singh 2939, Phase-7, 2939, Phase-7, Mohali-160062 Mohali-160062 Mob. 9815604640 Mob. 9815604640 (SIS Membership No. 292) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 292) LM 2005 Surpreet Singh Surpreet Singh 28 Shanti Nagar, 28 Shanti Nagar, Ludhiana-141002 Ludhiana-141002 Tel. 0161-2404389 Tel. 0161-2404389 E-mail : E-mail : sunnybhatia_22@yahoo.co.in sunnybhatia_22@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 293) LM 2005 (SIS Membership No. 293) LM 2005 94 Membership Directory

Surinder Suman Surinder Suman (Mgr. Pers) (Mgr. Pers) 1574/1, Sector 30B, Chandigarh (India) 1574/1, Sector 30B, Chandigarh (India) Tel: 91-172-2657254 (LM 2004) Tel: 91-172-2657254 (LM 2004) Cell:91-9920360934 Cell:91-9920360934 Email:surinder_suman@yahoo.co.in Email:surinder_suman@yahoo.co.in Email: surinder_suman@rediffmail.com Email: surinder_suman@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 185) (SIS Membership No. 185) Col. Surinder Singh Col. Surinder Singh Col.G.S HQ,KK & G Sub Area, Col.G.S HQ,KK & G Sub Area, Cubbon Road, Bangalore-560001 Cubbon Road, Bangalore-560001 Tel: 91-80-25006202 Tel: 91-80-25006202 (SIS Membership No. 186) (LM 99) (SIS Membership No. 186) (LM 99) Umardeep Singh Umardeep Singh 6078, Modern Housing Complex, 6078, Modern Housing Complex, Manimajra, Chandigarh-160005 Manimajra, Chandigarh-160005 Tel. 0172-2738956 Tel. 0172-2738956 (SIS Membership No. 294) (LM 2005) (SIS Membership No. 294) (LM 2005) Umed Singh, Umed Singh, Ph.D. Ph.D. Prof. & Head, Prof. & Head, Department of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra University, D-78, University Campus, D-78, University Campus, Kurukshetra -136119. Kurukshetra -136119. Cell: 91-941678400, Tel: 91-1744-238267 (H) Cell: 91-941678400, Tel: 91-1744-238267 (H) E-mail: umed.psy@gmail.com E-mail: umed.psy@gmail.com (SIS FM No. 295) (LM 2005) (SIS FM No. 295) (LM 2005) Virender Singh Virender Singh Vill. & P.O. Bir Banga, Vill. & P.O. Bir Banga, Distt. Kaithal, Haryana (India) Distt. Kaithal, Haryana (India) (SIS Membership No. 187) (LM 98) (SIS Membership No. 187) (LM 98) Ramachandra Srinivasaiah, Ramachandra Srinivasaiah, Ph.D. Ph.D. 292, 2nd Main, 3rd Phase, J.P. Nagar, 292, 2nd Main, 3rd Phase, J.P. Nagar, Bangalore-560 078 Bangalore-560 078 Tel. : 91-80-26584267 Tel. : 91-80-26584267 E-Mail: E-Mail: ramayess@yahoo.com ramayess@yahoo.com (LM94)(SIS Membership No. 143) (LM94)(SIS Membership No. 143) Pankaj K. Shrirange, Pankaj K. Shrirange, MBA MBA Bharkapara, Ward 25, Rajnand Gaon, Bharkapara, Ward 25, Rajnand Gaon, (Chattisgarh, India ) (Chattisgarh, India ) Tel: 91-7744-2222005, Tel: 91-7744-2222005, (SIS Membership No. 188) (SIS Membership No. 188) Ajai K. Srivastava, Ajai K. Srivastava, Ph.D. Ph.D. Psychiatric Social Scientist, Psychiatric Social Scientist, Institute of Mental Health & Hospital, Institute of Mental Health & Hospital, Agra-282002 Agra-282002 Tel. : 91-562-3091601(H) Mobile:9319195000 Tel. : 91-562-3091601(H) Mobile:9319195000 Email: Email: drajaik@gmail.com drajaik@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 189) (LM 2002) (SIS Membership No. 189) (LM 2002) Kranti K. Srivastava Kranti K. Srivastava Prasad Psycho Corporation, Prasad Psycho Corporation, J. 1/58, Daranagar, Varanasi-221001 J. 1/58, Daranagar, Varanasi-221001 E-mail : E-mail : prasadpsycho@yahoo.com prasadpsycho@yahoo.com Phone:-+91 11 30903349 Phone:-+91 11 30903349 Mobile: +91 981078220 Mobile: +91 9810782203 (SIS Membership No. 190) (SIS Membership No. 190) Kalpana Kalpana Srivastava, Srivastava, M.Phil., Ph.D. M.Phil., Ph.D. Scientist ‘E’ Deptt. of Psychiatry, Scientist ‘E’ Deptt. of Psychiatry, Armed Force Medical College, Armed Force Medical College, Pune-411040 (India) Pune-411040 (India) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 191) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 191) Purnima Srivastava, Purnima Srivastava, Ph.D. Ph.D. MM-22, VDA Colony, Central Jail Road, Shivpur, MM-22, VDA Colony, Central Jail Road, Shivpur, Varanasi-221002(India) Varanasi-221002(India) (LM 2004) Cell: 9415389407 (LM 2004) Cell: 9415389407 (SIS Membership No. 192) (SIS Membership No. 192) Rakesh Kumar Srivastava

Rakesh Kumar Srivastava

5/5, Railway Colony, Sewa Nagar, 5/5, Railway Colony, Sewa Nagar, New Delhi-110003 New Delhi-110003 Cell:9815616908 Cell:9815616908 +6594892153 Singapur +6594892153 Singapur Email:rinku555@rediffmail.com Email:rinku555@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 193) (SIS Membership No. 193) Sowmya K. Sukumaran, Sowmya K. Sukumaran, M.Phil. M.Phil. C/o K. K. Sukumaran, Kalarikkal House, C/o K. K. Sukumaran, Kalarikkal House, Ollukkara - P. O., Trichur — Dist., ( Kerala) Ollukkara - P. O., Trichur — Dist., ( Kerala) Tel : 0487-2373155, Cell — 91-9835343054 Tel : 0487-2373155, Cell — 91-9835343054 E-mail — sowsmmsp@yahoo.co.in E-mail — sowsmmsp@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 246) (SIS Membership No. 246) Bharat Suri Bharat Suri 35 Sector 6, Panchkula-134109 35 Sector 6, Panchkula-134109 Tel. 9815042250, Tel. 9815042250, E-mail : E-mail : bharat35suri@hotmail.com bharat35suri@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 296) (LM 2005) (SIS Membership No. 296) (LM 2005) Rahul Suri, Rahul Suri, S.D/ 509, Pitampura, Tower Apartments, S.D/ 509, Pitampura, Tower Apartments, New Delhi- 110034 New Delhi- 110034 (SIS Membership No. 297) (LM 2005) (SIS Membership No. 297) (LM 2005) Swati

Swati

B 28/812, Punjab Mota Nagar, B 28/812, Punjab Mota Nagar, Pakhowal Road , Pakhowal Road , Ludhiana Phone 2561673, Ludhiana Phone 2561673, Email Email Swatz_13@rediffmail.com Swatz_13@rediffmail.com (LM 2003)(SIS Membership No. 194) (LM 2003)(SIS Membership No. 194) Aditendra Takshak Aditendra Takshak 2, Canal Colony,Circular Road, Rohtak 2, Canal Colony,Circular Road, Rohtak E-Mail: E-Mail: addy_takshak@yahoo.com addy_takshak@yahoo.com (LM01) (SIS Membership No. 195) (LM01) (SIS Membership No. 195) Gurav Tandon, Gurav Tandon, 354/1, New Tajore Nagar, Haibowal, 354/1, New Tajore Nagar, Haibowal, Ludhiana-141001 Ludhiana-141001 Tel. 0161-2470835 Tel. 0161-2470835 (SIS Membership No. 298) (LM 2005) (SIS Membership No. 298) (LM 2005) Vandana Janveja Tara, M.Phil. Vandana Janveja Tara, M.Phil. Clinical Psychologist, A 23,Nizamuddin (East) Clinical Psychologist, A 23,Nizamuddin (East) New Delhi-110013 New Delhi-110013 (SIS Member (SIS Membership No. 299) (LM 2006) ship No. 299) (LM 2006) Membership Directory 95

Rubey Rashmi Tigga, Rubey Rashmi Tigga, M.A. M.A. Catholic Ashram, PO — Bhurkunda Catholic Ashram, PO — Bhurkunda Dist. — Ramgarh, Jharkhand Dist. — Ramgarh, Jharkhand Cell : 91-9334655409 Cell : 91-9334655409 E-mail : honeyrubyrashmi@yahoo.com E-mail : honeyrubyrashmi@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 304) (SIS Membership No. 304) Lalti Tirkey Lalti Tirkey Vill : Chauri Basti Vill : Chauri Basti P.O.+P.S. - Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 P.O.+P.S. - Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 Jharkhand, Cell : 09334286206 Jharkhand, Cell : 09334286206 (SIS Membership No. 245) (SIS Membership No. 245) Ajay Tiwari, Ajay Tiwari, Ph.D. Ph.D. Director, Nai Subah Councelling center, Director, Nai Subah Councelling center, Jawahar Bhavan, Sankat Mochan (Turn), Jawahar Bhavan, Sankat Mochan (Turn), Lanka Area, Varanasi-221005 Lanka Area, Varanasi-221005 Email: Email: drajaytiwari_vns@yahoo.com drajaytiwari_vns@yahoo.com Cell: 91-9415302922 (LM 2008, SIS LM 316) Cell: 91-9415302922 (LM 2008, SIS LM 316) Pragya Tiwari, Pragya Tiwari, MBA MBA 4406 Forest Road, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 (USA) Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 (USA) Cell: (907) 250-7860 Cell: (907) 250-7860 E-Mail: purva.dubey@gmail.com E-Mail: purva.dubey@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 317) (SIS Membership No. 317) Ailo Uhinki, Ailo Uhinki, Ps.D., Ed.I., Ps.D., Ed.I., Psykologitoimisto, Synteesi, Psykologitoimisto, Synteesi, Linnankatu-37a A 9, Linnankatu-37a A 9, Fin-20100 Turku, Finland Fin-20100 Turku, Finland Tel.: +358-(0)2-232 2001 Tel.: +358-(0)2-232 2001 Fax : +358-(0)2-232 5007 Fax : +358-(0)2-232 5007 E-Mail : E-Mail : a.uhinki@synteesi.inet.ﬁ a.uhinki@synteesi.inet.ﬁ (LM 98) (SIS Membership No. 196) (LM 98) (SIS Membership No. 196) Sambhu Upadhyay, Sambhu Upadhyay, Ph.D., Ph.D., Reader, Dept. of Psy. Reader, Dept. of Psy. M.G. Kashi Vidya Peeth, M.G. Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi-221002 (LM 203) Varanasi-221002 (LM 203) Tel. 91-542-2315991(H) Tel. 91-542-2315991(H) (SIS Membership No. 197) (SIS Membership No. 197) K. C. Vashistha, K. C. Vashistha, Ph.D. Ph.D. Reader, Faculty of Education, Reader, Faculty of Education, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra (India), Tel. 91-542-2315991(H) Agra (India), Tel. 91-542-2315991(H) (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 265) (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 265) Rohita Vikash, Rohita Vikash, M.Phil. M.Phil. C/o Dr. Geeta Sharma C/o Dr. Geeta Sharma Gitanjali Juhu Park, Opp — Holy Cross Gitanjali Juhu Park, Opp — Holy Cross Hazaribagh — 825301 Hazaribagh — 825301 Cell : 91-9835512394 Cell : 91-9835512394 E-Mail : rohitavikas@yahoo.com E-Mail : rohitavikas@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 247) (SIS Membership No. 247) Acharya Vinay Vinekar Acharya Vinay Vinekar Institute of Universal Consciousness, Institute of Universal Consciousness, 21, Milton Street, Cooke Town, 21, Milton Street, Cooke Town, Bangalore - 560005 (India) Bangalore - 560005 (India) Tel. 91-80-25472603 (W),2 55 Tel. 91-80-25472603 (W),2 5548348 (H) 48348 (H) E-Mail:gurujivinay@hotmail.com E-Mail:gurujivinay@hotmail.com (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 198) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 198) A. N. Verma, A. N. Verma, Ph.D. Ph.D. Associate Professor of P.S.W. Associate Professor of P.S.W. RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 Cell : 91-9430378133 Cell : 91-9430378133 E-mail : anverma2003@yahoo.co.in E-mail : anverma2003@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM - 240) (SIS LM - 240) Brijesh Pratap Verma Brijesh Pratap Verma

2/270, Vivek Khand –II, Gomti Nagar, 2/270, Vivek Khand –II, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow-226010 Lucknow-226010 Phone 0522-2397523, Phone 0522-2397523, Email Email brijverma3@rediffmail.com brijverma3@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 199) (SIS Membership No. 199) S. K. Verma, S. K. Verma, Ph.D. Ph.D. 5522, Modern Housing Complex Manimajra, 5522, Modern Housing Complex Manimajra, Chandigarh-160001 Chandigarh-160001 Tel.: 91-172-2730993 (H) Tel.: 91-172-2730993 (H) (SIS Founder Membership No. 7) (SIS Founder Membership No. 7) Pravina Vimal Pravina Vimal Pravina Villa,Bhudram Colony,Near Civil Line, Pravina Villa,Bhudram Colony,Near Civil Line, Hoshiarpur. (Punjab) Hoshiarpur. (Punjab) Tel.: 91-1882-2244154 Mob.: 9117180473 Tel.: 91-1882-2244154 Mob.: 9117180473 (SIS Membership No. 200) (SIS Membership No. 200) Nikhil Vohra, Nikhil Vohra, MBA

MBA

649, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109 649, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109 Ph.91-172-2563334, Ph.91-172-2563334, (SIS Membership No. 201) (SIS Membership No. 201) Sanjay Vohra, Sanjay Vohra, M.A. M.A. Psy-Com Services, Psy-Com Services, B-4, 80/2, Safadurjung Enclave, B-4, 80/2, Safadurjung Enclave, New Delhi-110029 (India) New Delhi-110029 (India) Tel.: 91-11-26106433 Fax : 91-11-26175191 Tel.: 91-11-26106433 Fax : 91-11-26175191 (LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 202) (LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 202) Ashima Nehra Wadhawan, Ashima Nehra Wadhawan, Ph.D. Ph.D. Asst. Prof. Clin. Psychology, Cardiothorasic and Asst. Prof. Clin. Psychology, Cardiothorasic and Neurosciences Center, A.I.I.M.S., Neurosciences Center, A.I.I.M.S., New Delhi-110029 New Delhi-110029 Tel. : 91-11-25597173 Cell:91-9810882765 (LM 96) Tel. : 91-11-25597173 Cell:91-9810882765 (LM 96) Email;ashimanehra@gmail.com Email;ashimanehra@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 129) (SIS Membership No. 129) Nitin Wadehra Nitin Wadehra 134, sector-18A, Chandigarh-160018 134, sector-18A, Chandigarh-160018 Tel:91-172-2543638 Tel:91-172-2543638 (SIS Membership No. 300) (LM 2005) (SIS Membership No. 300) (LM 2005) Mala Walia Mala Walia

#1011, Sector 43-B, Chandigarh. #1011, Sector 43-B, Chandigarh. Ph. 91-171-2601011 Ph. 91-171-2601011 (SIS Membership No. 203) (SIS Membership No. 203) Sujit Kumar Yadav Sujit Kumar Yadav C/o Sri Hira Lal Yadav C/o Sri Hira Lal Yadav Vill. Sundar Nagar, P.O. Kanke, Vill. Sundar Nagar, P.O. Kanke, Dist. Ranchi-834006, (Jharkhand) Dist. Ranchi-834006, (Jharkhand) Cell: 91-9835342117 Cell: 91-9835342117 E-mail: sujityadav85@gmail.com E-mail: sujityadav85@gmail.com (SIS LM No. 326) (SIS LM No. 326) 96 Membership Directory

V.N. Yadav, V.N. Yadav, Ph.D. Ph.D. House No. 1195/24, Jagdish Colony, House No. 1195/24, Jagdish Colony, Rohtak-124001(India) Rohtak-124001(India) Tel: 91-1664-2248404(H) Tel: 91-1664-2248404(H) (SIS Membership No. 204) (SIS Membership No. 204) Vikas Kumar Yadav Vikas Kumar Yadav I-76, Hindalco Colony, Renukoot, I-76, Hindalco Colony, Renukoot, Sonbdadra-231217(India) Sonbdadra-231217(India) Tel: 91-546-2253905 Tel: 91-546-2253905 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 205) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 205) N. Kumar Yaduvanshi, N. Kumar Yaduvanshi, DPM. DPM. CMO (SG) Mental Health Care Center, CMO (SG) Mental Health Care Center, SS Bn. ITB Police Force, Camp Saboli, SS Bn. ITB Police Force, Camp Saboli, P.O. Nathupur, Via Rai, P.O. Nathupur, Via Rai, Distt. Sonipat-131029 (India) Distt. Sonipat-131029 (India) (LM 98) (SIS Membership No.206) (LM 98) (SIS Membership No.206) S. Yuvraj, S. Yuvraj, Ph.D. Ph.D. 19220, Circle Gate Drive, 19220, Circle Gate Drive, Apt. # 203, German Town, Apt. # 203, German Town, MD 20874 (USA) MD 20874 (USA) (LM 99) (SIS FM No. 207) (LM 99) (SIS FM No. 207) Libraries: A: Foreign: Libraries: A: Foreign: Learning Resource Center (Library),

Learning Resource Center (Library),

The Ohio State University at Newark, The Ohio State University at Newark, Founders Hall,University Drive, Founders Hall,University Drive, Newark, OH 43055 (USA) (M 01) Newark, OH 43055 (USA) (M 01) (SIS Library Membership No. 1) (SIS Library Membership No. 1) Psyc INFO Psyc INFO American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, P.O.Box 91600, Washington, P.O.Box 91600, Washington, Washington DC 20090-1600(USA) Washington DC 20090-1600(USA) Tel:(202) 336-5682 , Fax (202) 336-5630 Tel:(202) 336-5682 , Fax (202) 336-5630 E-Mail:psycinfo@apa.org

E-Mail:psycinfo@apa.org

SAARL Universitaets, SAARL Universitaets, U-Landesbibliothek, Zeitschriftenstelle, U-Landesbibliothek, Zeitschriftenstelle, AM Stadtwald, AM Stadtwald, D-66123, SAARBRUECKEN, D-66123, SAARBRUECKEN, Germany (M-1994-2001)

Germany (M-1994-2001)

(SIS Library Membership No. 2) (SIS Library Membership No. 2) EBSCO subscription Services, EBSCO subscription Services, Magzine division, Post Ofﬁ ce Box- 1943 Magzine division, Post Ofﬁ ce Box- 1943 Birmingham, AL 35201-1943 (USA) Birmingham, AL 35201-1943 (USA) (Subscribe for SAARL Germany) (Subscribe for SAARL Germany) Tel.: 1-800-633-6088 Fax.: (205)991-1479 Tel.: 1-800-633-6088 Fax.: (205)991-1479 Do NOT SEND JOURNAL (Subs. Libra.No 2 ) Do NOT SEND JOURNAL (Subs. Libra.No 2 ) Libraries: B: India: Libraries: B: India: Allied Publishers Subscription Agency Allied Publishers Subscription Agency Sun House-1st Floor, Opp. Navarangpura Telephone Ex. Sun House-1st Floor, Opp. Navarangpura Telephone Ex. Ellis Bridge, Ahmedabad-380006 Ellis Bridge, Ahmedabad-380006 (Supply to TN Rao College, Rajkot) (Supply to TN Rao College, Rajkot) Commandant, Commandant, Command Hospital (WC), Command Hospital (WC), Chandimandir-134107 (Haryana) Chandimandir-134107 (Haryana) (LM 97) (SIS Library Membership No. 3) (LM 97) (SIS Library Membership No. 3) Director Director Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Mathura Road, Mathura Road, Agra - 282002 (India) Agra - 282002 (India) Tel:91-562-2603691-93 Tel:91-562-2603691-93 Email:imhh@sancharnet.in Email:imhh@sancharnet.in (M 98-2001)(SIS Library Membership No. 4) (M 98-2001)(SIS Library Membership No. 4) Director Director Ranchi Institute of Neuro Psychiatry Ranchi Institute of Neuro Psychiatry and Allied Sciences, Kanke, and Allied Sciences, Kanke, Ranchi-834006 (India) Ranchi-834006 (India) (M99) Tel.: 91-651-223776,2455813 (M99) Tel.: 91-651-223776,2455813 (SIS Library Membership No. 5) (SIS Library Membership No. 5) Director Director T.N. Rao College, Nr Sul Campus, T.N. Rao College, Nr Sul Campus, Kalwad Road, Rajkot-360005, (Gujrat) Kalwad Road, Rajkot-360005, (Gujrat) (SIS Library Membership No. 50) (SIS Library Membership No. 50) Librarian Librarian C.H.Mohd. Koya University Library, C.H.Mohd. Koya University Library, Calicut University, P.O.Calicut University, Calicut University, P.O.Calicut University, Distt: Mallapuram-673635 (Kerala) Distt: Mallapuram-673635 (Kerala) (M202)(SIS Library Membership No. 6) (M202)(SIS Library Membership No. 6)

Librarian Librarian Bhaikaka Library, S.P. University, Bhaikaka Library, S.P. University, Distt. Kheda-388120, Gujarat, (India) Distt. Kheda-388120, Gujarat, (India) (M 99)(SIS Library Membership No. 7) (M 99)(SIS Library Membership No. 7)

Librarian, Librarian, Univerity of Calicut, Univerity of Calicut, Calicut Univerity Post Ofﬁ ce, Calicut Univerity Post Ofﬁ ce, Calicut-673635 (Kerala) Calicut-673635 (Kerala) (SIS Library Membership No. 37)

(SIS Library Membership No. 37)

Librarian, Librarian, Bhavnagar University Library, Bhavnagar University Library, University Campus, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, University Campus, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavanagar - 364002 (India) Bhavanagar - 364002 (India) Tel:91-278-2562928 (M 98) Tel:91-278-2562928 (M 98) (SIS Library Membership No. 8) (SIS Library Membership No. 8)

Librarian Librarian Center for Entrepreneur Development M.P. Center for Entrepreneur Development M.P. 60, Jail Road, Jehangirabad, 60, Jail Road, Jehangirabad, Bhopal - 462008 (India) Bhopal - 462008 (India) Tel/Fax : 2766437 (W) Tel/Fax : 2766437 (W) (LM 94) (SIS Library Membership No.9) (LM 94) (SIS Library Membership No.9) Librarian Librarian Central Library, J.N. Vyas University, Central Library, J.N. Vyas University, New Campus, Bhagat Ki Kothi, New Campus, Bhagat Ki Kothi, Jodhpur-342001(India) Jodhpur-342001(India) (M 2001) (SIS Library Membership No. 10) (M 2001) (SIS Library Membership No. 10) Librarian Librarian Devaki Amma Memorial Teacher Education College, Devaki Amma Memorial Teacher Education College, Chelembra, Pulliparamba P.O., Chelembra, Pulliparamba P.O., Malappuram DT., Malappuram DT., Kerala-673634 Kerala-673634 (SIS Library M (SIS Library Membership No. 46) embership No. 46) Membership Directory 97

Librarian Librarian H.P. University, Summer Hill, H.P. University, Summer Hill, Shimla (India) Shimla (India) (M 98) (SIS Library Membership No. 12) (M 98) (SIS Library Membership No. 12) Librarian, Librarian, Mysore University Library,University of Mysore, Mysore University Library,University of Mysore, Manas Gangotri, Manas Gangotri, Mmysore-570006 Mmysore-570006 (SIS Library Membership No. 13) (SIS Library Membership No. 13) Librarian Librarian Saurashtra University Library, Saurashtra University Library, University Campus, Kalawad Road, University Campus, Kalawad Road, Rajkot–360005 Rajkot–360005 Tel: 91-281-2278501to 2278512 Tel: 91-281-2278501to 2278512 (SIS Library Membership No. 14) (SIS Library Membership No. 14)

Librarian Librarian Technical Library & Documentation, Technical Library & Documentation, IFFCO, Aonla Unit, PO. IFFCO Township, IFFCO, Aonla Unit, PO. IFFCO Township, Bareilly-243403 (India) Bareilly-243403 (India) (M 97)(SIS Library Membership No. 15) (M 97)(SIS Library Membership No. 15)

Sri. R. Ravichandran Sri. R. Ravichandran Senior Librarian, Technical Teachers Training Institute, Senior Librarian, Technical Teachers Training Institute, Taramani P.O. Taramani P.O. Chennai-600113 Chennai-600113 Tel.:91-44-22541054,22542959, Tel.:91-44-22541054,22542959, E-mail : E-mail : ritsouth@giasmd01.vsnl.net.in ritsouth@giasmd01.vsnl.net.in (SIS Library Membership No. 16) (SIS Library Membership No. 16)

Librarian Librarian Shibli National College, Shibli National College, Azamgarh (UP) Azamgarh (UP) Ph.: 05463-222840 Ph.: 05463-222840 (SIS Membership No.11) (SIS Membership No.11) Librarian Librarian University Business School, Panjab University, University Business School, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, (India) Chandigarh-160014, (India) (M 98) (SIS Library Membership No. 17) (M 98) (SIS Library Membership No. 17)

Librarian In Charge, Librarian In Charge, Vivekanand Central Library, Vivekanand Central Library, VBS Purvanchal University, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur-222001 Jaunpur-222001 Email:vclpu@yahoo.co.in, Vidyutel@ yahoo.co.in, Email:vclpu@yahoo.co.in, Vidyutel@ yahoo.co.in, (SIS Library Membership No. 18) (SIS Library Membership No. 18) Magzine World Magzine World Station Road, Near Gopal Talkies, Station Road, Near Gopal Talkies, Anand-388001 Anand-388001 Email : achal@icenet.net Email : achal@icenet.net (Supplying to SP Univ Kheda) (Supplying to SP Univ Kheda) Principal Principal Akal College of Education for Women, Akal College of Education for Women, Fatehgarh chhanna, Dist. Sangrur-148001, (Punjab) Fatehgarh chhanna, Dist. Sangrur-148001, (Punjab) (SIS Library Membe (SIS Library Membership No. 48) rship No. 48) Principal Principal Avila College of Education, Avila College of Education, Aquinas Grounds, Eda Cochin, Aquinas Grounds, Eda Cochin, Cochin-682006, Cochin-682006, (SIS Library Membership No. 49) (SIS Library Membership No. 49)

Principal Principal DAV College for girls, Jagadhari Road, DAV College for girls, Jagadhari Road, Yamuna Nagar-135001 (India) Yamuna Nagar-135001 (India) Tel:91-171-23728152,23724674 Tel:91-171-23728152,23724674 (SIS Library Membership No. 21) (SIS Library Membership No. 21) Principal Principal DAV College, DAV College, Sector — 10 Sector — 10 Chandigarh — 160011 Chandigarh — 160011 (SIS Library Membership No. 45) (SIS Library Membership No. 45) Principal Principal Desh Bhagat College, Dhuri, Desh Bhagat College, Dhuri, Distt. Sangrur (India) Distt. Sangrur (India) Tel. : 91-1675-2265027 (LM 2000) Tel. : 91-1675-2265027 (LM 2000) (LM :SIS Library Membership No. 22) (LM :SIS Library Membership No. 22) Principal Principal Dhirendra Mahila Maha Vidyala, Dhirendra Mahila Maha Vidyala, Karmajeet Pur, Sunder Pur, Karmajeet Pur, Sunder Pur, Varanasi-221005 Varanasi-221005 Tel.: 91-542-2575787 (M 2003) Tel.: 91-542-2575787 (M 2003) (SIS Library Membership No. 23) (SIS Library Membership No. 23)

Principal Principal Government Bikram College of Commerce, Government Bikram College of Commerce, Patiala (Punjab) Patiala (Punjab) (M 2001)(SIS Library Membership No. 24) (M 2001)(SIS Library Membership No. 24) Principal Principal Government Man Kunwar Bai Arts & Government Man Kunwar Bai Arts & Com. Women’s College, Com. Women’s College, Jabalpur (M.P.) Jabalpur (M.P.) (M 2002) (SIS Library Membership No. 25) (M 2002) (SIS Library Membership No. 25) Principal Principal Govt. P. G. College Govt. P. G. College Bhiwani — 127021 (Haryana) Bhiwani — 127021 (Haryana) (SIS Library Membership No. 44) (SIS Library Membership No. 44) Principal Principal Lakshmibai Natioanal College of Physical Education Lakshmibai Natioanal College of Physical Education P.B.No. 3, Kariavattom, P.B.No. 3, Kariavattom, Thiruvanathapuram-695 581 Thiruvanathapuram-695 581 Tel.: 91-471-2418712 Fax : 2418769 Tel.: 91-471-2418712 Fax : 2418769 E-mail : E-mail : lncpe@csnl.com lncpe@csnl.com

(SIS Membership No.33) (SIS Membership No.33) Principle Principle K.S. Saket Post Graduate College, Ayodhyaya, K.S. Saket Post Graduate College, Ayodhyaya, Faizabad-224001 (India) Faizabad-224001 (India) Tel:91-5278-2232305 Tel:91-5278-2232305 (M 2000) ( (M 2000) (SIS Library Membership No. 26) SIS Library Membership No. 26) 98 Membership Directory

Pr Principal, incipal, Matushri Virbaima Mahila Arts College, Matushri Virbaima Mahila Arts College, Kalawad Road, Mahila Chowk, Kalawad Road, Mahila Chowk, Rajkor-360001(Gujrat) Rajkor-360001(Gujrat) Ph.: 91-281-2451603 (W) 2479257 (H) Ph.: 91-281-2451603 (W) 2479257 (H) (SIS Library Membership No. 27) (SIS Library Membership No. 27) Principal Principal PPG College of Nursing, PPG College of Nursing, 9/1 Keeranatham Road, Sarayanampatty (P.O.), 9/1 Keeranatham Road, Sarayanampatty (P.O.), Coimbatore-641035 Coimbatore-641035 (SIS Library Membership No. 47) (SIS Library Membership No. 47) Princial Princial Rajaury Library, P.N. College, Rajaury Library, P.N. College, Khurda - 752057 (Orissa), (India) Khurda - 752057 (Orissa), (India) (M 2000)(SIS Library Membership No. 28) (M 2000)(SIS Library Membership No. 28) Principal Principal Saurashtra Gyanpith Saurashtra Gyanpith Arts & Commerce College, Barrala, Arts & Commerce College, Barrala, Dist. Junagarh-362020 (Gujrat) Dist. Junagarh-362020 (Gujrat) (SIS Library Membership No. 51) (SIS Library Membership No. 51) Principal Principal SBAS, Khalsa College, Sandaur, SBAS, Khalsa College, Sandaur, Distt. Sangrur (Punjab) (India) Distt. Sangrur (Punjab) (India) (LM 2000) (SIS Library Membership No. 29) (LM 2000) (SIS Library Membership No. 29) Principal Principal ST. Xavier’s College, Mapusa, ST. Xavier’s College, Mapusa, Goa-403507 Goa-403507 Email:xavierscollege@sancharnet.in Email:xavierscollege@sancharnet.in Tel:91-832-2262356(O), Tel:91-832-2262356(O), 2293305( Principal Residence) 2293305( Principal Residence) (SIS Library Membership No. 38) (SIS Library Membership No. 38)

Principal, Principal, Dr. Uttam Rudrawar, Ph.D. Dr. Uttam Rudrawar, Ph.D. Smt. Vatsalabai Naik Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Smt. Vatsalabai Naik Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Talab Lay0ut, PUSAD, Talab Lay0ut, PUSAD, Dist: Yavatmal- -445204 (Maharastra) Dist: Yavatmal- -445204 (Maharastra) Tel: 46115 (W), 46124(H) Tel: 46115 (W), 46124(H) Email: Email: smtvnmmv@rediffmail.com smtvnmmv@rediffmail.com (SIS Library Membership No. 31) (SIS Library Membership No. 31) Principal, Principal, Arya Mahila Degree College, Arya Mahila Degree College, Chetganj varanasi-221001 Chetganj varanasi-221001 Tel:91-542-2411893 (LM 2006) Tel:91-542-2411893 (LM 2006) (SIS Library Membership No. 36) (SIS Library Membership No. 36)

Principal, Principal, Sree Narayana Guru College Sree Narayana Guru College N.H. 47, K.G. Chavadi, N.H. 47, K.G. Chavadi, Coimbatore-641105 (Tamilnadu, India) Coimbatore-641105 (Tamilnadu, India) Ph.: 91-422-2656371, 91-422-2656527 Ph.: 91-422-2656371, 91-422-2656527 (SIS Library Membership No. 34) (SIS Library Membership No. 34) Principal Principal Vaidyaratnam P. S. Varier Ayurveda College Vaidyaratnam P. S. Varier Ayurveda College Kottakkal, P. O. : E Kottakkal, P. O. : Edarikode, darikode, Distt. — Malappuram Distt. — Malappuram Kerala — 676501 Kerala — 676501 (SIS Library Membership No. 42) (SIS Library Membership No. 42) Principal Principal Vrundavan Institute of Nursing Education Vrundavan Institute of Nursing Education College of Nursing College of Nursing Pitruchaya Near Sai Service, Pitruchaya Near Sai Service, Porvorim, Bardez, Goa — 403501 Porvorim, Bardez, Goa — 403501 (SIS Library Membership No. 43) (SIS Library Membership No. 43) Prints India, Prints House, Prints India, Prints House, 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002 Fax: 23275542, Fax: 23275542, Tel: 91-11-23268645, 23257864, Tel: 91-11-23268645, 23257864, (SIS Library Membership No. 32)

(SIS Library Membership No. 32)

Surya Infotainment Products Pvt Ltd. Surya Infotainment Products Pvt Ltd. Subscription Department, Subscription Department, 91, Mahatma Gandhi Road, 91, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore-560001 Bangalore-560001 Email: Email: sipmag@touchtelindia.net sipmag@touchtelindia.net (SIS Library Membership No. 35) (SIS Library Membership No. 35) Librarian, Librarian, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119 Kurukshetra-136119 (SIS Library Membership No.40)

(SIS Library Membership No.40)

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Shakti Mishra, Shakti Mishra, Library-in-charge Library-in-charge Sahara Behaviour Change Communication Center, Sahara Behaviour Change Communication Center, 240 F, Basarat pur east, 240 F, Basarat pur east, B.R.D. Medical College Road B.R.D. Medical College Road Gorakhpur 273001(UP) Gorakhpur 273001(UP) Tel: 91-551-2283305(O); 9335227310, Tel: 91-551-2283305(O); 9335227310, Email : swfbccgkp@rediffmail.com Email : swfbccgkp@rediffmail.com Email:shak_mishra77@rediffmail.com Email:shak_mishra77@rediffmail.com (SIS Library Membership No.41) (SIS Library Membership No.41) C: Free Distribution C: Free Distribution The Registrar of Newspapers for India The Registrar of Newspapers for India West Block-8, Wing No.2, R.K.Puram, West Block-8, Wing No.2, R.K.Puram, New Delhi-110066 New Delhi-110066 Operation Co-ordinator Operation Co-ordinator PsycINFO, American Psychological Association PsycINFO, American Psychological Association P.O. Box : 91600, Washington, P.O. Box : 91600, Washington, DC 20090-1600 (USA) DC 20090-1600 (USA) The District Magistrate, The District Magistrate, Ranchi Ranchi Documentation Ofﬁ cer, Documentation Ofﬁ cer, Indian Council of Social Science Research Indian Council of Social Science Research INU Institutional Area, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, INU Institutional Area, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, Post Box No Post Box No. 10528, New Delhi -110067 (India) . 10528, New Delhi -110067 (India) Membership Directory 99

Rekha Mittal, Rekha Mittal, Scientist- E1, Scientist- E1, Indian National Scientiﬁ c Documentation Centre, Indian National Scientiﬁ c Documentation Centre, 14, Satsang Vihar Marg, 14, Satsang Vihar Marg, New Delhi-110067 New Delhi-110067 Assistant Librarian, Assistant Librarian, English Section, National Library, English Section, National Library, Belvedore Road, Calcutta Belvedore Road, Calcutta Librarian Librarian National Medical Library National Medical Library Ansari Road, New Delhi Ansari Road, New Delhi B.N. Puhan, B.N. Puhan, Ph.D., Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Utkal University, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar-751004, ( Orissa) Bhubaneswar-751004, ( Orissa) Swami Nirmalanand Saraswati, Swami Nirmalanand Saraswati, Director YRF, Bihar Yoga Bharati, Director YRF, Bihar Yoga Bharati, Ganga Darshan, Fort, Ganga Darshan, Fort, Munger - 811201, (Bihar) Munger - 811201, (Bihar) The Editor, The Editor, Psychology and Developing Societies, Psychology and Developing Societies, Dept. of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Dept. of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002 Allahabad-211002 Telefax: 91-532-2461358, Telefax: 91-532-2461358, Email: editors@indiasage.com Email: editors@indiasage.com The Editor, The Editor, Personality study and Group Behavior, Personality study and Group Behavior, Dept. of Psychology,Guru Nanak Dev University, Dept. of Psychology,Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005 Amritsar-143005 Consultants: Consultants: John Baby, John Baby, Ph.D. Ph.D. Professor and Head,Dept of Psychology,Calicut Professor and Head,Dept of Psychology,Calicut University, University, CALICUT Tel: 91-4942403238 CALICUT Tel: 91-4942403238 Vinay K. Jain, Vinay K. Jain, CA, CA, Jain Vinay Kumar & Co., Jain Vinay Kumar & Co., 1280,Vakilpura, Delhi-110006 1280,Vakilpura, Delhi-110006 Tel. : 91-11-23267440(W)Mob.: 9868109259 (LM 99) Tel. : 91-11-23267440(W)Mob.: 9868109259 (LM 99) K. V. Kaliappan K. V. Kaliappan, Ph.D. , Ph.D. 48, 8th Cross Street, Shenoy Nagar, 48, 8th Cross Street, Shenoy Nagar, Chennai--600030 (India) Chennai--600030 (India) Tel. : 91-44-26260571 (H) Tel. : 91-44-26260571 (H) A. K. Keshary, A. K. Keshary, Ph.D., Ph.D., Chartered Accountant Chartered Accountant B-6, Brijenclave Colony, Sunderpur, B-6, Brijenclave Colony, Sunderpur, Varanasi-221005 Varanasi-221005 Nilanjana Sanyal, Nilanjana Sanyal, Ph.D. Ph.D. Professor, Department of Psychology Professor, Department of Psychology University of Calcutta University of Calcutta 92 A. P. C Road, Kolkata-700009 92 A. P. C Road, Kolkata-700009 Email: sanyal_nilanjana2004@rediffmai.com Email: sanyal_nilanjana2004@rediffmai.com Tel:91-33-24642083, Cell: 91-9830112145 Tel:91-33-24642083, Cell: 91-9830112145 A. K. Srivastava, A. K. Srivastava, Ph.D. Ph.D. 7/105B, Durga Niwas, Swaroop Nagar, 7/105B, Durga Niwas, Swaroop Nagar, Kanpur-208002 Kanpur-208002 Cell:9415429024 Cell:9415429024 M. S. Thimmappa, M. S. Thimmappa, Ph.D. Ph.D. 49, 5th Main, Anjaneyanagar, Banashankari 3rd Stage, 49, 5th Main, Anjaneyanagar, Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bangalore-560085 (India) Bangalore-560085 (India) Tel.: 91-80-26692075 (H) Tel.: 91-80-26692075 (H) Yasho V. Verma, Yasho V. Verma, Ph.D. Ph.D. Vice President-HR & MS, LG Electronics India (P)Ltd., Vice President-HR & MS, LG Electronics India (P)Ltd., Plot No. 51, Udyog Vihar, Plot No. 51, Udyog Vihar, Surajpur-Kasna Road, Surajpur-Kasna Road, Greater Noida-201306 U.P., (India) Greater Noida-201306 U.P., (India) Tel. : 91-11-9124569635, 24560900-940, Tel. : 91-11-9124569635, 24560900-940, E-Mail : E-Mail : yvverma@lgeil.com yvverma@lgeil.com FM = Fellow Member , LM = Life Member, FM = Fellow Member , LM = Life Member, M = Member M = Member 100 Membership Directory

Advance Workshop on “The Application of Rorschach and Somatic Inkblot Series in Personality Assessment, Diagnostic Evaluation, Therapeutic Intervention, Screening and selection ” To be held During Feb, March and April 2010 At RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi Advent Inst. of Management, Udaipur Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra Please contact if you are interested to attend at any of the above Institution: Prof.B.L.Dubey: email: bldubey@gmail.com Prof.Amool R.Singh, email:sisamool@yahoo.com Prof.Naveen Gupta: dr_naveengupta@yahoo.com Prof.Umed Singh, email: umed.psy@gmail.com

SIS CENTER, Anchorage, Alaska(USA) Dear SIS Members and friends, We wish you all a HAPPY NEW YEAR. May the HOLIDAY SPIRIT provide peace, prosperity and happiness to every one in our extended family? You will be pleased to learn that both SIS-I and SIS-II instruments are available on Website for online assessment. If you want to use these techniques for personality assessment, clinical diagnostic/treatment or research, you are welcome to contact us regarding any help we might be able to provide. You are invited to view these on the following websites: http://122.160.96.85:1001/SIS2 http://psyche.dubay.bz We will welcome comments, suggestions and any constructive criticism about the above mentioned SIS applications. Please note down my new emails for future contact. Email: bldubey@gmail.com Email: sisdubey1@gmail.com We also invite your contributions to our SIS Journal, related to projective psychology and mental health. Looking forward to hearing from you in the New Year! Sincerely Wilfred A. Cassell, Bankey L.Dubey and Amool R.Singh Email: siscassell2@yahoo.com Email: bldubey@gmail.com Email: sisamool@yahoo.com

Important Announcement Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., Professor and Head, Department of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 (India) E-mail : sisamool@yahoo.com editor_sis@rediffmail.com has taken charge of the office of Editor In Chief SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH From January 2006 Institutional Members (Libraries of National and International Universities) are requested to send their Annual Subscription/Dues to Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., Professor and Head, Department of Clinical Psychology, Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 (India) The Subscription Cheque should be made in favour of “SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health” payable at Ranchi (India)

SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY IS PUBLISHING ITS JOURNAL SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH a half yearly publication in January and July. It started in 1994 and has published 31 issues in 16 years. The Journal is available on Society’s Web Site at http: //www.somaticinkblots.com The Journal from Volume 1-16 is available in C D (Acrobat and Page Maker) Members of Somatic Inkblot Society can get it on a nominal payment of US $50 (for Overseas Members) and Rs.1500/- (for Indian Members). The Individual and Institutional Members of Somatic Inkblot Society/ SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health Can get the current issue and future issues of the Journal through Electronic mail free of charge Please indicate if you wish to get the Journal in Hard Copy or through Electronic mail To: Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D., DPM, Editor Emeritus, SIS J. of Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, E-mail : sisdubey@rediffmail.com E-mail : sisdubey@yahoo.com E-mail : bldubey@gmail.com Web Site at http: //www.somaticinkblots.com OR Wilfred A. Cassell, M.D., FAPA. Director SIS Centre Editor Emeritus, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 4501 E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska - 99516 (USA). Email: siscassell2@yahoo.com

THE SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY I wish to be a Member __________ a Life Member ________ of the Somatic Inkblot Society. Please submit this request to the Membership Committee. NAME _______________________________________________________Birth date __________ (Print or type) First Middle Last __________________________________________Zip ____________________________________ Business/Office Address : __________________________________________________________ _____________________Tel. : (W)__________________________H)________________________ EDUCATION Degree Year Institution Major Field of Study EMPLOYMENT : Current position, employer, dates (Graduate Students indicate area of study and degree toward which you are working). MEMBERSHIP : __________________________________________________________________ TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE IN PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT : SPONSOR (S) Name Address Telephone 1._________________________________________________________________________________ 2._________________________________________________________________________________ SIS subscription payable every year in January through Cash/Cheque at par/Demand Draft in favour of “SIS Jr of Proj Psy and Ment Health” payable at Ranchi. I certify that the information provided above is accurate and correct. An APPLICATION FEE Cheque is enclosed for Foreign Members $50 & Life Membership $ 400. For Members in India Rs. 300/- & Life Membership Rs. 2500/- Institutional Membership Rs. 1000/- Institutional Life Membership Rs. 10000/- Total Cheque $/Rs.__________________Drawn at_________________________ Signature of applicant : __________________________ Date :________________ PLEASE RETURN with your cheque to : Dr. Amool R. Singh,Ph.D. Prof. & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006 (India). Foreign members send their subscription cheque to B.L. Dubey, Ph.D. Editor Emeritus, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK-99517 (USA). N.B. : Please add Rs. 50 ($10) as one time registration fee; and Rs. 70 ($10 foreign Member) if you are sending subscription through out station cheque.

PROFESSIONAL QUALITY VHS VIDEOTAPES (SPECIFY NTSC, PAL OR SECAM), AS WELL AS AUDIO TAPES AND TRANSCRIPTS OF INTERVIEWS ARE AVAILABLE FOR TEACHING/CLINICAL PURPOSE. Police case—”Witnessing an Accident” Vietnam Veteran — “Unresolved Guilt” Therapeutic Dream Stimulation Anniversary Reaction to Miscarriage Grieving a Still Birth : Conversion Reaction Fear of Cancer and Hypochondriasis (includes Rorschach imagery) Alcohol and Cocaine Dependent : Father/Son Incest : Teen-age Alaska Native’s Death by Gas Inhalation Suicide Behaviour in Adolescent Alaska Native Nightmare Vision (Sexually Abused Adolescent Girl and Absence of Father Figures in Black Adolescent Boy) Auschwitz Revisited Neuropsychological Reactions to Life Threatening Accident & SIS Occupational Stress and the SIS The use of the SIS as an Aid in Meditation while Grieving a Miscarriage SIS-Video (A&B Series), SIS-II Images in CD, SIS-I Videotape and SIS-Living Images A Walk Through The Garden of Life and many more, Audio & Videotapes SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health in C D (Acrobat and Page Maker) from Volume 1-16 Contact : SIS Centre, 4501 E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska - 99516 (USA). E-mail : siscassell2@yahoo.com OR sisdubey@rediffmail.com Web Site : http://www.somaticinkblots.com for getting the above material

ANNOUNCEMENT The Somatic Inkblot Society is a Non-Profit International Organization with headquarters in India. The Indian Govt. has recognized it as a Corporation for Income Tax purposes where relief is given to donators and advertisers under section 80G of Income Tax. In America, a comparable non-profit organization similarly named the Somatic Inkblot Society gives Income Tax relief for residents of the United States. Please help the Society by Donation/Advertisement for it’s smooth functioning. President, Somatic Inkblot Society APPEAL Members of Somatic Inkblot Society are requested to kindly send their Annual dues before the 31st of January each year to : Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph. D. Prof. & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006 (India). E-mail: sisamool@yahoo.com Tel. : 91-651-2233687(H), Mob.: 91-9431592734, The Subscription Cheque should be made in favour of “SIS Jr of Proj Psy and Ment Health” payable at Ranchi (India)

STATEMENT SHOWING OWNERSHIP AND OTHER PARTICULARS ABOUT SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH PLACE OF PUBLICATION : Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS,Kanke,Ranchi-834006. India PERIODICITY OF PUBLICATION : Half Yearly EDITOR’S PRINTER’S Name : Amool Ranjan Singh PUBLISHER’S NATIONALITY : Indian ADDRESS : Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS,Kanke,Ranchi-834006. India OWNER : SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY I, Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. Sd/ Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, Editor-in-Chief SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health Published by Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh on behalf of Somatic Inkblot Society at Annapurna Press & Process, Opp. Big Bazar, 5, Main Road, Ranchi-834 002, Jharkhand (India), Ph. : 2331800 Editor-in-Chief : Amool Ranjan Singh

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Obituary 28-07-1936 to 14-09-2009 The Somatic Inkblot Society deeply mourns the death of Dr. T.R. Shukla, renowned academician and eminent clinical psychologist who was an editorial consultant of SIS Journal of Somatic Inkblot Society. He got his Diploma in Medical and Social Psychology from NIMHANS, Bangalore and Ph.D. degree from Kanpur University. He started his professional career from KGMC, Lucknow. Subsequently he joined Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi as Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology and retired as Professor and Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology and contributed significantly for more than 32 years in the field of Clinical Psychology and Mental Health. His main area of interests were projective techniques and neuropsychology. He guided 49 research scholars for their Ph.D. Degree and supervised 120 M. Phil. scholars. He had more than 200 publications in National and International Journals in his credit. He had contributed significantly being member of P.G., Post P.G. and Ph. D. examination panel in various universities and professional institutions. He had been investigator of ICMR project on School Mental Health. He also contributed significantly as Director, I.C.S.S.R. research project on Causes of Mental Illness in Children. He had been Member and Inspector-Rehabilitation Council of India, Member-General Council National Institute of Mentally Handicapped, Secunderabad, Member-Selection Committee, AIIMS, PGIMER, UPSC and RINPAS, Ranchi. He discharged his responsibilities as member of committee of various National and International Journals. After retirement he continued to be active professionally. He had been visiting faculty of C.I.P. Ranchi & P.G . Dept. of Psychology, Lucknow University, Lucknow. He was known for his pleasant nature and helpful attitude. May the almighty give strength and courage to his family members to face the loss, we pray the God for peace to the departed soul.

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