SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health

ISSN 0971 - 6610 ISSN 0971 - 6610 ISSN 0971 - 6610 ISSN 0971 - 6610 ISSN 0971 - 6610 JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH The Official Publication of the Somatic Inkblot Society Volume 15 Number 1 January, 2008 SIS

SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH is a refereed journal and published twice a year (January, July) by the SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY and is devoted to the advancement of research in the areas of projective psychology, personality assessment, psychotherapy and mental health. The journal is broadly concerned with the development of inkblot tests and personality assessment in clinical, counseling, cross-cultural, organizational and health psychology settings. It aims to reach clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatrists, social workers, medical professionals and professional managers interested in the understanding and modification of human behaviour. The journal includes (a) research articles (b) book reviews (c) brief reports (d) news about conferences etc. and letters to the editor. MANUSCRIPTS PREPARATION: Manuscripts should be typewritten (double-spaced throughout) submitted through E-mail or in CD to B.L. Dubey, Ph.D. Editor Emeritus, SIS Journal, E-mail:sisdubey@rediffmail.com. or sisdubey@yahoo.com with a copy to Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D. Editor In Chief and Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology,RINPAS,Kanke,Ranchi-834006. E-mail:editor_sis@rediffmail.com & sisamool@yahoo.com, Mob 91-9431592734.The Editors reserve the right to refuse manuscript submitted and to make minor additions/deletions. Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the Journal of Personality Assessment/ SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health. SUBSCRIPTION: The journal is free to members of the Society, Annual membership fees are US $40 for foreign members and Rs. 300, for Indian members, Institutional subscriptions are US $60. for Foreign institutions and Rs. 600 for Indian institutions. Life membership is US $300. for foreign members and Rs. 2500/- for Indian members. Indian institutional life membership is Rs. 4000/-. Non-members may subscribe for $30 or Rs. 200 per issue. Cheques should be made payable to "SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health" and should reach Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D. Editor In Chief. Members in foreign countries should send the cheque to B.L. Dubey, Ph.D. Editor Emeritus, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK-99517 (USA) Please add $5./Rs.60/- if you are sending subscription through cheque. CHANGE OF ADDRESS. Society / journal members should inform B.L. Dubey Ph.D, Director SIS Centre, Email : sisdubey@rediffmail.com of any change of mailing address. Copyright @ 1994. SOMATIC INKBLOT CENTRE, India/Anchorage U.S.A. Website: http://www.somaticinkblots.com

SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health Volume 15, Number 1, January 2008 Contents Page Nos. 1. Editorial : Basing SIS Theory in Psychophysiologic Reality 1-2 Wilfred A. Cassell 2. Viewing Holocaust Nightmares Through the Lens of SIS Imagery : A Psycho-biographical Study 3-24 Wilfred A. Cassell 3. Dispositional Tendencies Exhibited Through Spontaneous Rorschach Card Rotation 25-34 Charles A. Waehler, Becky L.Tonn, Kristin E. Eisenhauer and John M. Laux 4. All Behavior is Meaningful : A Clinical Approach to Personality Assessment in the Context of Adult Psychotherapy 35-41 David Miller 5. Changes in Rorschach Indices : Pre and Post Treatment Assessment 42-47 Dharmendra Kumar Singh, Gobinda Majhi, Jai Prakash and Amool R. Singh 6. Estimation of the Contribution of Gender in Productivity on SIS-I 48-51 R. Kumar, Ms. S. Kandhari and B. L. Dubey 7. The Roles of Personality, Stressful Life Events, Meaning in Life, Reasons for Living on Suicidal Ideation : A Study in 52-57 College Students Atanu Kumar Dogra, Saugata Basu and Sanjukta Das 8. Sharing Experiences of Care Giving : A Qualitative Study on Caregivers of Patients with Severe Mental Disorders 58-64 Hardeep Lal Joshi, Anita Yadav and Himali Bangia 9. A Projective Sight on Male Anorexia : A Rorschach Test Exploration 65-72 S. Daini, L. Carotti, A. Manzo, C. Minerva and G. Mancano 10. Membership Directory 73-89

SIS Research Award The editors and editorial consultants wish to express their sincere appreciation to Dr B.L.Dubey for his insightful and dedicated leadership. We wish to announce his selection for this year’s Research Award of one thousand dollars. Also to be praised are the behind the scenes supportive efforts of his wife Padma Dwivedi. Under their loving guidance, we have witnessed the birth of a new bodymind-spirit journal for SIS workers internationally. We also wish to acknowledge the impressive contributions of their son Anand Dubey. He has elevated the journal beyond traditional paper bound words to an electronic state of the art Internet communication vehicle. We anticipate many further years of their dedication to spreading information about the power of SIS technology for assessment and healing. Wilfred A. Cassell, M.D., FAPA. Director SIS Centre 4501 East, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska - 99516 (USA). Email: siscassell@yahoo.com

Editorial BASING SIS THEORY IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC REALITY Future SIS workers can expect to see an explosive growth in scientific studies on brain functions and “Consciousness”. These are likely to stem from the rapidly expanding field of genetics. The groundwork for these was laid in the last century with animal breeding experiments. An example involves Russian work in breeding a strain of foxes having reduced aggression. Due to immense leaps forward in the technical ability of geneticists to alter DNA, futurists now are making what now seem like fantastic science fiction predictions. Their vision of moving forward with man made evolutionary body-mind repackaging, challenges our society to constantly update SIS theory and technology. A continuation of a strategy of moving from the known to probing the frontiers of the unknown is likely to continue to prove promising. The precedence for this was established in 1959 by starting from a foundation of psychophysiologic based conceptualizing. In the original conceptual model, the first heart like SIS inkblots was created in order to study the interface in consciousness between sensory feedback and cardiovascular physiologic activity. Since then a few pioneering studies have been completed consistent with this approach. None have benefited from the vast financial and multidiscipline support required. Modern technical developments such as Funtional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) now enable neuroscientists to determine which regions of the brain are being used at any moment in response to external stimulation. Evidence from FMRI studies indicates that there are two paralllel pathways from visual centers to the rest of the brain. One conducting imagery with an anxiety/threat affect linkage provides an instananeous warning of danger.This system should be of particular interest to future SIS scientists. Recall that our rating of the 62 items in the detailed enquiry follow-up interview is based upon on an anxiety/threat hierarchy scale. Also relevant is psychophysiologic research using modern methods for studying brain function following severe stressful events.. Apparently these memories are stored separately in brain structures, such as the amygdala, differently than other types of information. Our clinical studies in PTSD have shown that the hypnotic like aspects of floral scenes can release from neural memory storage such long forgotten traumatic experiences. Moreover the SIS robotic technique of artificial intelligence also brings to the surface of consciousness the emotionally disturbing image specific affect. While this release of PTSD material has led to innovative diagnostic/therapeutic applications, it is not without occupational risk to the SIS clinician, because of exposure to “Secondary” or “Empathetic” traumatization. Recently researchers have studied this phenomenon. For example, one group experimentally observed the telling of emotionally charged stories to those who have identified with victims. Remarkable enough, they found that for some this emotionally charged material could trigger stressful psychophysiologic responses in the listener, replicating those in the original victims. Following up on such work, neurophysiologists have discovered a new group of brain cells which they called “Mirror Neurons”. The background for this discovery involved the long standing literature on pain phenomenon. When a patient is poked with a needle, neurons in the anterior cingulate, which receive sensory input from the amygdala become activated. Subsequently it has been found that these pain sensing neurons designed to alert to the potential of danger also fire when one empathetic person watches another being similarly poked.Such experimental work has underlined the importance of empathetic stress as a real phenomenon. This poses a daily risk for SIS clinicians.

Such basic studies invite us to conceptualize more multidimensional models, when designing more “Intelligent” SIS “Robots” for stimulating imagery and processing feedback information. Now the content of consciousness may be studied while concurrently measuring physiologic activity, both in the nervous system and specific peripheral body regions. This methodology could be partially employed as well in other higher species where genetic manipulation of the nervous system is more feasible. Until resources become available for such costly futuristic efforts, at least we can still contribute by staying current with image generating technological developments. Just as the source of visual stimulation has moved from a stable color-form stimulus array to a pulsating complex viewed on a television and/or computer monitor, plan for change. Future SIS visual/auditory stimulation may come from new array of electronic “Gadgets”. Examples are smart phones that can function almost like pocket sized computers, advanced internet game consoles, digital-video recorders with terabytes of memory, etc.. People are able to network through various electronic communication modalities in ways that extend the boundaries of consciousness instantaneously across vast distances and dissolve cultural differences. Future SIS students may expect to acquire innovative diagnostic/therapeutic psychological techniques, as well as DNA oriented custom made psychopharmacological treatments, yet unforeseeable. Let us hope that as mentors we are worthy of the challenge! Wilfred A. Cassell, MD, FAPA, APC, Director, SIS Center, Editor Emeritus SIS Journal, 4501E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska - 99516 (USA). E-Mail: siscassell2@yahoo.com 2 Cassell

Viewing Holocaust Nightmares Through the Lens of SIS Imagery: A Psychobiographical Study Wilfred A. Cassell This is the first psycho-biographical study which used the power of SIS projective technique to access Holocaust memories. The volunteer is a clinical psychologist and authority on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Traditional interviews reveal only what a person is able to recall and then chooses to reveal. While these may be supplemented by information from tone of voice, body posture etc., such nonverbal sources have limitations. In many stressful situations, the mind can play tricks by defensively hiding relevant material. Moreover verbal communication is limited by the number of words to communicate emotionally colored perceptions. The SIS-II video initially uses beautiful floral scenes to artificially induce a trance like state facilitating the release of memories. In viewing semi-structured, yet ambiguous “Inkblots”, the released imagery is then projected. What is seen and felt can represent a rich supplemental source of information in a psychobiological study. When a psychologist scores response categories against the numerical background of normative data, the SIS-II Video procedure may be categorized as a “Projective Test”. In a psycho-biographical, psychohistory context, it may be more accurately conceptualized as a visually structured interview aide. This study reviews the stressful life experiences of a clinical psychologist, who was incarcerated as an adolescent in Auschwitz. She is a recognized clinical leader in the diagnosis and clinical management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). As such she is able to speak on this subject from both a personal subjective level and a professionally objective one. Readers will have an opportunity to empathetically enter the inner world of this courageous prison camp survivor. Although she was interviewed for an educational SIS video program in the early 1990s, it was only recently that a decision was made to publish a transcript of the interview. In spite of a huge body of hard evidence supporting the historical reality of the Holocaust, there are many who still choose to deny its existence. Specifically its preparation was stimulated by the leader of Iran speaking on September 27/07 at Columbia University in New York denying the Holocaust. No other study has employed the power of SIS projective technique to explore PTSD memories of a Holocaust victim. Exposing your own brain to her traumatic nightmares can be highly stressful - not for the faint of heart. Be forewarned that the psycho-biographical data that she shared through the projected SIS imagery can predispose one to secondary empathetic trauma. Conceptual Background: Most people have “Good” intentions in conscious awareness, yet in certain situations become aware of “Evil” impulses lurking inside. Like dreams, the SIS can access symbolic imagery from both aspects of the self for cognitive correction. An introspecting individual needs to be aware of the potential for inner conflict that independent thinking can cause. Insight into one’s own, “Dark Side” can reduce the tendency of projecting internal personal negative attributes onto others. It can reduce vulnerability to being manipulated by a deranged authority figure into abusing those expressing different viewpoints. Gaining such mental independence does not come without effort or conflict. Like visions or dream symbolism, the evoked stream of inner world imagery may sometimes seem incoherent and illogical. Learning to interpret the “logical” meaning of confusing symbolic projective imagery is comparable to learning a foreign language. Yet without formal training some sensitive people have an innate Wilfred A. Cassell, MD, FAPA, APC,, Director, SIS Center, 4501E, 104th Avenue,, Anchorage, Alaska - 99516 (USA).E- EMail : siscassell2@yahoo.com Key Words: SIS imagery, Holocaust Nightmares

ability to interpret symbolic material. There is much more hidden suffering experienced in consciousness under social facades. In regard to its conceptual complexity, the SIS procedure begins with considering the physics of light from the outer world. Light stimulation then involves the optics of outer world vision. Next the retina transmits the sensory stimulation via the optic nerves to the visual receptive areas of the brain. Finally the transmitted electrical energy excites higher brain circuitry in the interpretative phase of conscious awareness. At the final stage of. “Conscious Awareness” the present day knowledge passes the current boundaries of scientific understanding. No neuroscientist currently knows how the brain-mind-spirit complex translates visual sensory input into color-form patterns having cognitive/emotional connotations. This interpretative phase touches on the frontiers of knowledge, bordering on the ambiguous term “Spiritual”. This subject will be explored in the transcript of the educational interview. When studying the free flowing interview, imagine the SIS as a symbolic communication highway for communicating PTSD memories, dreams, visions and psychophysiology based, emotionally colored body imagery. This trip into the inner world involves a road that in our present pioneering state of the art has rough edges. It always poses he risk of exposing painful memories that sometimes are better left for natural mental healing. Even are you have only limited training in symbolic interpretation, your observations will have a measure of inherent validity. Keep in mind that most people – including mental health professionals - are more are more able to accurately interpret someone else’s symbolism than your own. Symbols are meant to communicate, yet for mental defense purposes, in largely a disguised fashion. As indicated, it can lead to a degree of secondary trauma of empathetic “Burnout” as an occupational hazard. Eventually this can distort even an examiner having well established professional emotional boundaries, in their ability to formally approach in an objective manner symbolic content analysis. With the Rorschach test, many clinicians avoid such empathetic pain by employing numerical scales of questionable validity. These introduce a defensive an abstract mathematical boundary between themselves and an emotionally traumatized inkblot responder. While this reduces the impact of traumatic imagery for the professional, it eliminates a rich in-depth diagnostic/treatment resource. The use of abstract scoring systems in psychiatric studies of the perpetrators of the Holocaust psychologically sterilized any PTSD residual imagery that likely was present in their Rorschach protocols. Psychohistorical studies by Lloyd DeMause are consistent with the view that severe childhood abuse was then the cultural norm in Germany and Austria.: “The Childhood Origins of World War II and the Holocaust Historians are, rightly, nearly unanimous that…the causes of the Second World War were the personality and the aims of Adolf Hitler” [F. H. Hinsley]; “the war Hitler started was one which he alone wanted” [William Manchester]; “only one European really wanted war — Adolf Hitler” [John Keegan]; “no Hitler, no Holocaust” [Klaus Fischer]. Psychiatrists have usually followed the lead of historians, claiming for instance that they could find no psychopathology in the Nazi leaders who were given Rorschach tests at Nuremberg — they were “all too normal” people, and their mass murders were committed by “well-integrated, productive and secure personalities” who were merely “obeying orders.” That a theory which posits millions of people choose a leader who promises them they can kill millions of other people only because they were “following orders” is a pure tautology never occurs to them. When Eichman bragged “I laughed that I have killed five million Jews” and psychiatrists claim his statement was “normal,” it demonstrates not “the banality of evil” but the banality of psychiatry“. 4 Cassell

When states go to war because they re-enact the nightmares of child abuse that are embedded like time bombs in their brains in violent alters….In order to understand the traumatic nightmares being acted out in World War II and the Holocaust, we will have to first understand in detail the nightmarish terrors of German and Austrian childrearing at the beginning of the 20th century.” Transcript of Video Interview: Dr. C.: Dr E., it means a great deal to me that you would take the time out of your busy lecture clinical schedule and have the courage to share today. As you know I have developed the SIS procedure to help individuals who have experienced severe stress to resolve their traumatic memories and related disturbances. I would like to do is begin this educational SIS video by presenting a brief case history. It involves a woman diagnosed as suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. When she viewed the SIS she repeatedly envisioned “Horrible bruises and blood”. These memories made her very upset. Apparently the SIS viewing had taken her back in time to her childhood traumatic events. Could you comment on this in terms of your own experience as a recognized authority in treating victims of severe psychological stress. Dr E.: I think that it is especially important to find out how certain people perceive the world. Some people perceive the world utilizing one sensory modality: audio, visually or kinesthetically. A visual person would be very much helped to really see and to find someone who can speak their language. I think that this is the kind of a patient that she was in responding to this visual aid. In my clinical practice, once you have the feelings brought out, I would always provide a therapeutic atmosphere. This is a psychological climate where my patients could feel any feelings without the fear of being judged. Sometimes I use three little words like, “tell me more”. I try to create this therapeutic alliance where that person knows that here I am going to be protected and here I feel safe. They need to be able to feel the feelings … rather than judging the feeling or censoring the feeling, but to be able to feel the feelings. There is a tremendous amount of psychic numbing that these children experience- especially when they develop what formerly was called Multiple Personality Disorder. They can dissociate and create a part of themselves that doesn’t feel the pain after a while. So they grow up and they usually use a defense mechanism like denial, delusion, or especially minimization: “It wasn’t such a big deal, and I have no right to feel the way I feel.” So I give them an opportunity to give themselves permission to recognize that it is not about them. Rather it is about what was done to them. And then they are able to really see that they can liberate themselves from the shame and the guilt that they have been carrying with them. Little girls do get sexually abused and they are told that if you say something to mother, then you are going to hurt mother. So the child’s responsibility in that family is to carry the pain. I know a great about that simply because I saw how concentration camp survivors, not consciously and certainly not wittingly, transmitted their own pain to their children. Because what we had to do, we were among the dead. I was liberated from Auschwitz in 1945. I was among the dead, and all of a sudden I wanted to be normal. So I completely denied and ran away from the past. I went from here to there. Now I realize that I have to really fill in what is in between. Afterwards I had to go through the ages and stages of development. I had to understand how I was stuck in a certain developmental stage. Viewing Holocaust Nightmares 5

Dr. C. : E. when I heard your lecture in Kodiak, I was impressed how you used spiritually positive fantasies to escape the situation when you were in the prison camp, could you repeat what you said as well the “Words of wisdom” from your mother? You said that these really helped you remove yourself from some of the horror of those events. Dr E. : On May 1942, I arrived at Auschwitz and in the cattle car. My mother said to me that “Everything can be taken away from us, except what you put in your mind.” Years later I had to go back 40 years in my mind and tell my mother that she was right. I came to America penniless and I graduated as a top 10 student from the University of Texas. What I did with my past, I really ran away all together. I thought that if I become a high achiever, I may deserve to survive. But what I was doing was doing the same thing that the children who are abused at home, they deny that and run from that. But today I know that you have to revisit the places where you have been. You have to relieve the experience and then revise your life. So when I went back to Auschwitz I was wondering is there such a thing as a “Survivors Personality?” I began to wonder what traits had I discovered that I didn’t even have words to describe my situation such as “Dissociation”. I was dancing for Dr.Mengele (The “Angel of Death”) when I arrived. He came to the barracks and wanted to be entertained. All my friends knew that I was the ballerina of the city. I ended up dancing full time. While I was dancing for him, I closed my eyes and I took myself out of Auschwitz. The music was Tchaikovsky and I was dancing the Romeo and Juliet. Dr. C. : That was very functional… for mentally checking out of a horrible situation. A young girl, or boy, or whoever is being abused, can check out. However that may begin a pattern of dissociation and breaking from reality. Dr E. : That is right and later on they still check out. Dr. C. : Yes. Dr. E. : Later on they may go out and date a woman and the woman doesn’t know who she is talking to, or vice a versa. I see that girls make up their minds early on men that cannot be trusted. So later on they go out and the poor young man doesn’t know what is going on because she developed this, not defensiveness, but being defended. She develops this “Wall” In therapy, you go and take her back in a regressive way and clear it up on that level. She may have made up her mind at that point, that no man ever could be trusted. Dr. C : Did you have dreams dealing with some of the horror of the trauma, or conscious flash backs? Did events trigger recall and so on? Dr. E. : I just saw the film Schindler’s List and I had flash backs. I am okay with that now and I may have them as long as I live. What is good about it … is that it is fleeting. I don’t stay with it. I just say, “Ah.” For example, when I recently was in Kodiak, I was in the middle of a forest, and I was reminded of the time when I was among the dead in Gonsk……… and that was in the middle of a forest in Austria. Dr. C : So some of the old memories came back in a visual way? Dr. E. : Came back yes. I am very visual and so I am really relating to what you are doing with the SIS and I am supporting it. Dr. C : And this young woman who was seeing SIS responses with the theme of “bruises and blood”, what would your interpretation be in terms of how that related to the events in her childhood. 6 Cassell

Dr E. : As you know, children need to be touched, and bond and some children grow up with parents who are not present when the child is crying. Dr. C : Not emotionally present. Dr. E : Not emotionally present. And so these children, a lot of the times, develop the feelings that they are alone, and they have this tremendous fear of abandonment. They also develop an idea that if you love someone, they leave you. So you have to deal with that because they are either too dependent or they become totally anti-dependent. So look at those two extremes, when you work with these women. They want to do everything on their own, or they want to be helpless and waiting for someone to come and rescue them. Dr. C : It seems that it is much worse to be abused by someone close to you, if you are a child. A loved one, a trusted person in the community, a family member, than if it is someone removed, such as a prison guard, someone that you know will be bad. I wonder if you could comment on that vulnerability. Dr. E. : Absolutely. I think in Auschwitz I knew who the enemy was. They told me every day that the only way that I would get out of here was as a corpse. I knew exactly who the enemy was. However, the little girl or the little boy who is being abused at home and she/he has nowhere to run to. That child is far more imprisoned than I was in Auschwitz. I have tremendous compassion, especially for children who grew up in an alcoholic home, because the father goes out drinking and mother wonders where father is. There is no one there for the child. He is no longer the care taker; he is the one who needs to be taken care of. So many times I ask women and men “when did your childhood end?” I grieve over, not the childhood that I had, but the childhood that I never had. I was a little adult. Dr. C: I wonder if we could ask you to maybe share some of yourself at this point and let us know what you see in the SIS. Do any of the images bring things to mind things from your past? Could you start with the first image? What do you see there and how do you feel about it? What does it bring to mind and so on? Dr E. : I am one of those fortunate people who are a hopeless romantic even in Auschwitz. I was always talking about when I get out of here. I was able to somehow creatively create a world that no Nazi could ever touch. And so I am fortunate enough to somehow look for the positive in everything. That doesn’t mean that I didn’t have the pain …but I think that I am now … you are talking to me at the age of 66. I have been going through this many, many years of my own studies and my own therapy to kind of see that I am looking at a picture like that and being a dancer. I need to mention to you that we survivors a lot of the times get married because we want to be normal. And the statistics point out that many survivors are still married. Often this is not because they are so happy. Sometimes they do live in quiet desperation because they have the history together and the loyalty together. But a lot of the times they have a real hard time giving themselves permission to have passion, and joy. That is because of the unresolved grief. Dr. C: So with this 1A what do you actually see? Dr. E. : I saw some pairing. I saw two little poodles holding on to a couple of dogs. Dr. C : Very good. Let’s go to the next image, 2A? How about this one, what do you see? Dr. E : With this one I see fire coming out of something, very spiritually enriching. Something full of soul…soulful…a lot of soul …a lot of light, a lot of fire. Viewing Holocaust Nightmares 7

Dr. C: And you have really gotten a lot out of your spirituality as strength. Dr. E.: Yes. Yes. Spirituality…the strength from within…my inner resources. The freedom to choose is very much with me. I think I learned in Auschwitz that there was no help from the outside, and I created a lot of skills that I could use. Dr. C: And some of those were spiritual strengths? Not necessarily that you were religious, but spiritual. Dr. E: It is really, really the tremendous determination that I wanted to survive. I saw some people would fold up and die even before the Nazi’s got them. They truly decided to give up. It was easier to die than to live. Dr. C: Yes, and your inner spirit for life was strong? Dr. E: I had such determination. I said that I had got to find something. And I developed a “Self dialogue”… “Visualization”... and “Dissociation”. I have words for it now, but discovered these mental techniques over there. Dr. C: What about image 3A? Dr. E.: That also has a lot of fire and a lot of light, and a lot of colors and a lot of passion and also I am seeing all those colors going out…something clairvoyant, something to look towards the future. Dr. C: It is hopeful for you? Dr. E.: It is very hopeful for me. I would think perhaps that somebody would be fearful of this, I am not. I am not. Dr. C: How about 4A? Dr. E.: 4A is a little bit more masculine for me, a little rigid for me. Kind of like a wooden Indian. Woody, not life, but wood. Not to touchable. I don’t relate with my femaleness to this, other than something that to me doesn’t have much imagination. Dr. C: And 5A? Dr. E.: 5A is just like a precious grand child of mine could do something like that, with a heart and looking up and saying “Gee life is so good.” Celebrating that I am alive. Dr. C: From knowing you…you certainly can become joyful! Dr. E.: Yes, I enjoy the playful part of me now, because I really have not had that chance as a child. So I think this is also blossoming and I am very much identifying with that because I am a late bloomer. Dr. C: 6A? Dr. E.: That is precious. I can identify with that little teddy bear. I was a lonely little child. I was crosseyed. I felt like an outsider. I never thought that I was going to be anything other than somewhere out there, the outsider looking in. So I can very respond that I didn’t really have good image of myself, good eye contact with other people. Dr. C: This was before your prison experience? Dr. E.: That was before. Yes. As a child I was the third daughter in my family and lots of things happened before that bad experience. 8 Cassell

Dr. C : But you have blossomed since then with your growth. Dr. E. : Yes… with a lot of hard work, and a lot of pain. Dr. C : There is growth through suffering. How about this image (pointing to 7A? Dr. E. : This image is kind of disconnected, but I think it is imaginative. Dr. C: Does it remind you of anything? Dr. E.: One of the surrealistic maybe clay, one of those. Dr. C: Some people see a woman dancing there? Dr. E.: A woman dancing? Yes. Yes. I can see the lips and I can see the curves. Dr. C: And dancing was and has been an outlet for you. And image 8A? Dr. E.: This is kind of like a clown and an interesting, funny one… happy one. You did all that? Dr. C: Well some of them are mine and some are others. This was made by a patient of mine a number of years ago, this particular image. Dr. E.: It is interesting to see that the American schools cater 80% to the left brain child and the American Indians if you show them pictures, they do much better in school than if you ask them to read something. Dr. C: They are much more visual. Dr E.: Much more visual. Dr. C: A9, please? Dr. E.: My first reaction would be somebody is reaching out and they are beginning to connect at a certain level. Dr. C : In a loving, intimate way, or? Eddie: In a curious way…curious way. It is like a curious child, “let me see.” That kind off a way. Dr. C: Exploring. Dr. E.: Exploring yes. Very explorative yes. Dr. C: So you have had an inquiring mind? Dr. E.: I don’t know, I am just trying to give you my first impressions. Dr. C: 10 A, please? Dr. E.: 10A I do not relate too well to that, but I see kind of like a parrot, with a beak looking at somebody, that might be a woman even, with some blond hair and painful eyes, painful expression. Dr. C: The woman that I mentioned earlier with PTSD imagined this to represent “A woman’s face that has been beaten and bruised”. Dr. E.: Yes. Yes. Painful, tormented, and helpless, giving up. We used to call them in Auschwitz the “………” the walking dead. Dr. C: This one? Dr. E.: This one is again, kind of masculine. It has got straight lines. It doesn’t have the curiosity, the curves. It is very linear. And what I am seeing is something in the bottom. I don’t know what it is Viewing Holocaust Nightmares 9

holding, something. It is hard. It is very hard to give you a good. I see the black and I see the contrast. I wouldn’t buy such a picture. Dr. C : 12A? Dr. E.: This is how in uterus, could be a baby in uterus. I see the eyes. Dr. C : Does it remind you of any of the experiences involving pregnant women in the camps? Dr. E.: Unfortunately I had a very… very sad experience there! All pregnant women went to the gas chambers, but this one somehow got through the line and when she was about to deliver, they tied her legs and she suffocated. And I saw that. I had a very traumatic experience with that. It was very… very… very horrible!!!!! Dr. C :And you had images of that come to mind? Dr. E.: I had images, I had a lot of anger. I had a lot of pain. And after a while I was able to turn the hatred into pity. And to release and to be able to free myself and not allow the enemy to take residence in my body. Dr. C : Yes, and it would take a big person to forgive the Nazi’s for this type of crime. Dr. E.: The Nazi is really here (Pointing to her chest.) It is not out there. And many of the children are carrying with them that interjected, punitive parent. Once, what was out there, now is in here. That is what we need to, I think, do to be able to clear and to be able to release that interjected, punitive parent within us, that doesn’t allow us to really grow. Dr. C : It is one of the hardest things to see, evil within ourselves and to realize that. Dr. E.: Oh I see evil in me. Dr. C : We all have that potential for evil. Dr. E.: Oh yes. I saw that when I went back to Nunnenburg. I saw where the Nunnenberg Trial was and I said to myself, it could have been me. You have to teach children to hate and I could have been taught that: “Today Germany, and tomorrow the whole world”. It is very impressive for a child to think that I am going to take over the whole world. Dr. C : And you said that they used mass psychology? Dr. E.: I can develop compassion. Dr. C : In spite of the great suffering. Dr. E.: To a child who is not given the freedom to be a child. And only then I can forgive and let go. Dr. C : Next image (13A)? Dr. E.: This is a hand reaching out. It is pretty much a desperate hand reaching out. Dr. C : What does that bring to mind? Dr. E.: It brings a lot. That is when cannibalism broke out in our camp and people were eating other people’s flesh and I could see how. That has tremendous meanings for me. Dr. C : And the emotion that you feel now looking at it is? Dr. E.: I still carry a lot of the sadness in me, but I am still able to lead a very productive life. But this little girl is still not done. Not done. I may never overcome what happened to me. I came to terms with that. And I think that is the difference. I don’t live there anymore, I live here. 10 Cassell

Dr. C : How about this one(14A)? Dr. E.: This one is moving and I like that. I like motion. I like movement, I like dancing. Dr. C : You are a very alive person? Dr. E.: Something, yes. I want to say “keep it coming, keep it coming.” I like it. Dr. C : Anything that it brings to mind? Eddie: Just something out of darkness, comes light. It is very meaningful for me that all problems are temporary. Auschwitz was temporary. For us to be able to go through it, but then to get out of it, and not to get stuck in it. Dr. C : Do you think the suffering that you had in the darkness has made you more empathetic to others who suffer? Dr. E.: Absolutely. I am far more compassionate and I a much better human being. And I don’t think I am maimed by the experience. If I wouldn’t have been in Auschwitz, my life wouldn’t have been perfect. It would have been different, but it does not define my destiny. I am still the architect of my life. Dr. C : 15A? Dr. E.: 15A is again kind of like a fetus, with the umbilical cord, something like that. Dr. C : What way did your own babies make your life more complete? Dr. E.: I had very happy pregnancy. I loved being pregnant. I gained 50 pounds with my first child and the doctor wanted me to have an abortion. I refused. I said I wanted to give life, I don’t want to take away life. I had 3 pregnancies, all natural. My son, however, was born with Cerebral Palsy, so I had a very challenging time with my third child. Dr. C : 16 A? Dr. E.: That is two little birds are going to do “kissy, kissy” and love. It is again, connectedness. Dr. C : What does this area remind you of? Dr. E.: I am just trying to look at that area. That is sort of a heart and sort of a flag and a heart and it has got a lot of fire and a lot of life. Dr. C : 17A? Dr. E.: This is kind of like shrimp. I don’t get very good feelings about that red stuff. It is kind of like, a human intestine or gut, or something. Dr. C : Did you see many horrible scenes of bodies and so on, and if so could you share some of your anguish about them? Dr. E.: I did see a lot of dead bodies. I didn’t see them cut up like that. I am going to tell you something that I have never told anyone. I was 16 and I was very much a romantic and I had two sisters. I have never seen my father in the nude and I said to myself that before I die, I want to see how men looks like. So I went and looked at the dead bodies but I didn’t know what, who does what, and where and how. I didn’t even know my own anatomy, but I thought if I die, at least I want to know how a man looks like. Dr. C : So you had a curious nature at that time? Dr. E.: I am sorry to share that with you, but I did some mischievous things there. I did some mischievous things. Viewing Holocaust Nightmares 11

Dr. C : That was entirely human! Dr. E.: One time we had a contest, you know the boob contest, and I won. We have done some crazy things there to keep. Dr. C : To keep some sense of joy? Dr. E.: Yes, something that no one could take away from us. Dr. C : How about 18A? Dr. E.: I could identify with the middle part. I see a dancer reaching up to the sky. The surrounding part could be on the stage, some kind of a curtain, or something grandiose. Dr. C : What way did your dancing help you back then to feel a sense of joy? Dr. E.: Oh, I was always dancing. When I came to America, penniless, I worked in a factory doing piecework. My husband was in a TB hospital. I was hungry and at night, I was in a Budapest Opera House. I was dancing everywhere. Men were picking me up and I was doing the splits. In the morning I got up, I had one dress. I washed it out, wore it, and somehow I put on my working cap, but at night, no one could take away. I think without my dreams, it would have been madness, sheer madness. Dr. C : 19A? Dr. E.: Wow. I don’t know, kind of a banana on the top. Kind of a cup I guess. Not making much out of this. Dr. C : Some of them you may not make much out of them. Dr. E.: No. No. Dr. C : Through art we can rise above pain. You did that with your dancing. Dr. E.: Yes. Yes. I think my dancing has been therapeutic. And I do view psychotherapy as an art. Dr. C : And dance therapy? Eddie: And dance therapy. Dr. C : How about this one(20A)? Dr. E.: This also reminds me of something sad. My husband died of TB and it reminds me of a diseased lung. Dr. C : This was about 3 months ago? Dr. E.: 3 months ago. He got TB during WW II. He was a guerilla fighter in the Czechoslovakian mountains. He actually fought with the Russians and I met him in a TB hospital. He got the TB again and he called it “Hitler’s Revenge”. This was sad. Dr. C : 21A? Dr. E.: This is a bird again, kind of reaching out to the world. Very self confident. This is me, Chez Mois. That is me! Two little helpers there also. Dr. C : If you were a bird, what type of bird would you like to be? Dr. E.: Oh what so wonderful. Very colorful, I don’t know. Very colorful. Dr. C : A beautiful song. 22A? 12 Cassell

Dr. E.: This is scary. Dr. C : What does it bring to mind? Dr. E.: Kind of like a lobster that can catch you, can bite. It has got a phallic symbol. Dr. C : Does that phallic symbol bring back any traumatic memories? Dr. E.: Yes it does. Dr. Mengala, was extremely seductive and piercing and I got very scared. I almost was raped by him. I don’t discuss that really. But it was very scary for me. Dr. C : It must have been, you were only 16. So there was sexual sadistic behavior. Dr. E.: Yes. There was a lot of emotional incidents that I see now in families that a girl cannot even put it on anything in terms of describing. I think it is harder because there is nothing to pin it on. Dr. C : What about this one(23A)? Dr. E.: This one also brings back sad memories because I was beaten very severely with a dog leash and broke my back and I couldn’t dance anymore. I see the vertebrae that I wish mine would be straight as this one. Mine is crooked. Dr. C : What was the context of the beating? How could these monsters justify beating a child? Dr. E.: I wanted to go out to the bathroom and I came back and I was beaten. I was beaten several times. One time I was beaten with the end of the gun, but actually the guard should have, according to the rules, shoot me, but he didn’t. I was grateful for the beating because he had the gun and he had really orders to shoot. I stole some carrots for my sister and I came up and he met me. Then I had this eye contact with him and instead of shooting me, he turned the gun around and pushed me inside. Dr. C : Would some of these horrible images come back in the form of dreams, or even hallucinations I suppose? And if so, for how long? Dr. E.: Lately I have been having more, since I saw the movie Schindler’s List, so I know that I am not done. Dr. C : Could you comment on what that movie was? Dr. E.: It was about an industrialist who was able to cleverly save many Jewish lives by having a factory and employing them. One transport went to Auschwitz and he was able to get them back. So I got very excited when I saw children coming to Auschwitz and they were also not taken to the gas chambers. He was able to save them and took them back. I became again very much involved in how it was for me. It doesn’t stop me from leading my daily life, but it brought back memories about how I got out of Auschwitz. I stood in line to get my tattoo, and then I didn’t get it. When I asked how come, and I was told because I was going to gas chamber and they didn’t want to waste the ink on me. On the way to the gas chamber, what I thought we were put on the top of that cattle car and we were taken out of Auschwitz. So when I saw Schindler’s List, I saw him taking some people out and I also got out, but I did get out as a prisoner. Dr. C : So films or video can bring back memories? Dr. E.: Flashbacks, yes. Dr. C : And that has almost a therapeutic impact when you relive it in a safer environment. Dr. E.: Very much so. I am glad that you say that. Yes, very much so. I think that the only way out is true, it was very positive for me to be able to not only see the movie and having flash backs but Viewing Holocaust Nightmares 13

holding the hands of my grand children and knowing that I am here, I am alive. It gives me more of a desire to celebrate life. Dr. C : So some viewers who have an opportunity to watch these images and view them, and have horrible memories of former periods of trauma, and at that time feel some of the suffering. Then they can almost have some release, emotionally through crying or sharing with a loved one, or perhaps a counselor and get some cathartic effect or therapeutic effect. Also the nature scenes and calming music help to recondition the neural memory centers. Dr. E.: Yes. You know I work with Vietnam Veterans and once we put them in groups and they told their stories, you know that what gets out of our body doesn’t make us ill. What stays in their does! So I think it would be very useful and I think the Russian people are very good at story telling. It is not the idea of being a victim and being stuck in the victim position, because when you are victim a lot of the time you wait because you think the world owes you something. And a lot of times, yesterday’s victims can also become today’s victimizers. But for us to be able to release, release it from your cells, release it thoroughly, I never was able to do that, until I returned to Auschwitz and smelled, and tasted, and touched the place. Dr. C : So the sensory aspect brought back a lot of the memories? Dr. E.: For me, the sensory aspects, and then on the way out, I met a soldier. It was a Polish soldier, but I thought it was a Nazi, and for a moment I thought I was a little girl again, and here I am back in a camp and then the realization that I had, an American blue passport in my pocket. Dr. C : What was the horror you thought for a moment…that terror? Dr. E.: That I am never going to be free again. They have got me. Sometimes religious people are taught that God will get you. You have to be living such a life, because if not, God will come and get you. Dr. C : So sometimes organized religion can be abusive to people. Dr. E.: Very punitive, very abusive. That really has nothing to do with the teaching of Christ. Dr. C : Let’s do another image… 24A? Dr. E.: I could spend a lot of time with that. It has got a lot of mystery. It has got the darkness and it has got the blueness, it has got the hope of the green. It is not as happy, but I see lots of things in it. I see a woman’s face on the side, kind of shaven, like I was shaved in Auschwitz. Dr. C : How did you feel being shaved? Eddie: Naked. Everything was taken away…all my dignity…all my personality. I was told I was subhuman. Dr. C : Do you remember what you commented to your sister when you saw her shaved? Eddie: Yes. She asked me “how do I look?” And instead of telling her she looked like a naked dog, I said, “Magda, you have beautiful eyes.” So I still was able to bring her what she still had. Dr. C : You emphasized the positive… A25? Dr. E.: That certainly looks like female genitalia, with the lips. I think it could be sensuous, and it could be mysterious. Just kinds of needs somebody to give it permission for pleasure. Dr. C : So the associations are positive? 14 Cassell

Dr. E.: For me, I am very comfortable with my sensuality. Dr. C : Good. How about after the prison experience? Dr. E.: I was terrified. I somehow was able to be young enough to be still thinking of the romantic ways. I met my husband and we got married. I had a very healthy way of moving from this terror to a comfort zone. Dr. C : A26? Dr. E.: That is a little scary, monster looking, but mischievous…kind of child like…it has got some passion there too. Dr. C : We have got movement in that SIS image…some people see a baby in uterus. Eddie: I do see the baby yes… I was just going to tell you that…yes…beautiful. Dr. C : 27A? Dr. E.: It is really most beautiful because I am wearing butterflies now and that has very much the character of a butterfly. A butterfly that can kind of move about and it has got a lot of freedom. I love the colors. Dr. C : In what way do you identify with the beautiful butterfly? Dr. E.: Kind of like being a free spirit. Dr. C : And people can sense that in you and you can transmit that to perhaps young people who have suffering or older people who are flashing back to moments of trauma, and really give them hope and inspiration... 28A? Dr. E.: I see a lot of complexity in there. I see maybe legs, maybe a human from waist down, but up here I see a lot of rigidity and a lot of striking out, and piercing experience. Dr. C : 29A? Dr. E.: Serene. Dr. C : Much of the time you feel serene these days, except underneath it there is some sadness? Dr. E.: Yes…there is sadness and grief and it is going to take as long as it is going to take. I am okay with that. Dr. C : 30A? Dr. E.: That is very scary. I have seen a lot of corpses and when we were walking up to ………. I saw just parts of bodies. Dr. C : And when you saw those as a little girl, what emotions did you have? Dr. E.: But I also developed this psychic numbing there that I was able to just not emote but to just think of myself and talking to myself: “When I get out of here, when I get out of here, I am going to show the German people that love can conquer all. And now I take care of the German wife who brings in the little girl and the little girl sits in my lap and she calls me “Oma.”… so you know, I still believe that that is some kind of justice. Dr. C : So the numbing was something that you did psychologically, but you could understand how certain people would use alcohol or drugs or sex, or anything to self-medicate. Dr. E.: Definitely to self-medicate….that is really drowning the feelings. So I do a lot of work with alcoholism today, and sex addiction as well, because it is used as a drug of choice. Viewing Holocaust Nightmares 15

Dr. C : And 31A? Dr. E.: Of course this is just very nice, and very affectionate man, but the woman is not really responding very well….the man seemed to have more compassion…she seems to be kind of cold and stiff. Dr. C : And the man is which figure? Dr. E.: This one, on the left. Dr. C : 1B? Dr. E.: I think that could be a kind of a frozen, cold, icy bird. Dr. C : And what emotion do you feel, or what does it bring to mind E.? Dr. E.: I still see hope. I see the light. I see hope, even in hopelessness. Yes, there is hope in hopelessness. Dr. C : 2B? Dr. E.: That is like a scorpion. It has got some variations in the middle, kind of like a feather in the bottom. I like the orangey cooler. I don’t see much life on the side, on the top. It is kind of dry. Dr. C : Scorpion meaning? Does it bring to mind anything? Dr. E.: Stinging. I lived in Texas and I have scorpions, but not really symbolically. Dr. C : 3B? Dr. E.: I think there is a lot of turmoil here, a lot of chaos, and a lot of fire…I don’t see the excitement or the passion here as much…I see blood and pain more in this picture. Dr. C : Bringing to mind? Dr. E.: Bringing to mind that when were evacuating from one place to another, fire was something that we saw as the bombs were falling and the fire was either ahead of us or following us…and I had nightmares. Dr. C : 4B? Dr. E.: That is also reminding me of the nakedness and the boldness and the vulnerability and the fear and the terror…the fear of the unknown….a lot of anticipation, not knowing what is going to happen next. Dr. C : 5B? Dr. E.: I can see teddy bears and people bundled up in pajamas, sitting, maybe talking to one another. ..pretty cozy. Dr. C : 6B? Dr. E.: It has got some delicateness…delicate and variations of the different yellows and greens and oranges…sort of like a tapestry….could be a curtain, and it could be a flower. Dr. C : Flowers are healing for us! 7B? Dr. E.: Yes very. I like things that are a live. This one reminds me of an x-ray, but it is kind of pretty. It has got nice colors and it is like a tree and it has branches. Dr. C : If it were an x-ray, what body part? 16 Cassell

Dr. E.: The chest. Dr. C : You have some concerns about your chest right now? Dr. E.: Yes, I do. Dr. C : What are they? Dr. E.: When my husband tied of TB and I had pneumonia, and pleurisy when I met him and I also tested positive, but I was told that was just from the war, and I shouldn’t worry about it. And lately I have been coughing. Dr. C : 8B? Dr. E.: That is kind of the world pulsating and moving inwards and out, and moving. I think perhaps I just experienced an earthquake in California. I now live near the ocean. So maybe there is something turbulent about the universe. Dr. C : What emotions did you feel in the earthquake? Dr. E.: Fear…fear…scared. Dr. C : When the ground shakes it just simply isn’t part of our understanding is it? Dr. E.: That is right…and the helplessness…I had my grand child there so I covered him up. Dr. C : What about this one (9B)? Dr. E.: This is also the two lungs and all the colors. Dr. C : Reminding you of your husband. He was sick for two years with TB? Dr. E.: Yes…yes…he became resistant to drugs. Dr. C : (10B)? Dr. E.: This looks like a bear, or a wolf, or a big dog in Switzerland…one of those big dogs but cute...it also could be an owl…the more I look at it the more I will tell you what it is. Dr. C : 11B? Dr. E.: Again that is kind of a lung…I see so many lungs in here... I don’t know. Dr. C : How concerned are you about your breathing and lungs at this time? Dr. E.: Not much. But my scoliosis is also restricting me from breathing. Dr. C : Did the injury that the prison camp guard gave you contribute to your scoliosis? Do you still suffer from that? Dr. E.: Yes. Everyday I am reminded of that you see. But my head is not crooked, and I am able to really move on. Dr. C : How about this one (12B)? Dr. E.: This one is like an Irish…it is hard really. Dr. C : That is all right. 13B? Dr. E.: It has got movement and also stillness, rigidity…kind of a question mark, what now? I can relate to that…wondering. Viewing Holocaust Nightmares 17

Dr. C : You are wondering in terms of your new role without your husband who recently died. Dr. E.: Yes…my life now… new beginnings… What now? Dr. C : It will be something very important and good? 14B? Dr. E.: Thank you…again, it could be also a beautiful perfume bottle…my first association was back again to the x-ray of lungs… but also a perfume bottle. Dr. C : 15B? Dr. E.: That is not very peaceful…it is kind of like a windstorm and things are flying all over the place…chaos…needing to find some order in chaos. Dr. C : 16B? Dr. E.: Kind of back in my vertebrae and it has got the top very curious and very ready to go and face the world…self assured. Dr. C : When the German broke your back, did he know that you were a dancer, and this was a highly vulnerable area for you? Dr. E.: No…no…not at all! I wish I could meet him because he saved my life. Dr. C : 17B? Dr. E.: It is a heart with all kinds of shades to it. It could be a soft pillow. Dr. C : Any emotion that you feel? Dr. E.: I don’t really. It is too prissy for me. I am not the prissy type. Dr. C : How about 18b? Dr. E.: That is again, pretty much a phallic symbol, but not very desirable for me I think…I think it has got this clock. Dr. C : And what way does that go back to trauma in the present? Dr. E.: Being debased into an object, being pierced. Dr. C : 19B? Dr. E.: That is kind of gypsyish and mysterious…kind of a psychedelic, psychic something…the heart it has a lot of movement and mystery. Dr. C : 20B? Dr. E.: That is kind of sad…it reminds me of a skull…I have seen a skull lying in front of me as I walked through the camp. Dr. C : Did you see skulls and bodies of people that you loved? Dr. E.: No…no I did not…my parents burned in a gas chambers…I saw the chimney, fire coming out of the chimney and I asked where they were and they said they are burning there…no one gave me any support. Dr. C : How did you feel during that horrible moment? Dr. E.: I clutched my sister and we said to each other, the spirit never dies…and we held onto each other, that we still had something to hold on to…the soul never dies…and when my husband died, somehow I was reminded of that scene. Dr. C : So when we lose a loved one, we flash back to where we had other losses. The feeling parallel between grieving your husband and your parents when they were burning, what is the parallel? 18 Cassell

Dr. E.: The parallel is that this man… I had 47 years of history…with my parents I had 16 years…but he and I had 3 children and 4 grand children… I spent so much more time with him than I spent with my parents… but I am grieving over what wasn’t... that I never really had an adult relationship with my parents, as an adult… I am not grieving over what happened, but what didn’t happen. Dr. C : And your children were cheated of grandparents. Dr. E.: My children were cheated of grandparents and that is why I am such a very… very devoted grandma now…and I am a crazy, loving, happy, truly fortunate grandma, yes. Dr. C : 21B? I wish more children could have a grandparent like you. Dr. E.: I love the dogs and I love the animals and I love the children…and they like me too. ..this picture is sort of a key or a gun or something that is being shot at. Dr. C : And how do you feel looking at that if it were a gun, say? Dr. E.: Scary…scary…it reminds me of the guard holding the gun. Dr. C : And you saw people killed? Eddie: Oh yes. Dr. C : Tell us about those images? Dr. E.: You know we were walking from one place to another, from here to there…….. and … and if you stopped you were shot right away…right away…you couldn’t stop… But I am also saying that the worst brings out the best in us because when I danced for Dr. Mengala and he gave me some bread, and I shared it with my friends, they formed a chair with their arms and they put me on it and they carried me, so that I wouldn’t have to stop. Dr. C : That was wonderful. The first time you saw someone shot, E., can you recall the images and the emotional impact of those images? Dr. E.: I just dropped into a ditched and I revisited that place and I stood there, watching the ditch, thinking it could have been me. Dr. C : And the emotion? Dr. E.: A mixture of emotions…mourning over the dead, but mostly celebrating life, that I was given a second chance…like post mortem…my life is post mortem…it is a kind of a rebirth, a renaissance…I celebrate every moment, it is precious for me. Dr. C : Did you have any guilt at times that you survived? Dr. E.: Tremendous amount of guilt. That is why I became such a high achiever. The professor told me to read 1 book and I read 10 books…I never thought I deserved to survive and I would say, “why me, why me.” …and today I say, “why not me, or lucky me.” I am no longer guilt ridden as I was. Dr. C : Yes. 22B? Dr. E.: That is very scary too…that is pretty dead…I also see some light coming up… I am always looking for something… something how light comes out of darkness. …something positive that may be coming out…some light there, especially here in the brain…I remember my mother said that everything can be taken away from you, except what you put in your mind…I can still see life even though it looks pretty stiff. Dr. C : And when you see death in the camp, your mother’s statement would give you hope? Viewing Holocaust Nightmares 19

Dr. E.: Yes, that is why I went to school. I had to go back to Auschwitz and tell my mother that she was right. I came to America penniless. I didn’t have any money. I went to school. I got married. I needed to go back and tell her that I did just that. My grand daughter now is accepted at Princeton, so you see it goes from generation to generation. My mom would be very… very happy. Dr. C : So you mother was in your mind as a strength. Compare the child who has been abused by a loved one, by a parent, and what is in that child’s mind compared to what was in your mind with your mother when she was there as a strength and helped you through. What do you think the differences are E.? Dr. E.: I think the difference is that the child feels so helpless and powerless and wants to help mother, so the child really stops being a child. That is a good question that I ask sometimes, “When did your childhood end?” And a lot of the pain is there, but the child is really not having a person who can love, because they cannot give what they don’t have. Dr. C : And they have to depersonalize so much from that situation, their own development as an individual becomes retarded and confused. Dr. E.: Very much confused and also not really given permission to be themselves. Dr. C : And later in life they can experience that physic trauma through physical pain. Can you comment on that? Dr. E.: Very much so. The body catches up with that…and the posture. Dr. C : So a person who is abused as a child might have pelvic pain, or abdominal pain. Dr. E.: Abdominal pain…the abdominal is very much there…also their respiratory, asthma…the respiratory shock…the psychogenetic components of asthma. Dr. C : And they might not even be aware of the trauma? Dr. E.: It is not even in their conscious awareness. Dr. C : That is different than a person who has been in a prison camp, who would always have the recall. Dr. E.: That is right. Dr. C : How about this picture (23B)? Eddie: This is like a tree but it doesn’t hang together…it is perhaps my life, that my tree was cut out, but the root traveled. Dr. C : 24B? Eddie: I can see the larva and the metamorphosis that we all have to shed our chrysallus, so that we can fly freely like a butterfly. The butterfly is in there. Dr. C : So when you were a little girl, you were shy and in a different stage and in the prison camp. Dr. E.: I was painfully shy, and lonely, and in the prison camp I rose to the occasion. I became strong. Dr. C : 25B? Eddie: It is a cord, a bowl that holds in the bottom a child. Kind of like an island. Dr. C : And the child inside represents who? Dr. E.: Waiting, me….waiting…waiting. 20 Cassell

Dr. C : And what period of your life were you a child waiting? Dr. E.: That was before the camp. I waited to be noticed. I had two beautiful sisters and I felt that I was different… therefore I felt that I was inferior. But little did I know I was just being prepared for what was to come. So maybe there was an order that I haven’t seen. Dr. C : You truly are a late bloomer. You are a beautiful butterfly. 26B? Dr. E.: It is kind of a man’s big trunk with a little, very small leg and big guy. Kind of like a cowboy. Dr. C : Did the experience of trauma with males in the prison camp situation affect your feelings about men, or males in general? Dr. E.: Fortunately I was able to work through my fears. I am very compassionate in working with others. I am really devoting my time and energy to see that women would be able to move on, and not to be the prisoner or the hostage of the past. Dr. C : You are inspiring! 27B? Eddie: They are little babies, again…kind of waiting to be picked up and in the mean time they communicate with each other. Dr. C : 28B? Dr. E.: That is beautiful. I see myself holding my grandchild and calling him, “kissy boy” and the little girl, “Rachel.” I call her “Rachel is an Angel.” Dr. C : One of the sad findings I have with the image 28B and working with children who have not been nourished by their mothers or who have had abuse, they in fact cannot see that loving image of a mother and child. What do you think means? Dr. E.: I think in some ways they have an idea that that world is not a safe place. They don’t get bonded. Sometimes these children grow up to be sociopathic and criminal. Dr. C : And Nazi prison guards. Dr. E.: They are now getting touched and their specialness is now being celebrated. I see a lot more good news in that area… that we just don’t talk about mothering now. We are talking about parenting….and fathers are bonding with the little child, especially the little girl and I have yet to see one case of child molestation of the young father who goes into the delivery room, takes pictures, and bonds with his little girl. It was the good old days you know, when in patriarchy, the father was handing out cigars and never really connected with the baby, emotionally. I think we need to examine that. Actually when my little girl was born in Czechoslovakia, my husband was handing out cigars, and you know what he said. He was apologizing. It is only a girl. Dr. C : Thank goodness things are different. 29B? Dr. E.: Again it is disconnected, but a very curious and very eager child wanting to be connected. Dr. C : 30B? Dr. E.: A little nest holding two little creatures, little birds or bunnies…two mammas. Dr. C : What about the little children in the prison camps, apart from yourself? Dr. E.: Everyone under 14 was taken to the gas chambers…I have never seen a child in Auschwitz. I was not in a camp where children were allowed to be alive. Viewing Holocaust Nightmares 21

Dr. C : 31b? Dr. E.: And that is a family, kind of an Eskimo family… it could be…I love it because the best thing that children can have, are happy marriage and they look very happy. After SIS Viewing Dr. C : I very much appreciate your willingness to share. Dr. E.: You are welcome. That is good of you to do this work and commit yourself. Especially as a man, you are providing a healthy modeling that the connectedness doesn’t have to be sexualized. I think that is very important for you to model, especially women. You are non threatening and you are compassionate. Dr. C : And we have to learn that as males. It has taken me a while to learn that. Dr. E.: You need good daddy’s. You need daddy’s who are not emotionally absent. You need daddy’s… Dr. C : Could you comment on your experience as a therapist working in your office in San Diego, when you had a young skin head, Nazi youth come to you for help? How did it make you feel and did he know of your background? Dr. E.: No, not at all. I think I saw a young boy who was a learning disabled child, whose mother is a prostitute and a father is living with someone else. I saw total disconnectedness, not having any kind of warmth and love and I see this boy being a good candidate, going somewhere, and someone is going to give him a shirt and a boot and says, you are a somebody…and you and I are going to band together to go out and destroy somebody else. So scape goating is very much alive and well and to be able to channel all that anger and rage towards a third party, I could develop compassion for that boy that ultimately he is giving up his total freedom, the freedom for him to choose to become a survivor, rather than a victim of a charismatic leader who is only taking care of his ego needs. Dr. C : So even though he was angry and threatening Jewish people or Blacks, what sort of threats was this Nazi-like youth making? Dr. E.: I thought it gave me an opportunity to find the Nazi in me. To be able to get off my judgment state and to be able to reach out to him and show him that there is another way. Dr. C : In Russia right now (early 1990’s), I understand that there is a battle for power. There is a great uncertainty. The old guard, communists are uniting with the fascists. Dr. E.: All the kooks are going to come out of the wood work because when there is chaos people are truly asking for a dictator. Not necessarily an benevolent, but a benevolent dictator. I can see that Russia is very threatened by freedom because they don’t know how to take freedom without the responsibility. They are not ready to take the responsibility with it. Dr. C : E. do you have any overall words of wisdom or philosophical observations for those professionals dealing with Posttraumatic Stress, or perhaps even the public themselves? Dr. E.: I am just hoping that somehow we are going through this transition and there is a lot of fear and the fear of the unknown that people have a tendency to want to regress and do what is familiar. But I hope that people are going to put on their curious cap and to be able to not regress and repeat history. I hope truly that the 90s will give us an opportunity to see a Germany where people are going out on the streets and they are fighting their own neo-Nazi children. I am hoping that we are going to talk more about that and not to really fall, to panic and to think that this is the beginning of the end. 22 Cassell

I would like to join the people who could hold hand in hand so we can enhance each other with our differences, I pray that we can form a human family, because it is very hard to debate someone into an object who you know. I would like to open up communications between perpetrators and victims to bring the child of the Nazi together with the child of the victim. We need to see how we can do something together, now so my children and grandchildren will never experience what I did. Dr. C : E. A few moments ago you were saying “I’m looking for a new role,” and I think you have just described your new role. And I hope through video you will be reaching more people and perhaps through giving seminars and travel and lectures is that something you plan for the future? Dr. E.: I would love to be a story telling grandma. And also my professional background is giving me an idea that it is nice to have the wisdom and the age and the maturity that I have, and if I can promote peace and good will I would be the happiest ambassador for peace and good will. Dr. C : Good luck in your new adventure! Dr. E.: Thank you, for your help. Dr. C : Thank you for coming here E…you truly are inspirational to all of us! Reactions to the SIS Evoked Imagery: If your view of historical reality differs from those who choose to deny the Holocaust, perhaps you too found this woman’s long fought battle and ultimate victory against evil inspirational - albeit emotionally disturbing. In this rapid fire television interview, unlike a clinical situation involving a standard administration procedure, it was not possible to shield her from the painful affect linked to the PTSD imagery. Yet she had the courage to expose some of her deep seated suffering as an educational gift to SIS clinicians who treat victims of PTSD. Although the interview touched on some of the sexually sadistic behavior of the empowered Germans, more graphic scenes were avoided. The prison guards ordered large groups of both sexes to undress. Then they were forced at gunpoint to enter what was supposed to be a delousing area, but instead they were poisoned by toxic gas. Of course they did not die immediately. There was a terrible terminal struggle to survive. Finally at the end only a few bodies would be seen moving at the top of the pile. Apparently it was more often nude women at the top of the pile that were seen struggling for air. The designers of this room of death had available a viewing window. It is said that this provided a pornographic peephole for voyeuristic sadistic Nazis, such as Goebel. Reactions of a Senior German Submariner to the Holocaust: After completing the educational interview, questions were raised in the interviewer’s mind about the murderous motivations of the German guards and their superiors - including Hitler. Approximately ten years after the recording was made an unexpected psychobiographical opportunity presented itself in an American retirement residence. When I met K. a distinguished looking elderly man with a German accent, I realized that this social occasion provided a chance to informally question a senior World War II German submariner. Not wishing to reveal my interest in psychohistory and the Holocaust, this subject was not brought up in initial discussions. He was proud of his life accomplishments and pleased to speak about them. After the war he had moved to Canada working successfully in Quebec as a diesel mechanic. He said that initially he was surprised that he was treated so well by Quebecers, after all the war was just over .Finally he asked his fellow workers about his warm acceptance by them and learned that like Germans: “We hate the English too!” Viewing Holocaust Nightmares 23

Eventually he moved to the United States and became an American citizen. With the help of his wife he ultimately became a multimillionaire through real estate investment. Even though he was well into his eighties, he was still a shrewd businessman. He bragged about how, when checking on his rental properties, he always drove an old car, so that the renters would not realize that he was rich. After several sessions, he was asked about his military career. He indicated that he chose under sea warfare, since his grandfather had been a professor at a naval academy. During the war his submarine had sank numerous ships and somehow had not been sunk itself. What was relevant in terms of his last voyage at the end of the war follows: “In 1945 we were crossing the north Atlantic when a radio signal indicated that Germany had surrendered so we decided to do so too.” Subsequently he revealed that their voyage to Japan had been highly secret. It had involved planning for nuclear war. Aboard the submarine were two German physicists and two from Japan. These nuclear scientists also had a load of uranium that was intended to be used for building an atomic bomb. K. implied that he would have gladly followed orders to use such a weapon of mass destruction. Finally the subject of the Holocaust was raised without bringing up the horror of Dr. E.’s adolescent trauma in Auschwitz. He expressed no obvious remorse, regrets or sympathy for the victims. He coldly dismissed the discussion rationalizing that Jews were killed because “Hitler believed that they were an inferior race that could not be trusted!” Apparently the current head of Iran shares this prejudice. Can his assertions that his country’s quest for nuclear technology is only for peaceful purposes be valid? It must be remembered as Dr. E. indicated that all humans have the potential of evil in their hearts. Perhaps SIS technology may provide a projective light for illuminating this inner world, through further psycho-biographical studies. Relevant Background Reading: DeMause, Lloyd :The Childhood Origins of the Holocaust -A lecture given September 28, 2005 at Klagenfurt University, Austria. It is free on the internet web site of The Journal of Psychohistory at http://www.psychohistory.com/htm/chilhoodholocaust.htm Also at this web site: DeMause, Lloyd The Emotional Life of Nations For a “Digital Archive of Psychohistory Articles & texts” visit http://www.geocities.com/kidhistory Appeal Members of Somatic Inkblot Soceity are requested to kindly send their Annual dues before the 31st of January each year, to enable the Society to meet its expenses and smooth publication of the Journal. 24 Cassell

Dispositional Tendencies Exhibited Through Spontaneous Rorschach Card Rotation Charles A. Waehler, Becky L. Tonn, Kristin E. Eisenhauer and John M. Laux This study examined personality traits which may be associated with card turning behavior on the Rorschach Inkblot Test. In the first phase of this study, psychologists (N=46) familiar with the Rorschach were mailed a survey asking them to identify what personality traits they believed were associated with card rotation. Oppositionality, creativity, obsessive-compulsiveness, flexibility, curiosity, defensiveness, resistance, and suspiciousness ranked as the top eight personality traits identified by these experts. In the second phase of this study volunteer college student participants (N=62) were administered the Rorschach as well several personality measures to determine if relationships existed between card turning and the three most common traits identified by the experts. Forty-one participants (66%) turned the cards at least once. The results indicated that card turning was not associated with oppositionality (r = .24, p = .07), three measures of creativity (r = -.06, p = .67; r = -.03, p = .80; r = .25, p = .05), nor obsessive-compulsiveness (r = .01, p = .93). These correlations, along with frequency of card turning by card, are presented and discussed. The Rorschach, a personality test consisting of ten ambiguous inkblots, is based upon the notion that the manner in which a person responds to an inkblot reflects experiences which will be replicated in other situations. Hermann Rorschach, in developing the technique to assess “general psychological operation” (Erdberg, 1985, p.66) went beyond his colleagues who used inkblots to study imagination. One contemporary way to consider the Rorschach is as a “perceptual-cognitive task” (Erdberg, p.67; Groth-Marnat, 2003) in which the client first views a card and then forms a response as to what the inkblot might be. To an experienced clinician the responses represent a combination of the person’s “preferred style of handling problems” (Erdberg, p.67) as well as possibly illuminating his/her psychological needs. Although verbal answers receive the most attention when investigating a Rorschach protocol, additional samples of behavior become accessible by administering the Rorschach. Card rotation, or card turning (defined as the spontaneous adjustment of the card in which the client no longer holds the card in its upright position), is one example of an observable behavior which may be underutilized in understanding a person’s Rorschach performance. If a person asks if he or she may turn the card, the examiner is instructed to reply, “It’s up to you” (Exner, 2003) so that card turning is another aspect of the ambiguous situation in which clients are placed when taking the Rorschach. Regarding card turning, Hermann Rorschach stated only that the subject “holds the plate in his hand and may turn it about as much as he likes”(1942, p.16). Knowing what card turning may reveal about personality will utilize the performance-based aspects of the Rorschach more fully, thus adding to possible advantages over self-report measures which simply ask a person to speculate about how he or she might act or feel in a given situation. Weiner (2003) noted that “examiners can enrich their Rorschach assessments by utilizing respondents’ test behaviors along with the structural and content of their responses as bases for formulating hypotheses about their personality functioning” (p.213). At the same time, he observed that, to date,“there has been no card-turning research with which to document any...nomothetic patterns” p.217. A few brief theoretical considerations regarding the psychological correlates of card rotation exist. Beck (1952) suggested that if a subject fails to turn the cards, the resulting symptoms may range from “habit binding” to “cramping inhibition” (p.26). Beck gave descriptions of types of card turning and what they might signify. Specifically, Beck asserted that when an adult displays “much and rapid Charles A. Waehler, Ph.D. ,Associate Professor, Becky L. Tonn, and Kristin E. Eisenhauer, Department of Psychology,354 College of Arts and Sciences Building,The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-4301(USA), Tel:(330) 972-6701 Email: cwaehle@uakron.edu and John M. Laux, The University of Toledo(USA) Key Words : Rorschach card rotation, dispositional tendencies

turning ... he is usually a severely disturbed neurotic” (1949, p.59) and that overtly nervous turning implies “insufficient control” (1952, p. 26) over one’s ability to move naturally. Stiff and ritualistic card turning, on the other hand, demonstrates rigidity and nonassertiveness. Beck (1949) also suggested that children turn the cards more often than adults and that slow turning is observed among the depressed. In 1949, Beck stated that “this behavior has, however, not been systematically studied,” (p.60) and so has it remained until the present. Wagner, Wagner, Hilsenroth, and Fowler (1995) made reference to card rotation as they attempted to differentiate thought-disordered patients using three kinds of perceptual-cognitive errors made while taking the Rorschach. One type of error was defined as “Inordinate attention to unusual blot areas” which includes “tilting the card to produce a different perspective” (Wagner et al., p. 290). In this reference, the authors cast a negative, maladaptive slant on card manipulation in general. In his detailed consideration of interpreting the Rorschach, Weiner (2003) discussed test behaviors and characterized five different varieties of card turning behaviors: Curious, Systematic, Haphazard, Oppositional, and Avoidant. Although noting that “specific categories of card-turning behavior have yet to be codified and monitored empirically for their frequency” (p.217), Weiner speculated that curious turning, which is marked by a brief, casual and unsystematic nature, “probably constitutes a normative approach to the Rorschach task that has few idiographic implications for personality functioning” (p. 217). Weiner goes on to say that systemic card turning, on the other hand, suggests a compulsive personality style; haphazard turning likely reflects minimal investment in the task; and oppositional turning, with its hallmark “pointed and emphatic reversal of the position of the cards when taking them in hand” (p. 219), is likely a fairly transparent representation which “provides good evidence of a general preference for defiance over compliance and resistance over capitulation” (p. 219). By contrast, Weiner stipulates avoidant turning as a “specific negative reaction to a particular response or blot characteristic” which “constitutes an effort to deny or take distance from percepts rather than look for them” (p. 220). As such, he states that an avoidant turning behavior helps “to highlight responses or blot characteristics that are especially likely to have some dynamic significance” (p. 220). The current study attempted to overcome the lack of empirical about Rorschach card turning by investigating empirically the possible psychological meaning of card rotation. Two phases were used in this study to overcome the limited speculation within the Rorschach literature about the psychological meaning of card rotation. First, hypotheses regarding what card turning might signify were generated by surveying the professionals’ expertise. Second, the hypotheses generated regarding the psychological meaning of card rotation were tested empirically within actual evaluation situations. Method: Phase One: Since little information relevant to Rorschach card turning exists, a qualitative method was used in the first phase of this experiment. Qualitative research methods refer to research techniques that produce descriptive data that can include a person’s personal opinions (Bogdan & Taylor, 1975). Although some qualitative methods have been justifiably labeled as “vague and imprecise” (Neimeyer & Resnikoff, 1982, p.77) these methods can take into account multiple perspectives and tend to “provide keener insight” (Neimeyer & Resnikoff, p. 84) than do quantitative methods which may neglect or obscure much that is useful to a researcher. By contrast, quantitative methods seek to “statistically prove relationships between operationally defined variables” (Bogdan & Taylor, 1975, p.2). Polkinghorne (1994) contends that qualitative data can be “far richer and more complex than 26 Charles et al

data composed of numeric scores on predetermined variables” (p. 510). Qualitative methods also “enable us to explore concepts whose essence is lost in other research approaches” such as “beauty, pain, faith [or] hope” (Bogdan & Taylor, 1975, p.5). A “best case” scenario exists when one study attempts to converge both qualitative and quantitative methodologies in an attempt to study a single phenomenon. This “triangulation” of methods (Neimeyer & Resnikoff, p. 83) provides meaningful data whether or not the same results are found across methods. Where similar results are obtained, validity may be increased, whereby if findings do not converge, new information emerges. Participants: In the first phase of the investigation, which intended to generate hypotheses about which personality characteristics may be associated with card rotation, psychologists expert with the Rorschach were asked for their professional observations about the meaning of card turning by mail. Authors (N=99) of studies using the Rorschach published during the seven years from 1991 to 1998 in four prominent journals (Assessment, Journal of Clinical Psychology, Journal of Personality Assessment, and Psychological Assessment) were mailed a questionnaire asking their opinions about the meaning of card turning. Forty-six (46% return rate) responses were received. Eighty percent of the respondents were male. All those who stated degrees (n=41) had a doctorate (36 Ph.D.’s, two ED.D.’s, and three Psy.D.’s). Two had additionally acquired an ABPP. The average number of years of experience with the Rorschach was 21.28 with a range from 6 to 50. The average number of Rorschach given was 831 (SD=1,023), with a range between 100 and over 5,000. The respondents were also asked for an approximate percentage of clients who rotate at least one Rorschach card. The average was 49.16% (SD 27.60), with a range from 1-99 percent. Table 1 Frequency of Personality Traits Suggested by Psychologists (N=46) Personality Trait Number of Mentions Oppositionality Creativity Obsessive Compulsive Flexibility Curiosity Defensiveness Resistance Suspiciousness Independence Anxiety Intelligence Assertiveness Confidence Confusion Passive/Active Anger Doubting Impulsivity Negativism Nonconformity Openness Passive-Aggressive Striving Other Dispositional Tendencies 27

The statements regarding the possible personality correlates of Rorschach card turning were transcribed and broken into general opinions and specific personality traits. The 142 personality traits specified were combined into common categories by the first two authors. In order to inspect this division, an independent volunteer graduate student in psychology also grouped the personality traits into her own categories. The two sorts were reconciled, generating a final list of 20 personality traits that were specified at least twice by the content experts. In order to confirm the accuracy of this classification, a third independent rater (also a graduate student in psychology) sorted the 142 personality traits into these categories. Her agreement rate with the earlier classification system was 80%, so we were confident about accounting for the traits possibly associated with Rorschach card rotation consistently (See Table 1). The eight categories specified most often (creativity, curiosity, defensiveness, flexibility, obsessiveness/compulsiveness, oppositionality, resistance, and suspiciousness) had an interrater agreement rate of 91% after the third sort and were used in phase two of this project. Based on these surveyed psychologists, three hypotheses to be tested empirically were generated: We tested whether Rorschach would positively associate with: 1) oppositionality, 2) creativity, and 3) obsessive-compulsiveness. Phase Two: Participants: The second phase of this study employed university students (N=62) who were given the Rorschach test as well as the dependent measures to assess concurrent personality traits. Forty-three of the participants were female, and 19 were male. The average age was 20.48 (SD=3.68), with a range of 17-39. Twenty-nine of the participants were freshmen in college, 16 were sophomores, 6 were juniors, 8 were seniors, one was in graduate school, and 3 indicated other/no reply. Forty-seven of the participants were Caucasian, 11 were African-American, one was Asian-American, and 3 indicated other/no reply. Procedure: The sixty-two participants signed an informed consent form and filled out a demographics sheet. They were then videotaped by an unobtrusive camera focused at a distance over their shoulder while taking the Rorschach test in order to assess their card turning behavior. The Rorschach test protocols were administered according to the Exner Comprehensive System (1974). The Rorschach was given individually to participants. After completing the Rorschach, each participant completed the Alternative Uses Inventory, the Consequences Test, and the Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Instruments: Independent Measure: Card Turning: Because card turning has never before been systematically studied, the researchers operationalized different card rotation aspects typically seen within a Rorschach protocol. Card turning was defined as any card manipulation of at least ninety degrees from the standard position. The researchers differentiated card turning that led to a response given to the card being in a position other than the standard upright position from card turning that led to a response given after returning the card to the upright position. Card turning that occurred after the last response had been made to that card, but before the subject handed the card back to the examiner, was also determined. The degree at which the subject responded to the card or the highest degree to which the card was manipulated if the subject gave the response in the upright position was also noted. In this way six scores were established for card turning: 90 degrees with response, 90 degrees without response, 90 degrees after, 28 Charles et al

180 degrees with response, 180 degrees without response, 180 degrees after. By way of example, if a subject turned the card 90 degrees, and gave the response while in this position, the turning activity would be labeled as “90 degrees with response.” If a subject turned the card 180 degrees then back to the upright position, giving a response there, the turning would be labeled as “ 180 degrees without” because the maximum amount of turning that occurred was 180 degrees, but no response was given when the card was turned. On the other hand, if the card was turned 90 degrees after the last response was given to a particular card, this behavior was labeled “90 degrees after.” Two additional card turning activities were noted: Immediate card turning, Ruminative card turning. Immediate card turning was scored when participants turned the card prior to giving an initial response to that card. Ruminative card turning was operationalized as turning the card more than four 90- degree angles without an intervening response. A final card-turning behavior that was recorded was the first card on which participants initiated card turning, denoted as “First Card.” (See Table 2) Table 2 Frequency of Total Turning by Card (N=62) Card Behavior I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Total 90 with 90 w/o 90 after 180 with 180 w/o 180 after Tot turning Ruminate Immediate First Card N/A Two separate viewers watched the video tapes in order to accurately record card turning behaviors. An inter-scorer reliability for turning was established at 98% for 31 randomly selected test protocols. The lower limit suggested by Weiner (1991) for inter-scorer reliability for Rorschach variables is 80%, so these notations fall within the acceptable range for reliability. Independent Measures: Oppositionality was determined by white space response integration (S) on the Rorschach, which Exner (1986) said Rorschach had postulated to represent “a form of opposition or negativism” (p. 381), a hypothesis which was endorsed by Beck (1945) and Rapaport, Gill, and Schafer (1946). Exner (1986) reports variable reliability for white space responses, with a retest correlation range from .59 to .73 for brief intervals, and from .72 to .79 for lengthy intervals. Dispositional Tendencies 29

Creativity was assessed by two different instruments and one Rorschach variable. First, the Alternate Uses Inventory (Guilford, 1967), which requires a person to generate as many other possible uses for certain common objects, such as a plate or an automobile tire, and the Consequences test (Gondola, 1985), which gives examples of hypothetical situations and requires that the person think of one or more possible consequences of that situation were used. Creativity level is determined by increasing responses to each item on these tests. Two independent raters had a 94% agreement for the Alternative Uses and Consequences tests. The authors reported the reliability to be .62 to .85 and the validity to be .46 to .52 for the Alternative Uses Inventory. Reliability has been shown to be .82 to .86 for the Consequences test. Creativity was also operationalized as a higher number of total Rorschach responses, a variable which shows a test-retest reliability for a one year interval of .86, and three year interval of .79 (Exner, 1986). Obsessive-compulsiveness was measured using the Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (OCS-1 Gibb, Bailey, Best, & Lambirth, 1983). This questionnaire is composed of twenty-two true and false items such as, “I usually check things that I know I have already done” and “I believe there is a place for everything and everything in its place Results: The mean number of responses was 24.44 (SD=10.81), which is consistent with Comprehensive System (Exner, 2003) norms. Of the 62 participants, 41 (66%) exhibited card turning behavior during their responses; 21 (34%) did not turn the cards during the administration. Table 2 shows the frequency of total turning for each card across all participants for each of the six types of turning, as well as for rumination and immediate card turning. The most common type of turning was 180 degrees with a response. Almost two-thirds (27; 65.9%) of those people who did turn the cards initiated their card turning on Card I. Only one participant turned a card for the first time after Card VII. The only card which was not turned before giving an immediate response was Card I. Total turning across all cards for all participants was 491; total ruminative turns for all participants was 145; total immediate turns exhibited by all participants was 130. Descriptive statistics for each of these behaviors for all participants, and for only those participants who turned the cards are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Descriptive Statistics for Turning Behaviors Mean SD Min Max Median Mode Entire Sample (N=62) Total Turning 7.92 8.62 Total Immediate 2.10 2.51 1.00 Total Rumination 2.34 3.62 1.00 Turners Only (n=41) Total Turning 11.97 8.82 14.0 Total Immediate 3.17 2.50 1.0 Total Rumination 3.53 3.95 1.0 Correlation coefficients and comparison of means were used to analyze the personality traits under examination and their relationship with card turning. The first hypothesis, that total card turning would be significantly related to oppositionality as measured by the amount of white space responses, was not supported: There was a nonsignificant correlation of (r=.24, p=.067) between these two variables (See Table 4). 30 Charles et al

There were also no mean difference between white space use by turners (M= 4.76; SD=3.94) and non-turners (M=3.15; SD=2.71) (See Table 5). Table 4 Card Turning Correlations with other Variables Space Alt. Uses Conseq. Responses OCS Total r=.23 r=-.06 r=-.03 r=.25 r=.01 Turning (62) (62) (62) (61) (58) p=.067 p=.669 p=.798 p=.051 p=.934 Total Immed. r=.04 r=-.16 r=-.17 r=-.08 r=-.03 (62) (62) (62) (61) (58) p=.735 p=.222 p=.192 p=.527 p=.841 Total Rumin. r=.03 r=-.21 r=-.16 r=.07 r=-.11 (62) (62) (62) (62) (58) p=.834 p=.094 p=.209 p=.606 p=.417 First Card r=.07 r=.27 r=.01 r=-.05 r=-.11 (41) (41) (41) (41) (38) p=.683 p=.086 p=.983 p=.778 p=.494 Table 5 Mean Differences for Turners and Non-Turners Mean Std. Deviation F p d White Space Turners (n=41) 4.76 3.94 1.19 .28 .45 Nonturners (n=21) 3.15 2.71 Alternate Uses Turners 15.17 7.14 .08 .78 .21 Nonturners 13.70 7.05 Consequences Turners 14.10 5.40 1.85 .19 -.11 Nonturners 14.75 6.54 Responses Turners 24.98 10.72 .02 .89 .15 Nonturners 23.35 11.19 OC Scale Turners 10.63 3.66 .06 .80 .16 Nonturners 10.05 3.61 The second hypothesis, that total card turning would be significantly related to the three measures of creativity (Alternate Uses, Consequences, total responses) was not supported: Card turning was not significantly correlated with Alternate Uses (r=-.06, p=.67), Consequences (r=.03, p=.80), and total responses (r=.25, p=.05) between these two variables. T-tests also did not show significant differences in these measures between the group who turned the cards and the group who exhibited no turning (see Table 5). The third hypothesis, that total card turning would be significantly related to obsessive-compulsiveness, as measured by the Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, was not supported. The correlation between these measures was not significant (r=.01, p=.93) and no mean difference was found between turners and non-turners. Dispositional Tendencies 31

Discussion: Because card turning behavior had never before been studied systematically, the researchers conducted Phase One of this study in order to gain informed speculative hypotheses regarding card turning behavior as noted by psychologists expert in the Rorschach. Interestingly, wide variability was found among the psychologists when asked for an approximate percentage of clients who turn cards. The reports of card turning behavior ranged from 1 to 99%; the average of 49% masked the great variety of answers obtained. These data may indicate real differences in client turning behavior when tested by different examiners or may reflect the lack of accurate card turning behaviors noted by examiners. The expert respondents also exhibited a wide array of thoughts when asked what card turning behavior might signify. Card turning was just as likely to evoke positive characteristics from the psychologists (e.g., curiosity, independence, and intelligence) as it was to evoke negative personality traits, (e.g., obsessive-compulsiveness, confusion, or anger). These speculative data served as a springboard from which to conduct an empirical examination about the meaning of card turning behavior. Phase Two observed and coded card turning behavior directly as well as comparing the most frequently cited and testable personality traits of creativity, oppositionality, and obsessive-compulsiveness with card turning behavior. Approximately two thirds of the participants in this sample rotated a card at least once. Of those who turned the cards, they did so an average of about 12 times. The kind of turning that was most often observed was 180 degrees with a response, accounting for 41.9% of all turns made. People tended to turn the card all the way over, if at all, with 77.6% of the turns made to 180 degrees. About half (35; 56.5%) of the participants turned a card before giving an initial response, a behavior several of the experts said may be a sign of impulsive traits. This immediate card turning did not occur on the first card. An interesting finding noted that there were no significant differences in the number of responses given by participants who turned the cards from those who did not turn the cards. The first hypothesis, that overall card turning behavior would be related to oppositionality, was not supported by these measures under these conditions at this time. The hypothesis that card turning might be related to creativity (a difficult variable to operationalize, and in this study measured by the Alternate Uses test, Consequences test, and total Rorschach responses) was also not supported. Total card turning was not significantly related to obsessive-compulsiveness as measured by the Obsessive Compulsive Scale, which contradicted the third hypothesis. Consequently, the three hypotheses generated by the expert psychologists were empirically tested and found to not correlate with total card turning behavior at this time using these instruments. Interestingly, immediate and ruminative card turning were significantly related to the first card on which card turners initiated turning and total card turning. It appears that people who rotate the cards early also feel free to rotate the cards in many different ways. Also, total ruminative card turning was also significantly positively related to total immediate card turning. A major question underlying this study is whether the dependent measures used in this study were appropriate for and sensitive to the personality correlates suggested by the expert psychologists. Additional research with different measures is warranted. Another limitation of this research study includes the relatively small sample size (N=62) for the number of dependent variables examined. The use of university students in this study also limits generalizability of these results. Finally, direct 32 Charles et al

examination regarding Weiner’s (2003) observation that card-turning may take place in response to particular percepts or responses should be undertaken. This sequential study documented a phenomenon, card turning with the Rorschach Inkblot Test, that has never before been studied systematically. We found that psychologists who actively use the Rorschach as an assessment tool have definite opinions as to the possible psychological correlates of card rotation. These opinions are important, but the wide variety of responses suggests the need for controlled studies of this phenomenon. The wide range of percentages reported by the psychologists of their clients who have turned the cards (1-99%) indicates a lack of reliable information available in this area. Within this study almost two-thirds of the participants turned the cards, and those who did so averaged more than eleven turns per administration. Of great note, although providing a useful scheme for documenting and classifying these behaviors, this study does not point toward a consistent personality trait being associated with these behaviors. The notion that general personality trends which would account for card turning behavior were not discernable in the current does not negate the fact that this behavior has genuine meaning for individuals. It may be that these behaviors may manifest tendencies that are quite personalized and idiosyncratic in nature. (This speculation would certainly be supported by the range of opinions offered by the experts surveyed in the present study.) In addition, we need to acknowledge that our rudimentary coding system did not necessarily capture the complex nature of the card turning behaviors as considered by the theoreticians (e.g., curious, systematic; Weiner [2003]; or stiff and ritualistic card turning; Beck [1952]). The Rorschach is a useful tool for therapists because it combines many psychological elements (e.g., behavior, perceptions, verbalizations) that fit together to make a larger statement about the client’s problems and needs. The Rorschach’s value as a performance-based measure may be increased if both researchers and clinicians start noting card turning behavior of their clients so that more reliable data are gathered to better examine card turning across different situations, and with different populations. Acknowledgements: Portions of the data within the first part of the current article were previously reported in Tonn, and Waehler,(1997, February). Dispositional tendencies exhibited through spontaneous Rorschach card rotation, a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality Assessment, Boston, MA. Additional observations from the second portion of the study were reported in a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Personality Assessment, New Orleans, LA: Waehler, C. A., Tonn, B., & Oliver, K. E. (1999, March). Testing personality traits associated with spontaneous Rorschach card rotation. References: Allen, R. M. (1978). Student’s Rorschach manual. New York: International Universities Press, Inc. Beck., S.J. (1945). Rorschach’s test II. A variety of personality pictures. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton. Beck, S. J. (1949). Rorschach’s test (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Grune & Stratton. Beck, S. J. (1952). Rorschach’s test: Vol. 3. Advances in interpretation. New York: Grune & Stratton. Bogdan, R., & Taylor, S. J. (1975). Introduction to qualitative research methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Erdberg, P. (1985). The Rorschach. In C. S. Newmark (Ed.), Major psychological assessment instruments (pp. 65-88). Newton, MA: Allyn and Bacon, Inc. Exner, J. E., Jr. (1986). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system: Volume I. (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dispositional Tendencies 33

Exner, J. E., Jr. (2003). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system: Volume I. (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Gibb, G. D., Bailey, J. R., Best, R. Ii., & Lambirth, T. L. (1983). The measurement of the obsessive-compulsive personality. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 43, 1233-1238. Groth-Marnat, G. (2003). Handbook of Psychological Assessment (4th. ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Gondola, J.C. (1985). The enhancement of creativity through long and short term exercise programs.Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 1, 77-82. Guilford, J. P. (1967). The Nature of Human Intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Neimeyer, G., & Resnikoff, A. (1982). Qualitative strategies in counseling research. The Counseling Psychologist, 4, 75-85. Polkinghorne, D. E. (1994). Reaction to special section on qualitative research in counseling process and outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 510-512. Rapaport, D., Gill, M., & Schafer, R. (1946). Diagnostic psychological testing. (Vol. 2). Chicago: Yearbook Publishers. Rorschach, H. (1942). Psychodiagnostics; a diagnostic test based on perception (Bernard Kronenberg & Paul Lemkau, Transl.). (3rd ed, rev.). New York: Grune & Stratton. (Original work published in 1921). Wagner, E. E., Wagner, C. F., Hilsenroth, M. J., & Fowler, C. (1995). A taxonomy of Rorschach autisms with implications for differential diagnosis among thinking-disordered patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 290-293. Weiner, I. B. (1991). Editor’s note: Interscorer agreement in Rorschach research. Journal of Personality Assessment, 56, 1. Weiner, I. B. (2003). Principles of Rorschach Interpretation. (2nd. Ed.). Mahwah: New Jersey: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. SIS Instruments can be Obtained from : Somatic Inkblot Center 4501E, 104th Avenue Anchorage, AK.99516 (USA) E-Mail: siscassell@yahoo.com & Somatic Inkblot Center 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA) E-mail:sisdubey@rediffmail.com 34 Charles et al

All Behavior is Meaningful: A Clinical Approach to Personality Assessment in the Context of Adult Psychotherapy David Miller During the last several decades there has been an increased emphasis on empirical, quantitative approaches to adult personality assessment. Although this development has led to many positive outcomes, it has frequently been suggested that omitting qualitative aspects of personality assessment results in a serious loss of clinically useful information. The purpose of this article is to discuss a clinical approach to adult personality assessment, in which emphasis is given to individuals’ unique and idiosyncratic manner of responding to the assessment situation rather than their test scores. A case example of a clinical approach to assessment is provided through use of the Lowenfeld Mosaic Test, including the implications of using this approach in the context of adult psychotherapy. Cautions and considerations in using a clinical approach to adult personality assessment also are provided. The last several decades have largely been characterized by an increased emphasis on quantitative, standardized, psychometric approaches to adult personally assessment. Although this development has been pervasive in psychology, generally in the area of adult personality assessment, it can perhaps be most clearly seen in the use of the Rorschach. Although widely viewed as a projective technique (e.g., Misra, Kharkwal, Kilroy, & Thapa, 1996; Shafer, 1954), many contemporary conceptualizations of the Rorschach consider it to primarily be a cognitive-perceptual task rather than a projective one (e.g., Exner, 2003), and responses to it are largely believed to reflect the manner in which individuals normally act in problem-solving situations (Prevatt, 1999) rather than assessing unconscious aspects of personality. Like other assessment techniques, including Human Figure Drawings (Hammer, 1980; Naglieri, McNeish, & Bardos, 1991), the Bender-Gestalt Test (Koppitz, 1975; Perticone, 1998), the Hand Test (Wagner, 1983, 1986), and the Lowenfeld Mosaic Test (Lowenfeld, 1954; Perticone & Tembeckjian, 1987), the Rorschach lends itself to both quantitative and qualitative analysis (Lerner, 1996a). Most of the research conducted with the Rorschach, however, and most of the recent publications which discuss its use, emphasize a quantitative approach to its interpretation (Exner, 2003). This emphasis on a quantitative approach has occurred not only with the Rorschach but increasingly with other projective techniques as well (e.g., Naglieri, McNeish, & Bardos, 1991), despite repeated warnings that omitting qualitative aspects of personality assessment results in a serious loss of clinically useful information (e.g., Lerner, 1996b, 2007; Perticone, 1998; Perticone & Tembeckian, 1987; Smith, 1993). In discussing interpretation of the Hand Test, for example, Wagner (1986) noted that “there is much to be gleaned of a clinical, non-scorable nature that can be overlooked by the psychologist bent on a quick appraisal who may be prone to ignoring qualitative nuances and idiosyncratic clues. For maximum results, interpretation must go beyond ‘cookbook’ exegesis based only on scores and ratios. Experience, sedulousness, and clinical intuition are required for a well-rounded appraisal” (p. 280). A qualitative approach to personality assessment is not designed to replace quantitative analysis but rather to complement it (Perticone, 1998). In particular, although the numerical scoring of psychological tests often is essential, in a qualitative, clinical approach to assessment it is the unique and idiosyncratic richness of an individual’s response that is of primary interest rather than his/her test scores (Perticone & Tembeckjian, 1987). More specifically, in contrast to a standardized, quantitative, psychometric approach to assessment (e.g., Exner, 2003), a clinical model emphasizes a more intuitive, empathic, David Miller, Ph.D., University at Albany, State University of New York, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, ED 215, Albany, NY, 12222. E-mail: dmiller@uamail.albany.edu Key Words: Clinical assessment, Psychotherapy, Lowenfeld Mosaic Test

phenomenological approach in which the utility of a particular assessment technique is evaluated from an experiential rather than a normative framework (Lerner, 1992, 2004), and an idiographic (rather than nomothetic), conceptual (rather than psychometric), person-centered (rather than testcentered) approach to assessment is emphasized (Mayman, 1964; Lerner, 1996a, 2000). Such an approach suggests that the formal scoring of psychological tests is necessary but not sufficient for genuine understanding (Ruskowski, 1998), a perspective aptly summarized by Kleiger (1999), who noted that the examiner’s task involves “deconstructing the various scoring categories in order to ascertain the psychological experiences that underlie the scores” (p. xiii). The clinical model of projective assessment was initially articulated in texts such as Diagnostic Psychological Testing (Rapaport, Gill, & Schafer, 1945-1946) and “The Clinical Application of Psychological Tests” (Schafer, 1948), as well as later works by Schafer (1954), Mayman (1964), Blank (1965), Schachtel (1966) and, more recently, Lerner (1990), Ruskowski (1992), Perticone (1998), and Miller (2006). In this model, the psychological examiner is viewed as having a critical role in the assessment process. The clinician’s own knowledge of personality dynamics and his or her observation skills are given great prominence (Perticone, 1998), and the role accorded the clinician is much broader and less prescribed than in a purely quantitative approach to assessment (Lerner, 1990). Unlike empirical approaches to assessment, examiners who assess from a clinical perspective “admit other sources of information, including the thematic content of the response, the patient’s more spontaneous and evaluative comments, the sequence of responses and the multilayered vicissitudes of the patient-examiner relationship” (Lerner, 1996a, p. 24). Because from a clinical perspective all behavior is viewed as meaningful, such an approach places great emphasis not just on an individual’s particular responses to a task but also to the unique manner in which the individual responds to the task (Perticone & Tembeckjian, 1987). As such, emphasis is placed on the careful observation of the living person rather than simply his or her test responses, and the clinician is highly attuned to “the indirect and subtle messages that are unconsciously communicated by the individual in the assessment situation (Perticone, 1998, p. xiii). Proponents of a clinical approach believe that this perspective can aid the examiner in developing greater understanding of and empathy for the client, as well as provide the examiner with a greater appreciation for how an individual experiences his or her world (Lerner, 2007; Miller & Ruskowski, 2003; Smith, 2005). A clinical approach to adult personality assessment is a complex process and clearly beyond the scope of a single article. To provide one example of how this approach may be used, however, a case example is provided below. Because clinical assessment typically is less concerned with diagnostic issues than in developing a greater understanding of the client’s experience, it frequently has direct implications for psychotherapy. The case example below discusses the utility of taking a clinical approach to assessment in the context of adult psychotherapy through use of the Lowenfeld Mosaic Test (LMT). Prior to discussing the case example, a brief description and overview of the LMT is provided. The Clinical Use of the LMT and its Implications for Adult Psychotherapy: Developed by Margaret Lowenfeld (1954), the LMT has been in existence for nearly 80 years and has been used for a variety of assessment purposes. Earlier work with the LMT emphasized its potential diagnostic utility, as well as normative aspects of interpretation, such as in the assessment of children’s developmental maturity (Ames & Ilg, 1962) and school readiness (Ames, 1963). Widely used in the first half of the twentieth century, its use afterward declined, although recent years have witness a renewed interest in it. In particular, it has been suggested that the LMT may be useful for assessing 36 Miller

functional capability (Ames, 1986) and for attaining a greater understanding of the individual and the unique way in which a person experiences his or her world (Perticone & Tembeckjian, 1987). More recently, the LMT has been viewed as a potentially useful tool in psychotherapy and mental health promotion (Miller, 2005, 2006; Miller & Ruskowski, 2003; Ruskowski, 1992; Woodcock, 2006), particularly for individuals who may have difficulties verbally expressing themselves and their experience (Ruskowski & Miller, 2006). Although originally developed in the United Kingdom where it is still frequently used (Anderson & Hood Williams, 1985; Woodcock, 2006), it has been increasingly applied and evaluated in other countries as well, particularly India (Azad, 1991; Bhargava, 1997; Pani & Mishra, 1995; Sharma, 1993). The LMT is a constructive task that requires the client to make something on plain white paper using a box of colored, plastic tiles placed before him/her. In clinically interpreting the client’s response, the examiner pays close attention to a number of pertinent variables, including client response time, color use, type of pattern or design, compactness of the design, location of the design, the particular sequence of the response, the client’s manner in approaching the task, and both verbal and nonverbal behaviors observed during task completion (Perticone & Tembeckjian, 1987). The LMT is particularly well-suited for use in psychotherapy given that its freedom from the psychiatric connotations often associated with other assessment techniques (e.g., Rorschach) makes it less threatening to clients and therefore less disruptive to the therapeutic relationship. Moreover, the typically brief time required for its administration and the ease with which this is usually accomplished makes it a highly useful and practical assessment instrument in the context of psychotherapy. Perticone and Tembeckjian (1987) suggest that a particularly useful application of the LMT in psychotherapy is to assess a client’s level of functional capability at a particular point in time. They define functional capability as “the extent to which the individual can be expected to respond adaptively and with reasonable effectiveness with the various arenas of life endeavor, e.g., occupational, educational, interpersonal, recreational and so one. From a therapeutic perspective, adequate functional capability implies the ability to coordinate and utilize various physical, psychological and social skills and resources in such a manner that (1) appropriate goals can be reached, (2) problems can be solved and (3) stresses and frustrations can be tolerated” (Perticone & Tembeckjian, 1987, p. 122). These authors suggest that use of the LMT for assessing functional capability is useful both at the initial assessment session and later during the middle and ending phases of psychotherapy, where it can provide an indication of the extent to which therapeutic progress has been made. Moreover, and particularly important from a clinical perspective, “the assessment of functional capability is not based simply on the presence of absence of predetermined signs, but on the patient’s total response pattern and especially the extent to which the completed design may be considered successful” (Perticone & Tembeckjian, 1987, p. 122). The case example below, reprinted from Perticone and Tembjeckjian (1987), provides an illustration of how the LMT may be used clinically to assess a client’s level of functional capability in the context of adult psychotherapy. Case Example: Estimating Functional Capability: A professional woman presented symptoms of agitation, confusion, and guilt associated with an inflated sense of personal responsibility for the caretaking of an elderly parent. The client’s severe inability to adjust and deal with her problems in an effective manner was graphically illustrated by her mosaic construction, which consisted of a disorganized, aesthetically unpleasing, non-representational design located at the upper left corner of the tray. Despite the lack of success of the design (determining the extent to which a particular design should be considered “successful” or “unsuccessful” requires Personality Assessment in the Context of Adult Psychotherapy 37

some subjectivity and experience with the LMT; readers are referred to Lowenfeld, 1954, and Perticone and Tembeckjian, 1987, for more information on this topic), the client constructed it in a relatively lengthy response time of 11 minutes and 53 seconds. Additionally, the client left numerous unused tiles scattered across the tray rather than returning them to the box upon completion of her design. Collectively, these observations suggest that at the time of this assessment the client tends to be dependent and is hesitant to take the risks associated with self-assertion (location of mosaic), that she is not able to arrive at and or implement effective solutions to the problems that confront her (unsuccessful design) although considerable energy is expended in the attempt to do so (total response time), and that she experiences significant levels of helplessness and loss of efficiency as a result (unused tiles left on tray). Additional evidence of impairment in this individual’s functional capability is reflected in her naming of the design, as shown below in the following verbal exchange: Examiner: Tell me what you have made. Client: It’s nothing. I just can’t do it. Maybe you can tell me what it is, but I can’t. Examiner: What does it make you think of? Client: I started to make a box. I’m all boxed in! (Pertcone & Tembeckjian, 1987, p. 123) Clearly, the content of this inquiry supports the previously stated interpretations by revealing the client’s dependency (“Maybe you can tell me”), her inability to solve problems (“I can’t”), and the perceptions of immobilization and confinement which result (“I’m all boxed in!”). The use of the LMT in this case, therefore, provided the clinician with important, clinically meaningful information about her functional capabilities and her depleted resources for effectively confronting her problems. This information provided valuable insights into the client’s feelings, thoughts, and behaviors and had direct implications for psychotherapeutic intervention. Cautions and Considerations in Using a Clinical Approach to Assessment: When used in the manner described in this article, the clinician using the LMT (or other projective techniques) bases its utility primarily on its clinical value rather than on a merely standardized, quantitative analysis of test responses. As such, the usefulness of any particular technique is therefore largely dependent on the knowledge, skill, and experience of the examiner. For many, however, those who use the LMT and other projective techniques will be open to criticisms, particularly in relation to the instrument’s reliability and validity (Panek, 2001). Individuals using projective techniques in the clinical manner described herein, in which an intuitive, phenomenological, empathy-based orientation to assessment is emphasized, would be especially vulnerable to such criticisms. As such, only clinicians with extensive training and supervised experience should use it in this fashion. Moreover, the examiner who takes a clinical approach to assessment must be fully versed in the clinical inference process and the critical role of theory in it (Lerner, 1990). Like any other assessment measures, projective techniques should never be used in isolation but should instead be employed as only one measure in a battery of assessment techniques and procedures. Research clearly indicates that psychological assessment is best accomplished when multiple methods are used across multiple informants (Meyer et al., 2001). Finally, practitioners should be cautious in their clinical interpretations of any projective technique, as research suggests that many clinicians are overconfident in the accuracy of their clinical intuition (Myers, 2002), judgment (Meyer et al., 2001), and skill (Dawes, 1994) when making assessment decisions. This underscores the need for those who take a clinical approach to assessment to critically examine clinical hypotheses and interpretations and to ensure they are engaging in appropriate, skillful, and ethical behavior. 38 Miller

Clinicians should be similarly cautious when using projective techniques as an adjunct to psychotherapy, as presented in the case example. Although a variety of projective instruments can and have been used as tools in psychotherapy, including the Rorschach (Aronow & Reznikoff, 1976; Dubey & Cassell, 2000), Human Figure Drawings (Naumburg, 1980), and the Bender-Gestalt Test (Perticone, 1998), additional validity studies demonstrating the utility of such techniques in this context would be beneficial, particularly studies that address issues of incremental and treatment validity (Miller & Ruskowski, 2003). For example, users of the Somatic Inkblot Series (SIS) have emphasized content analysis to examine individuals’ personality and unprocessed unconscious material through SIS responses during therapeutic intervention (Cassell and Dubey, 2003). Clinicians who use projective techniques to generate symbolic interpretations in psychotherapy also should be aware of the potential for confirmatory bias, and should actively seek evidence that disconfirms their projective interpretations as well as evidence that confirms them (Wood, Nezworski, & Garb, 2003). Finally, it should be clearly recognized that the hypotheses generated from conducting clinical assessments are just that – hypotheses – and they should be rigorously investigated to see if they are consistent with other assessment information. In situations where clinically-generated hypotheses are not consistent with other assessment information, particularly with assessment methods possessing higher levels of reliability and validity, hypotheses should be modified or even discarded. Similarly, clinical assessment should not be approached in a “cookbook” fashion, and clinical interpretations should always be viewed as indicators of what a client’s behavior might mean (Perticone & Tembeckjian, 1987). For more information on the clinical use and interpretation of the LMT, the reader is referred to Lowenfeld (1954), Miller (2006), Woodcock (2006), and especially Perticone and Tembeckjian (1987). Readers interested in how the process of clinical assessment is illustrated in other psychological methods, such as the Rorschach, Human Figure Drawings, and the Bender-Gestalt Test, are referred to Phillips and Smith (1953), Hammer (1981), and Perticone (1998), respectively. Conclusion: A clinical approach to personality assessment was described, as well as a case example illustrating this process in the context of adult psychotherapy. When used appropriately, skillfully, and ethically, such an approach may lead to beneficial therapeutic outcomes for adults struggling with a variety of personal and interpersonal problems. Note: The author would like to express his appreciation and gratitude to Dr. Eugene X. Perticone, whose work in the area of clinical personality assessment was the primary inspiration for this article. Readers interested in acquiring the LMT should contact the Dr. Margaret Lowenfeld Trust, located in the United Kingdom (www.lowenfeld.org.uk). Readers interested in acquiring The Mosaic Technique in Personality Assessment: A Practical Guide by Perticone and Tembeckjian (1987) should contact either Dr. Eugene Perticone (epertico@twcny.rr.com) or Dr. John Ruskowski (jruskows@twcny.rr.com) in the United States. References: Ames, L.B. (1963). Usefulness of the Lowenfeld Mosaic Test in predicting school readiness in kindergarten and primary school pupils. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 103, 75-91. Ames, L.B. (1986). The Lowenfeld Mosaic Test: A review of its use. Journal of Personality Assessment, 50, 428-435. Ames, L.B., & Ilg, F.L. (1962). Mosaic patterns of American children. New York: Hoeber-Harper. Anderson, V., & Hood-Williams, J. (1985). Handbook for use with the Lowenfeld Mosaic Test. London, UK: E.G. Bond. Personality Assessment in the Context of Adult Psychotherapy 39

Aronow, E., & Reznikoff, M. (1976). Rorschach content interpretation. New York: Grune & Stratton. Azad, G.S. (1991). Applications of the Mosaic Test upon children of different intellectual levels. Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies, 7, 103-107. Bhargava, V. (1997). Anxiety as a function of mosaic performance. Indian Journal of Psychometry and Education, 28, 19-24. Blank, L. (1965). Psychological evaluation in psychotherapy: Ten case histories. Chicago, IL: Aldine. Cassell,W.A. and Dubey,B.L.(2003) Interpreting Inner World through Somatic Inkblot Imagery, SIS Center, Anchorage(USA) Dawes, R.M. (1994). House of cards: Psychology and psychotherapy built on myth. New York: Free Press. Dubey, B.L., & Cassell, W.A. (2000). Inkblot responses as an aide to therapy. Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 7, 3-10. Exner, J.E. (2003). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system, 4th edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Hammer, E.F. (1980). The clinical application of projective drawings, 6th edition. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Kleiger, J. (1999). Disordered thinking and the Rorschach: Theory, research, and differential diagnosis. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press. Koppitz, E.M. (1975). The Bender Gestalt Test for young children, volume II: Research and application, 1963- 1973. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton. Lerner, P.M. (1990). The clinical inference process and the role of theory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 426-431. Lerner, P.M. (1992). Toward an experiential psychoanalytic approach to the Rorschach. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 56, 451-464. Lerner, P.M. (1996a). Introduction. In R.K. Misra, M.K. Kharkwal, & K. Thapa, Rorschach test: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Lerner, P.M. (1996b). The interpretive process in Rorschach testing. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67, 494- 500. Lerner, P.M. (2000). Martin Mayman: His work and his place. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 33-45. Lerner, P.M. (2004). Further thoughts on an experiential psychoanalytic approach to the Rorschach. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 68, 152-163. Lerner, P.M. (2007). On preserving a legacy: Psychoanalysis and psychological testing. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 24, 208-230. Lowenfeld, M. (1954). The Lowenfeld Mosaic Test. London, UK: Newman Neame.Mayman, M. (1964). Some general propositions implicit in the clinical application of psychological tests. Unpublished manuscript, Menninger Foundation, Topeka, KS. Meyer, G.J., Finn, S.E., Eyde, L.D., Kay, G.G., Moreland, K.L., Dies, R.R., Eisman, E.J., Kubiszyn, T.W., & Reed, G.M. (2001). Psychological testing and psychological assessment: A review of evidence and issues. American Psychologist, 50, 741-749. Miller, D. (2005). Mandala symbolism in psychotherapy: The potential utility of the Lowenfeld mosaic technique for enhancing the individuation process. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 37, 164-177. Miller, D. (2006). The Lowenfeld Mosaic Technique: An introduction to its clinical use and application. Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 13, 3-16. Miller, D., & Ruskowski, J.B. (2003). The Lowenfeld Mosaic Technique: Its clinical use and potential for facilitating self-actualization. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 43, 119-130. Misra, R.K., Kharkwal, M.K., Kilroy, M.A., & Thapa, K. (1996). Rorschach test: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 40 Miller

Myers, D.G. (2002). Intuition: Its powers and perils. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Naglieri, J.A., McNeish, T.J., & Bardos, A.N. (1991). Draw A Person: Screening procedure for emotional disturbance. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. Naumburg, M. (1980). Case illustration: Art therapy with a seventeen year old schizophrenic girl. In E.F. Hammer (Ed.), The clinical application of projective drawings (pp. 518-561). New York: Charles C. Thomas. Panek, P.E. (2001). Projective psychology and the new millennium: Issues and challenges. Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 8, 73-74. Pani, B.S., & Mishra, P.K. (1995). Impact of therapy on objective features of the Mosaic Test performance of mildly disturbed (neurotic) persons. Psychological Studies, 40, 7-10. Perticone, E.X. (1998). The clinical and projective use of the Bender Gestalt Test. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Perticone, E.X., & Tembeckjian, R.M. (1987). The mosaic technique in personality assessment: A practical guide. Rosemont, NJ: Programs for Education, Inc. Phillips, L., & Smith, J.G. (1953). Rorschach interpretation: Advanced technique. New York: Grune & Stratton. Prevatt, F.F. (1999). Personality assessment in the schools. In C.R. Reynolds and T.B. Gutkin (Eds.), The handbook of school psychology, 3rd edition (pp. 434-451). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Rapaport, D., Gill, M., & Schafer, R. (1945-1946). Diagnostic psychological testing (2 vols.). Chicago, IL: World Book. Ruskowski, J.B. (1992). The Lowenfeld Mosaic Test: An illustration of its application in the schools. British Journal of Projective Psychology, 37, 33-40. Ruskowski, J.B. (1998). Foreword. In E.X. Perticone, The clinical and projective use of the Bender-Gestalt Test. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Ruskowski, J.B., & Miller, D. (2006). Shifting modalities of communication in psychotherapy: Use of the Lowenfeld Mosaic Technique to promote self-understanding and mental health. Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 13, 55-60. Schachtel, E. (1966). Experiential foundations of Rorschach’s test. New York: Basic. Schafer, R. (1948). The clinical application of psychological tests. New York: International Universities Press. Schafer, R. (1954). Psychoanalytic interpretation in Rorschach testing: Theory and application. New York: Harcourt, Brace, & Jovanovich. Sharma, S.N. (1993). Projective performance as a function of mental ability of school going children. Psycholinguia, 23, 71-75. Smith, B.L. (1993). Psychological tests don’t think: An appreciation of Schafer’s Psychoanalytic interpretation in Rorschach testing. Journal of Personality Assessment, 61, 596-606. Smith, B.L. (2005). The observer observed: Discussion of articles by Evans, Finn, Handler, and Lerner. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84, 33-36. Wagner, E.E. (1983). The Hand Test manual: Revised. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services. Wagner, E.E. (1986). Hand test interpretation for children and adolescents. In A.I. Rabin (Ed.), Projective techniques for adolescents and children (pp. 279-305). New York: Springer. Wood, J.M., Nezworski, M.T., & Garb, H.N. (2003). What’s right with the Rorschach? The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 2, 142-146. Woodcock, T.M. (2006). Expressing the shape and colour of personality: Using Lowenfeld mosaics in psychotherapy and cross-cultural research. Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press. Personality Assessment in the Context of Adult Psychotherapy 41

Changes in Rorschach Indices: Pre and Post Treatment Assessment Dharmendra Kumar Singh, Gobinda Majhi, Jai Prakash and Amool R.Singh The study is intended to see the pattern of changes in Rorschach indices after treatment. This is a four month follow up study based on pre and post test design. Fifty patients admitted in Ranchi Institute of Neuro-psychiatry and Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Ranchi, India, in the age range of 21-45 yrs of either sex, meeting the ICD-10 DCR criteria of either Schizophrenia or Bipolar Affective Disorder (Mania), with minimum education up to primary level, were taken for the study, following purposive sampling technique. Findings of the study showed that after treatment, information processing capacity (W,D,F) as well as as mediational and ideational aspects of personality(P,F,M) were significantly improved . Findings also reveled that features related to self perception and to some extent interpersonal relationship are less susceptible to change as compared to affective, cognitive and coping features. It has been concluded that Rorschach test is an effective instrument to reflect and measure these changes. The Rorschach method is viewed by many as the clinical tool far excellence. It is one of the oldest and most widely used psycho-diagnostic tools for adult in clinical settings (Dubey et al, 1981). Despite attack from both within and outside the field of Psychology, the Rorschach remains one of the most extensively used researched technique. The overall goal of the Rorschach technique is to assess the structure of personality, with particular emphasis on how individuals construct their experiences (cognitive restructuring) and the meaning assigned to their perceptual experience (thematic imagery). Apart from this, it is also used to see the changes in an individual after the treatment and / or in planning of the treatment and management program. While a treatment is in progress, the time to time administration of the Rorschach on an individual would help in understanding the improvement (Exner and Weiner, 1995, Pershad, 2001) .The Rorschach method is not widely used in psychotherapy research, but among the studies that exist, even fewer studies have used the method to evaluate therapy progress by testing before and after treatment. Recent studies have concluded that Rorschach method can be a highly valid predictor of objective criteria such as psychotherapy outcome (Meyer and Handler, 2000, Bornstein, 1999). Very few studies have used the Rorschach method to assess therapy progress, a surprisingly low number compared with the large amount of research on the Rorschach method in general and compared with the methods widespread use in clinical setting. The study carried out by Ackerman et al, 2000 with intent to assess the phase model of treatment change by employing implicit personality measure of enduring personality functioning in conjunction with behavioral ratings of symptoms. Both measures have made important contribution to psychotherapy assessment including indexes of termination and continuation (Ackerman et al, 2000), & prediction of psychotherapy outcome (Meyer, 2000; Stokes et al, 2003). Treatment outcome studies that have used implicit personality measures have demonstrated improvements in stable personality functioning in the domain of thought disorder, affect modulation, stress management, self examination, interpersonal relationship, object relation and defensive functioning (Abraham et al, 1994, Blat and Ford, 1994; Weiner and Exner 1991). Gronnerod (2004) found in his Meta analysis examination, interpersonal relationship, object relation and defensive functioning (Abraham et al, 1994, Blat and Ford, 1994; Weiner and Exner Dharmendra Kumar Singh,M.Phil., Asst. Prof. CIP, Kanke, Randhi , Gobinda Majhi, ,M.Phil., Research Officer, Jai Prakash, Ph.D. Associate Professor and Amool. R. Singh ,Ph.D. Professor & Head , Dept. Of Clinical Psychology, Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry & Allied Sciences, Ranchi. Jharkhand, India Key words: Rorschach Test, Assessment, Treatment

1991). Gronnerod (2004) found in his meta analysis of studies abstracts, in which participants were receiving psychotherapy, were tested at the beginning and at least once during or after psychotherapy. Rorschach data reflecting changes from baseline to retest was analyzed, and found that Rorschach methods reflect these changes in the same magnitude as other instruments. Some other studies which were using Rorschach as method to assess therapy progress confirmed that it is effective enough to measure the changes followed treatment (Baker,1998; Blatt et al, 1988, Campoet al, 1988; Exner and Ronik Sanglade, 1992; Kavanagh,1985; Weiner and Exner 1991).Summary of these studies is given in table 1. Table 1 Studies Evaluating Change Following Psychotherapy Divided into Samples Study Diagnostic category Treatment modality Retest period N Rw Baker (1998) Borderline NR -.06 Blatt et al,1988 Schizophrenia Intense psychotherapy .07 Campoet al, 1988 NR Psycho analytic psychotherapy .14 Exner and Sanglade1992 Mixed Brief therapy .19 Kavanagh1985 Mixed Psycho analytic psychotherapy .05 Weiner and Exner 1991 Mixed RET ,GSestalt therapy .28 Nr=Not reported, Retest period= The average retest period for participants reported in months, Rw=the average weighted effect size obtained for each sample. The published work by Indian workers in this context could not be traced. The present study, therefore, has been planned to see the pattern of changes in Rorschach indices due to ambulatory treatment, and assess efficacy of Rorschach test as a tool to assess therapeutic progress. Method: Sample: This was a follow up study (Pre test and post test design study) carried out with intent to measure the changes in Rorschach indices due to ambulatory treatment. Total duration of the study was 4 months. Fifty patients admitted in RINPAS, Ranchi, India, in the age range of 21-45 years of either sex, meeting the ICD-10 DCR criteria of either Schizophrenia or Bipolar Affective Disorder (Mania), with minimum education up to primary level, were taken for the study applying purposive sampling technique. The patients having history of co-morbid psychiatric disorders and uncooperative, were excluded from the study. Tools: Socio Demographic Data Sheet (especially designed by the authors) Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS): (JE Overall and DR Gorham, 1999) Rorschach Psycho-diagnostic Test (Beck’s System, 1949) Procedure: Initially the prospective subjects were interviewed and were chosen as per inclusion criteria of the study. All the subjects selected for the study were assessed through Rorschach Psycho-diagnostic (Beck System) and BPRS, within one week of admission in the RINPAS, Ranchi, India and this assessment is considered as pre- treatment assessment. These patients were receiving regular ambulatory maintenance treatment in the ward. The treatment provides mainly psychotropic Pre and Post Treatment Assessment 43

medication, informative counseling and individual supportive psychotherapy. Subjects were followed up till their respective discharge date, and thereafter, Rorschach test and BPRS were administered once again within one week of their date of discharge from the hospital. This assessment is considered as post treatment assessment. The average time of follow up is 57 days per patients. Statistical Analysis: The Mean and S.D. were calculated for each Rorschach indices separately and comparison of pretreatment and post-treatment assessment has been done through t-test. Result: The study compared the two groups of patients on Rorschach Psycho diagnostic and BPRS, in pretreatment and post- treatment condition. In the study group there were 23 patients who were diagnosed as Schizophrenia and 27 as Bipolar Affective Disorder. Table 2 shows significant improvement in psychopathology among the subjects at the time of discharge (as measured by BPRS).Approximately 55% recovery in symptoms was found at the time of discharge. Table 3 Comparison of Different Rorschach Indices in Pre and Post Treatment Condition Indices Pretreatment Post treatment t p Remarks nt Condition Change from Condition M±SD pre-treatment M±SD to post-treatment R 14.22±3.71 17.79±2.5 5.6 .00** 21.4% IRT 18.60±5.29 18.89±4.40 .40 NS 1.6% W 2.45±.92 3.95±.80 6.05 00** 61.2% D 11.45±1.99 11.92±2.09 1.5 NS 13.0% Dd 1.05±.77 .98±.34 .46 NS 6.6% S .52±.34 .37±.25 1.15 NS 28.5% M 1.60±.48 2.97±.82 5.48 00** 85.5% F+ 4.58±1.67 11.30±1.12 14.27 00** 152.8% C 1.84±.51 1.87±.59 .13 NS 1.6% CF 2.12±.98 2.89±.57 2.13 NS 34.9% FC 1.54±.32 2.97±.71 4.65 00** 61.5% Y,YF,FY 1.00±.78 .98±.32 2.12 NS 3.12% V,FV .54±.12 .35±.23 .38 NS 3.15% Afr .39±.06 .60±.10 20.90 00** 53.8% EB .40±.04 .67±.02 5.65 00** 56.57% H,Hd 2.42±.81 3.53±.85 5.65 00** 44% An 1.12±.65 .97±.32 NS 21.7% A 6.98±1.15 2.48±1.24 00** 64.4% P 2.30±.54 3.65±.22 7.10 00** 58.9% F+% 39.06±3.94 47.61±2.10 5.15 00** 21.6% A+% 61.84±4.64 38.69±6.24 20.17 00** 37.6%s ** Significance at p<0.01 (2-tailed) Table 2 Comparison of Brief Psychiatric Rating in Pre-treatment and Post-treatment condition Variable Pre-treatment condition Post-treatment condition (N=50) (N=50) t p M±SD M±SD BPRS Score 30.400±12.350 16.533±4.389 10.00 .01** ** Significance at p<0.01 (2-tailed) 44 Singh et al

Table 3 showed comparison of different indices of Rorschach between pre-treatment and post treatment condition. It is evident from table that the value of t-ratio is statistically significant on total number of response (R)(t=5.6, p<0.01),whole response (W) (t=6.05, p<0.01), pure form response (F) (t=5.48, p<0.01), movement response (M) (t=14.27, p<0.01), Affective Ratio (Afr) (t=20.90, p<0.01) Emotional Balance(EB) (t=5.65, p<0.01),form dominated color response(FC)(t=4.65, p<0.01 ),Human response (H) (t=5.65, p<0.01) F+%( t=5.15, p<0.01) A%( t=20.17, p<0.01) and Popular response (P) t=7.10, p<0.01). The inspection of mean scores of most of these significant indices reveled statistically higher in post-treatment condition in comparison to pre-treatment condition, except Animal and Anatomy responses Discussion: Total number of response(R): The magnitude of R is significant between pre-treatment and post-treatment condition. R is an indicator of scored productivity on Inkblot test. The findings of the study showed that magnitude of R is comparatively higher in post-treatment condition. It reflects that after treatment patients were able to pay more attention to the surrounding environment. Whole Responses (W): Whole responses are significantly higher in post treatment conditions. Rorschach (1942) suggests that whole responses indicate the organizational capacity of the individuals. After treatment patient’s capacity to organize and synthesize the environment in more structured way was significantly improved. They see the life as a whole. Beck (1944) stated that whole response also indicate functional intelligence. It suggests that the functional intellectual capacity of the patients improved after treatment, along with other information processing functioning. This finding is consistent to the findings of Gronnerod (2004), who also found that the number of W responses was increased after treatment. Movement Responses (M): The magnitude of human movement responses is significantly higher in post-treatment condition in comparison to pre-treatment condition. Rorschach (1942) suggest that M responses indicate the phenomenon of “internalization”. The M responses reflect the ability of a person to handle more deliberate and sophisticated experience in a way that can be controlled emotionally. Beck (1944) indicated that M responses may represent some conflicts /emotions of the external world, which do not get obvious expressions in the world of reality. In this context, M should be higher in post-treatment condition as compared to the pre treatment condition. The finding is consistent to the findings of Donahue and Tuber (1993). They also found that in due course of treatment accessibility of the individual of his fantasies, wishes, images and capacity to withstand environmental stress get improved. Form Responses (F and F+ %): In post-treatment condition patients gave significantly higher number of good Form responses as compared to pre-treatment condition. Beck (1944) stated that Form responses is useful for the assessment and appraisal of an individual‘s ability to perceive the object accurately. Hence, it is related to reality and ego strength. Therefore, it is a measure of the ego strength of the individual. It reflects that after treatment patient gradually improved and was able to perceive and react with a situation. Their cognitive functioning as well as control over the affect was improved. Patients gets certain degree of respects for the standards of the environment and reflects intact reasoning abilities (as reflected by significant improvement on F% and pure form responses in post treatment condition).This finding is consistent with the findings of Exner (1993), who found that Schizophrenic Pre and Post Treatment Assessment 45

patients perceived relatively more pure Form responses after treatments. The presence of a pure Form responses does not necessarily mean that all conflicts is totally removed, after following a treatment, but rather that the person is able to suspend temporarily the affect of the conflicts. Form Dominated Color Response (FC): Number of FC response is significantly high in post-treatment condition. The increase in the FC responses in post-treatment condition might suggest that treatment is quite effective in bringing affects under more deliberate control and to increase the efficiency of secondary process. In more cognitive terms, the patients are able to cope with stress, anxiety and other emotions. The result of the study is in expected direction. Abraham et al (1994) also found significant difference on this variable of Rorschach. Other treatment outcome studies that have used implicit personality measures have demonstrated improvements in stable personality functioning in the domain of thought disorder, affect modulation, stress management, self examination, interpersonal relationship, object relation and defensive functioning (Abraham et al, 1994, Blat and Ford 1994; Weiner and Exner 1991). Animal Responses (A and A+ %): Magnitude of animal response is significantly lower in post-treatment condition in comparison to pretreatment condition. Significant decrease in animal responses in post-treatment condition reflects that the symptoms are improved, thought processes of patient is getting mature and reality oriented. Human Response (H, Hd): The human responses are significant across two conditions. Human responses indicate potential for good relations. Although, the analysis of raw data suggest that in due course of treatment human empathy was increased in patients and they started participating in interpersonal relationship due to recovery of symptoms. The finding is consistent with other findings (Goldfield et al, 1971; Weiner and Exner, 1991). They also found that after treatment number of human response were increased and it is associated with greater likelihood of successful treatment. Close inspection of the trend of improvement of all the indices reflects that features related to self perception and to some extent interpersonal relationship are less susceptible to change than affective, cognitive and coping features. These aspects of personality take more time for improvement than other aspects. It shows that helping a person to handle affects and stress more efficiently, on the other hand, should be a more manageable task. Affects and stress are more in the front of the clinical picture and therefore more easily accessible for the patient and the therapist. This fact correspond quite well with the phase model, which showed the most rapid recovery rates for acute distress and somewhat slower recovery rates for chronic distress symptoms(Howard et al,1996, Gronnerod ,2004,Ott and Lueger,2002). Popular Response (P): The group conformity in thinking is estimated through the number of Popular responses given by an individual. Post-treatment condition is significantly differed to pre-treatment condition on Popular responses. The Popular responses increased significantly after treatment. Conclusion: The information processing capacity (W, D, F) as well as mediational and ideational aspects of personality (P,F,M) were significantly improved after the treatment and the Rorschach test is able to reflect and measure these changes. Findings also indicate that the features related to self perception and to some extent interpersonal relationship are less susceptible to change than affective, cognitive and coping features. 46 Singh et al

References: Abraham, P. P., Lepisto, B.L and Lewis, M. G. et al (1994).An outcome study: changes in Rorschach variables of adolescent in residential; treatment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62,505-514. Ackerman,S.J., Hilsenroth,M.J., and Clemence.A.J. et al (2000) . The effects of social cognition & objects representationon psychotherapy continuation .Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 49,536-564. Baker, L.C. (1998). Rorschach assessment in borderline personality disorder: A follow up study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing. Beck,S.J.(1944).Rorschach ‘s Test,Vol.1.Basic Process, New York, Blatt, S .J., Ford, R. Q., and Berman. W. (1988).The assessment of change during the intensive treatment of Borderline & Schizophrenic young adults. Psycho Analytic Psychology, 5,127-158. Bornstein,R.F.(1999).Criterion Validity of objective and projective dependency test: A meta-analytic assessment of behavioral prediction. Psychology Assessment,11,48-57. Campo,V., Down.N., and Truser.A.(1988). Rorschach,O.R.T.and follow up. British Journal of Projective Psychology, 33, 31-53. Dubey,B.L., Pershad,D.and Verma,S.K.(1981).An evaluation of Rorschach as a Clinical Tool. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8, 2,157-163. Exner,J.E. and Sanglade.A.(1992). Rorschach changes following brief & short term therapy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59, 59-71. Exner,J.E.,(1993). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system: Vol.1.Basic foundations (3rd edn.).New York. Garfield,S.L(1994). Research on client variables in psychotherapy. In A.E.Bergin & S.L.Garfield (Eds.) Handbook of psychotherapy & behaviour change (4th edn).New York. Gronnerod.C.(2004). Rorschach Assessment of change following psychotherapy: a meta-analytic Review. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83,256-276. Howard,K.I., Moras,K., and Brill,P.J.et al(1996). Evaluation of psychotherapy: Efficacy, effectiveness, & patient progress. American Psychologist, 51, 1059-1064. Kavanagh,G.G.(1985).Changes in patients object representations during psychoanalysis & psychoanalytic psychotherapy .Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic,49,536-564. Meyer,G.J.(2000).On the science of Rorschach research. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 46-81. Meyer,G.J., and H&ler,L.(2000).Correction to Meyer & Handler(1997).Journal of Personality Assessment,74,504-506. Ott,C.H.and Lueger,R.J.(2002).Patterns of change in mental health status during the first two years of spousal bereavement. Death Studies,26,387-411. Overall, J.E. and Gorham, D.R. (1999) Brief psychiatric rating scale. Recent development in ascertainment and scaling. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 24, 97-99. Pershad D., Parekh,C.S.(2001).A Practical Manual for the Rorschach Test,H.P. Bhargava,Book House Publication,Ist edn.,Agra. Rorschach,H.(1942)Psychodiagnostic,New York: Grune & Starton. Stokes,J.M., Pogge,D.L., and Powell-Lunder,J.(2003).The Rorschach ego Impairment Index: Prediction of treatment outcome in a child psyxchiatric population. Journal of Personality Assesment,81,11-19. Weiner,I.B., ad Exner,J.E(1991). Rorschach changes in long term & short term psychotherapy. Journal of personality Assesment,56,453-465. Pre and Post Treatment Assessment 47

Estimation of the Contribution of Gender in Productivity on SIS-I R. Kumar, Ms. S. Kandhari and B.L.Dubey Literature on SIS-I indicated gender differences in the productivity on SIS –I test. The study aimed to find out the quantum of the contribution of gender in the productivity. The sample of 200 adults from general population screened through PGI Health Questionnaire (Verma et al, 1985) was administered SIS-I individually. The sample consisted of 82 male and 118 female participants. After exploring the fulfillment of the assumptions of parametric statistics, the regression analysis was performed to analyze the quantum of gender contribution. The results indicated significant contribution of gender in productivity with a small effect size. The Somatic Inkblot Series-I is an important tool for quantitative researches. Its discrimination power has been demonstrated in a number of studies on a variety of population such as age related changes (Kumar and Singh, 2007); schizophrenic patients (Kumar, Singh, Mohanty and Kumar, 2006); gender differences in manic patients (Kumar, Dubey and Kumar, 2006); manic and depressive patients (Kumar, et al. 2005); hospitalized male chronic schizophrenics (Kumar et. al., 2001); cross-cultural differences (Khromov et. al., 1999); normal army subjects (Rathee and Singh, 1996) and coronary cases (Rathee et. al. 1994). Estimation of the Contribution of Gender in Productivity on SIS-I: The systematically review on the existing literature on SIS-I for evidence of gender differences in SIS- I indices revealed the following pattern: Rathee and Singh (1996) reported that female subjects gave more number of responses and male subjects rejected more cards. Female subjects gave more of animal responses and male subjects gave more sexual responses. Card No. 1, 2, and 4 were found to be more productive as compared to Card No. 18,19, and 20. The male and female differed significantly in their response productivity on Cards No. 1, 2, 3,6,9,10,15, 16 and 18. This suggests that the theme of the Card has a significant value, which is different in male and female subjects. Card No.13, 14, 17, 18, 19 and 20 were perceived to be more difficult because the subjects rejected these cards more frequently. Male and female differed in their rejection on card No. 13, 14, 17 and 18. The Content categories used in responses were wide enough, however, only those content categories were evaluated which were perceived by the subjects more frequently. Most of the subjects perceived Anatomy with vague form followed by Human, Animals, Birds, and Botany etc. The result of the study clearly suggested that the vague forms in each cards have differential perceptual value for male and female subjects. This leads to a valid question whether uniform norms would be sufficient to compare the protocols of a deviant group of subjects. Probably different norms may be more appropriate for interpreting varied group of population. Since the study was based on a comparatively small sample of army personnel, the results and conclusions arrived thereupon be considered as suggestive for similar population. Kumar et al (2006) compared the response pattern of SIS-I and Rorschach in schizophrenic patients. The study sample comprised of 30 schizophrenic patients drawn from the inpatients of Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Agra. 30 normal persons were also included for comparison. SIS-I and Rorschach were administered on each participant. Mean, SD, t-test and correlation were calculated on percent scores of Rorschach and SIS-I. R. Kumar, Ph.D. and Ms. S. Kandhari, Sr. Cl. Psychologist, Institute of Mental Health & Hospital, Agra-282002(India) Tel. : 91-562-3091053(H),Cell: 91-9358311083,Email: mindpowerlab@gmail.com and B.L.Dubey, Ph.D. Director SIS Center, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage,AK 99517(USA) Key Word : SIS-I, Gender differences on productivity

Singh et al.(1999) administered SIS on 480 subjects , half of them male and half female in four categories to find out the effect of age and sex on the projection of Total number of responses, Human responses, Animal responses, Anatomical responses, Sex responses, Movement responses, Most-typical responses and Rejection of images. The total number of responses were found to be within the normal range. Significant differences on R, Most-Typical and Rejection of images were also found in normal range. Males and females of this study show high human responses which indicates their healthy inter personal relationship. Animal responses were found to be higher in males and females of adolescent and adult age as compared to later adult and old age persons. It is also observed that females give higher animal responses than males. Anatomical responses were higher in later adult and old age group, it may be due to the over body consciousness in this age. Male Subjects gave more sex responses than female Subjects. Similarly, later adult and old age subjects showed higher sex responses as compared to adolescents and adults. Females showed higher movement responses than males. Pathological responses were almost negligible in all the age groups of males and females. All the SIS indices were found to be positively correlated except the Rejection of images. Kumar, et al (2006) in a study on 25 manic male 25 manic female patients and 50 normal subjects, using SIS-I card, reported that the Manic Male patients scored significantly higher number of Animal responses and lower number of Most Typical responses than Female Manic patient. Except slightly higher number of Rejection of images by normal female subjects, no significant gender differences were noticed in normal population. The manic male patients gave higher number of Atypical responses and Rejection of cards and Manic females patients gave higher number of Atypical responses, Rejection of cards and anatomy responses as compared to normal subjects. Gender Differences in SIS-I Profile of Manic Patients: There were some evidence of gender differences in the SIS-I indices. Each SIS-I indice tap one or the other psychological attribute. Total Number of Responses reflects an individual’s productivity. Based on our clinical observations and evidence in the literature, we hypothesized that there should be gender differences in the productivity on SIS-I. Instead of gender differences per se, our primary interest was to estimate the quantum of the contribution of gender in the productivity. If the magnitude of such contribution is large, it shall have important implications for normative database. Method: A sample of 200 participants was drawn from general population after screening through PGI Health Questionnaire (Verma, Wig and Pershad, 1985). There were 82 male and 118 female participants. The age range was 18 to 45 years. SIS-I was administered individually to each subject. Data was processed in SPSS-15 for computation of various statistics. Gender was placed as predictor variable and total number of responses as dependent variable. Results: Preliminary Examination of Data: A preliminary analysis was conducted to ascertain its nature and fulfillment of the assumptions of parametric statistics. The total number of responses was explored for outliers and extreme scores through box plots. One data point of males was identified as extreme score and one data point of females as outlier. Both the scores were replaced with mean. A histogram was plotted with normal curve to examine the distribution of total number of responses on SIS-I. It yielded a normal distribution. We also computed kurtosis and skewness for quantitative demonstration of normal distribution. Contribution of Gender in Productivity on SIS-I 49

Skewness was 1.13 ±.17 and kurtosis was 2.56 ±.34 indicating normal distribution of the data. We also examined the representativeness of the sample through drawing a random sub-sample of 34 cases out of total sample of 200 cases. For drawing the sub-sample we included every sixth case beginning with case number-1. The computation of independent sample t-test for total number of responses yielded following results: Smaller sample mean 40.38 ± 11.46 and larger sample mean 39.45 ± 10.25; t-value = 0.47 non-significant. The Scatter plot and normal pp plots indicated linearity in the data. Estimation of the Magnitude of Gender Contribution in Productivity: The contribution of gender in productivity on SIS-I was estimated through linear regression. The mean score of Male was 36.67 ± 9.86 and females was 41.47 ± 10.43. The R Square was .051. The Beta values was .226, t-value = 3.26 significant at .001 level. The results indicated significant contribution of gender in productivity on SIS-I. However, the quantum of the contribution is only 5% which is quite small. Discussion : Total number of responses (R) on SIS-I is the key denominator variable for preparing transformed norms. The value of other variables depends upon the quantum of R.If there are group differences in R, it would implicate consideration for preparation of independent norms for various sub-groups of normal population. In the index study, female participants perceived more number of responses than male subjects. These results are in agreement with the observations of Rathee and Singh (1996), that female subjects produce more number of responses. Further it was explored the magnitude of gender contribution in the productivity on SIS-I. If there are large differences, then there would be a strong case for preparation of independent norms for both the genders. In the event of small variations, there may not be a need for independent norms despite the significant differences. The results of our analysis clearly indicated that gender contributes only 5% to the total variance in the productivity on SIS-I. This being a small effect size negates the necessity of independent norms. Our results re-affirm the concept that Inkblot procedures are fair to both the genders. That is, the same set of normative data can be safely applied on both the genders. References: Kumar, R. and Singh, A. (2007) A comparison of SIS-I in normal children and adults. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 14. Kumar, S., Singh, S., Mohanty, S., and Kumar, R. (2006). SIS-I and Rorschach in Schizophrenia: A co- relational study. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health ,13,118-121. Kumar, D., Dubey, B.L. and Kumar, R. (2006). Gender Differences in SIS – I Profile of Manic patients. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 13, 61-64. Kumar, D, Kumar, J, and Kumar, R. (2005) Diagnostic Indicators on SIS-I and Rorschach among Manic and Depressive Patients. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 12, 53-60. Kumar, S., Singh, R., and Mohanty, S. (2001). A study as Somatic Inkblot Series-I in hospitalised male chronic schizophrenics. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 8, 31-37. Khromov, A.B., Cassell, W.A., and Dubey, B.L. (1999) A comparative study of personality problems of Russian and American female adolescents SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 6, 29-33. Rathee, S.P., and Singh, A. (1996). A comparative study of male and female on Somatic Inkblot Series-I. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health., 3, 43-49. 50 Kumar et al

Rathee, S.P., Goel, D.S., Chawla, M.L., Saldanha, D., and Dubey, B.L. (1994). A study of Somatic Inkblot Series- I in coronary cases. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 1, 51-64. Singh, M.P., Mishra M. and Mishra, N. (1999) Effect of Age and Sex on the Length of the Protocol of SIS. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health,1:50-52 Singh, M.P. Singh, A. and Dubey,B.L. (1999) Effect of Age and Sex on SIS responses. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health,2: 51-76 Verma, S.K. and Pershad, D. (1985). PGI Health Questionnaire Agra. National Psychological Corporation. Agra Announcement 34th National Annual Conference of Indian Association of Clinical Psychologists NACIACP - 2008 Scheduled to be held at Kolkata January 7th – 9th, 2008 Conference Secretariate : Dept. of Psychology, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata - 700 009, India Ph. : (033) 2350 8386 (Ext. 380) E-mail : naciacp2008@yahoo.co.in, naciacp2008@gmail.com Website : www.caluniv.ac.in (seminar) Contribution of Gender in Productivity on SIS-I 51

The Roles of Personality, Stressful Life Events, Meaning in Life, Reasons for Living on Suicidal Ideation: A Study in College Students Atanu Kumar Dogra, Saugata Basu and Sanjukta Das The present study aims to examine roles of personality, stressful life events in last one year, presence of meaning, search for meaning, and reasons for living in predicting suicidal ideation of college students. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) (Eysenck,1975),The Presumptive Stressful Life Event Scale or PSLES (Singh et al., 1984) , The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al ., 2006 ) , Reasons for Living Inventory for Young Adults or RFL-YA (Gutierrrez, et al., 1992) ,The Adult Suicide Ideation Questionnaire or ASIQ (Reynoids,1987) were administered to 320 college students comprising of 160 males and 160- females, of 4 college of Kolkata. The obtained data have been analyzed using mean, standard deviation and hierarchical regression analysis . The present findings suggest that except stressful life events in last one year, other predictor variables, i.e., personality, presence of meaning, search for meaning, reasons for living, contribute significantly on criterion variable (suicidal ideation). Suicidal behavior has become an increasingly important health concern over the past few decades due to the drastic increase in its occurrence (Barlow and Durand, 2002). Suicide has been defined by R. J. Comer (2002) as , “ Self –inflicted death in which one makes an intentional direct and conscious effort to end one’s life” and suicidal ideation refers to the thoughts and cognition about suicidal behaviors . Moreover, suicide is the second leading cause of death among college students. So, it becomes even more important to investigate factors affecting the development of suicidal behavior. Some phenomena that may parallel increased rates of suicide is the loss of existential meaning or existential neurosis and reasons for living (cognitively) which could be considered the disorder of our age. Though the concept of existential meaning and reasons for living appear to have potential in terms of its ability to explain and perhaps influence unique aspects of suicide (Frankl,1965), there is little amount of psychometrically sound research into its relationship with these variables. So, many modern psychologists empirically try to find out various factors which affect suicidal behavior. Personality is an important factor for suicidal behavior (Eysenck et al., 1965). Eysenck (1971) defined personality as “Personality is the more or less stable and enduring organization of a person’s character, temperament, intellect and physique, which determine his unique adjustment to the environment”. Eysenck subdivided personality into 3 dimensions: 1) Extraversion 2) Neuroticism 3) Psychoticism. Eysenck et al.(1982 ) conceptualized that extravert persons have low amount of suicidal ideation but highly neurotic persons have high amount of suicidal ideation and have a great chance to commit suicide. Another predictive factor of suicide is stress. Stress as conceptualized by Selye (1956) describes the organism’s total reaction to environmental demand. Researches over the past 30 years have established that people’s psychological and physical heaths are profoundly affected by their life events. Stressful stimuli can also include stimulus deficit, absence of expected stimulation, highly persistent stimulation, fatigue and boredom. Lazarus (1966) also included as stress stimuli such events as failure or the threat of failure, noxious or unpleasant agents in the environment, isolation, bereavement, and rapid social change .To explain stress, existential psychologists emphasized on the widespread phenomenon of the twenty first century, as results of industrialization, loss of traditional values, modern bureaucratic and dehumanizing mass society where living is much more confrontation than previous day and act as stress. (Wong,p.t.;2002) . Several studies have examined the role of life events on suicidal ideation (Bunch, 1972; Paykel et al; 1975). Atanu Kumar Dogra, Research student, Saugata Basu Reader and Sanjukta Das, Senior Lecturer, Department of Psychology, Calcutta University, 92 , A.P.C. Road , Kolkata-700009. Key Word : Reasons for Living, Suicidal ideation, Stressful life events

To prevent suicide, most existential psychological research emphasized meaning in life ( Frankl,1965). They have described meaning in life as the sense made of , and significance felt regarding, the nature of one’s being and existence. Frankl (1955;1976) has conceived of meaning in life as a process of discovery within a world that is intrinsically meaningful. Within meaning in life, Steger et al. (2006) proposes 2 construct , i.e., and 1) search for meaning and 2) presence of meaning. Search for meaning measures the drive and orientation toward finding meaning in one’s life whereas presence of meaning subscale measures the subjective sense that one’s life is meaningful. Another predictive factor of suicide is reasons for living. The Reasons for Living (Linehan & Goodstrein, 1983) incorporated a range of beliefs and cognitive expectancies potentially important as reasons for not committing suicide. Literature delineated significant differences between suicidal and non- suicidal individuals on the Reasons For Living (Connell and Meyer, 1992). Bonner and Rich (1991) conceptualized deficient reasons for living (along with loneliness and irrational beliefs) as vulnerability factors for suicide. Reasons for living provide potential explanations for the comparatively lower suicidal ideation among the college students. Various components of reasons for living, i.e., Survival and coping beliefs , college and future related concern and moral objection are causes for not committing suicide (Linehan & Goodstein, 1983 ;Mehrotra,S. 1998). The current study will examine the roles of stressful life events, personality, presence of meaning, search for meaning, reasons for living in predicting suicidal ideation of college students. Materials and Methods: Sample: The sample of the present study comprises of 320 subjects (160 male and 160 female subjects), who were all students of undergraduate courses belonging to their age range from 19-21 years. Inclusion criteria for this study were 1) age between 19 to 21 years, 2) Students of 1st year, 2nd year and 3rd year class B.A., B.Sc. and B.Com course. 3) Students of recognized educational institutions. And exclusion criteria are 1) Students with physical handicaps 2) Students with past psychiatric illness. 3) Students not willing to answer all the questions of the questionnaires. Tools Used: (1) A detailed information schedule was used to collect personal and familial related information about the subjects. (2) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) (Eysenck,1975): EPQ assesses 3 dimensions : 1) Extraversion 2) Neuroticism 3) Psychoticism . It also assess a 4th dimension , namely the Lie factor (L) , which takes care of faking tendency of the subject but which also assess a dimension “social conformity”. EPQ consists of 101 items. All the items are in question from and subject is to choose between yes or no. (3) The Presumptive Stressful Life Event Scale (PSLES) [Singh et al., 1984]: This scale was used to assess number of stressful life events that took place in the past 1 year. It consists of 51 life events, where the subjects have to mark those that took place in their lives during the past one year. (4) Reasons for Living Inventory for Young Adults (RFL-YA) [Gutierrrez, et al., 1992] : The RFL-YA is a 32 items, self report inventory designed to assess reasons (protective factors) for living in young college age adults aged 17 to 30 years. It is made up with five subscales. The survey require respondents to rate each item ranging from 1 (not at all important) to 6 (extremely important), in terms of how important the reasons would be to oneself for not committing suicide. Higher scores represent stronger reasons for living and thus lower suicidal risk. The scale is effective in measuring the strength of the attitudes and beliefs that college students have with regard to suicide, and to what extent people present with suicidal ideation. Suicidal Ideation 53

(5) The Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006): It is a self report measure designed to assess the presence and search for meaning in life. This scale has 10 items (Steger, et al, 2006). The respondent rates each item on a 7 point scale. (6) The Adult Suicide Ideation Questionnaire (ASIQ): This is a self-report measure designed to measure one aspect of behavior –suicidal ideation. The ASIQ is a derivation of the 30-item Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire (Reynoids, 1987), which was developed for the assessment of suicidal ideation in adolescents. The ASIQ consists of 25 items. Each item measures a specific suicidal behavior or thought. The respondent rates each ASIQ item on a 7 point scale which assesses the frequency of occurrence within the past month. Procedure: The study was cross sectional in nature. The data were collected between July and December, 2006. Prior to the study, the principals of four different educational institutes were approached for their approval and cooperation to collect data from their students. After obtaining permission and ensured cooperation, the researcher visited the Institutions and made all the necessary arrangements for the administration of the test on the subjects to be selected for the study. Students pursuing graduation and belonging to the stream of science, humanities and commerce were selected as subjects for the present study. The sampling was purposive in nature. Researcher met the students in groups, in their respective colleges. The nature of the study and research objectives was explained to them. Clear instructions were given before administration of each questionnaire and its response categories. Ambiguities arising during and after administration of the questionnaires were clarified by the researcher. Confidentiality of results was assumed for every student. Statistical Analysis: The obtained data have been analyzed using mean, standard deviation, t test and hierarchical regression analysis. Descriptive statistics are done to show the nature of the data. t test is done to find out whether male and female students differ significantly on criterion variable ,i.e., suicidal ideation or not. As t value is found to be insignificant, further analysis has been done combining males and females together. Hierarchical regression analysis was done to show the roles of personality, stressful life events, presence of meaning, search for meaning, reasons for living in predicting suicidal ideation of college students. In hierarchical multiple regression analysis, the predictor variables have been arranged hierarchically on the basis of theoretical basis and previous research findings of Mascaro and Rosen (2005, 2006), Scannell et al. (2002) and Frankl (1965). In hierarchical regression analysis, 4 components of personality ,i.e., extraversion, psychoticism, neuroticism , lie factor together have been entered in step 1.Then stressful life events in last 1 year has been entered in second steps. In 3 rd step, search for living has been entered . In 4th step, presence of meaning has been entered. Table 1 Table 1: Means and S.D.s of Criteria Variable (Suicidal Ideation) and Significance of Differences between Males and Females. Variables Male Female t value Level of significance Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Suicidal Ideation 18.99 19.8 18.34 20.7 .37 N.S. 54 Dogra et al

In 5th step, reasons for living have been entered. For the analysis, 0.05 and 0.01 levels of significance were accepted. Results and Discussion: Results of the hierarchical regression analysis, 8.8 percents of the variance in suicidal ideation were explained by personality factors after the first step and it is significant at .01 level. After the second step, examination of the R2 change statistic indicates that .02 percents of the variance in suicidal ideation was explained by stressful life events and it is not significant at .05 level. After the third step, over & above other variables of interest, examination of the R2 change statistic indicates that 12.8 percents of the variance in suicidal ideation was explained by search for meaning and it is significant at .01 level. After the fourth step, examination of the R2 change statistic indicates that 19.2 percents of the variance in suicidal ideation was explained by presence in meaning and it is significant at .01 level. After the fifth step, beyond the other variables, examination of the R2 change statistic indicates that 3.1 percents of the variance in suicidal ideation was explained by reasons for living and it is significant at .01 levels. So, the present findings suggest that except stressful life events, other predictor variables contribute significantly to criterion variable (suicidal ideation). Overall in terms of R2, 44.10 percents of the total variance in suicidal ideation was explained by personality factors (extraversion, psychoticism, neuroticism, Lie factor) stressful life events, search for meaning, presence in meaning , reasons for living and it is significant at .01 level. Overall in terms of adjusted R2, 42.7 percents of the total variance in suicidal ideation was explained by personality factors (extraversion, psychoticism, neuroticism, Lie factor), stressful life events, search for meaning, presence in meaning, reasons for living. The present study also brought out significant evidence of the contribution of personality factors together on suicidal ideation. Person who has high extraversion are sociable, lively, optimistic which help to reduce suicidal ideation. In other side, person who has high amount of neuroticism has a chance to express neurotic symptoms in presence of excessive amount of stresses and lead to suicidal ideation. This finding is in agreement with the previous literatures of Eysenck (1982). The present study indicates that though most of the persons face lots of stressful life events during last one year in the modern society ( Mean :7.2 and SD: .643 ) but stressful life events in last one year has no significant impact on suicidal ideation (Table 2 &3 ). Table 2 Descriptive Statistics of Predictor Variables VARIABLE MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION NEUROTICISM 11.4 4.2 EXTRAVERSION 13.6 4.5 PSYCHTICISM 4.3 2.7 LIE SCALE 10.4 3.5 STRESSFUL LIFEEVENTS IN PAST 1 YEAR 7.2 .67 SEARCH FOR MEANING 25.29 4.6 PRESENCE IN MEANING 26.13 4.7 REASONS FOR LIVING 4.7 .85 SUICIDAL IDEATION 18.94 20.3 Suicidal Ideation 55

The present study also brought out significant evidence of the contribution of Search for meaning and Presence of meaning in the prevention of suicidal thoughts and the absence of which intensified suicidal tendencies. Search for meaning refers the drive and orientation toward finding meaning in one’s life,i.e., will to meaning. In other words, it is the basic striving of human being to find meaning and purpose. When will to meaning can be blocked by external circumstances and internal hindrances (or when something within an individual blocks him from engaging in those activities from which most people naturally derive meaning, or when something within her inhibits awareness of the meaningless of the activities in which he is already engages), individuals are unable to derive meaning from achieving valued goals, do not engage in self transcendent activities, do not perceive a rough degree of fairness in the world, unable to accept their limitations and do not engage in intimate emotional relationships with others, being unsociable. Ultimately they are unable to constitute presence of meaning, i.e., the subjective sense that one’s life is meaningful and persons feel existential frustration, i.e., a general sense of meaninglessness or emptiness and feel that life has no purpose, no challenge, no obligation and it leads to suicidal ideation. This finding is in agreement with the literature. Mascaro and Rosen (2005) conceptualized that deficient existential meaning is vulnerable predictor of suicidal ideation. The present study also brought out significant evidence of the contribution of reasons for living in the prevention of suicidal thoughts and the absence of which intensified suicidal tendencies. Reasons for living refer to the cognitive belief system about family relationship, peer relationship, coping beliefs, positive self evaluation, and future expectations. Due to lack of survival and coping beliefs (lack of problem solving skills) and dissatisfaction from family and peer relationship(lack of social support) , people are unable to cope with stressors and it leads to suicidal ideation. Besides that, due to inappropriate self evaluation (lack of individual’s self appraisal in terms of his or her mastery of the environment and limitations, negative beliefs in personal control), persons choose unsuitable goal and pathways to reach the goal and can not get success. In other side, due to lack of future expectation, persons do not expect any positive events from future life and it leads to pessimistic thinking about life and form suicidal ideation.. So reasons for living are adaptive characteristics of non –suicidal individuals that are attributed to or are alleged to prevent the commission of suicide. This finding is in agreement with the literature. Bonner and Rich (1991) conceptualized deficient reasons for living (along with loneliness and irrational beliefs) as vulnerability factors. So, from the present study , it is also observed that more important factors which buffers stress are meaning in life( existential coping repertoire) and reasons for living (cognitive coping repertoire ). This finding is in agreement with the literature. Mascaro and Rosen (2006) conceptualized that existential meaning act as a stress buffer against stressors. So, it is concluded from the present study that except stressful life events, other predictor variables, i.e., personality, search for meaning, presence of meaning , reasons for living contribute significantly on suicidal ideation. Table 3 Summary Of Hierarchical Regression Analysis Of Personality, Stressful Life Events, Search For Meaning, Presence Of Meaning, Reasons For Living Predicting Suicidal Ideation. Predictor Adjested R2 F Change Variables R2 R2 Change Neuroticism Extraversion Psychticism Lie Scale .088 .076 .088 7.616** Stressful Lifeevents In Past 1 Year .090 .076 .002 .844 Search For Meaning .218 .203 .128 51.43** Presence In Meaning .410 .397 .192 101.9** Reasons For Living .441 .427 .031 17.29** Percentage of Variance Explained in Terms of Adjusted R2 Value : 42.7% F8,312 = 17.29 , P< .01 56 Dogra et al

References: Bonner, R.L., & rich, A.R.(1991) Predicting Vulnerability to Hopelessness; A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases. 179(1), 29-32. Bunch, J.(1972) Recent Bereavement in Relation to Suicide. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 16:361-366. Carson, R.C., Butcher, J.N., Mineka, S (2004) Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life. Pearson Education Eysenck,H.J.(1947) Dimensions of Personality, London: Kedan Paul Eysenck, H.J. (1975) Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality . London : Pitman Press. Eysenck , H.J., Eysenck, M.W.(1985) Personality and Individual Difference. New York : Plenum Press. Eysenck, S.B.G. & Eysenck, H.J. (1975) Mannual of the EPQ (Personality Questionnaire). London: Hodder and Stoughton Educational; San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Services. Frankl,V.E. (1984) Man’s search for meaning . New York : Simon and Schuster. Gutierrez, P.M., Osman,A., Barrias, F.X., Kopper, B.A., Baker, M.T., & Haraburda, C.M.(2002) Development of the Reasons for Living Inventory for Young Adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(4),339-357. Lazarus, R.S., (1966) Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. New York: McGraw Hill. Mascaro , N., & Rosen , D.H.(2005) Existential Meaning’s Role in the Enhancement of Hope and Prevention of Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Personality, 73(4), 985-999. Mascaro, N., & Rosen, D.H. (2006) The role of existential meaning as a buffer against stress . J. of Humanistic Psych., 46(2), 168-190. Mehrotra, S. (1998a) Reasons for living :Exploring its Potential Correlates. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25(1), 39-45. Mehrotra , S.(1998b) Correlates of Suicidal Ideations : Looking Beyond Depression and Hopelessness. NIMHANS jr.16(3), 167-175. Paykel, E.S., Prusoff,B., Myers, J.(1975) Suicide Attempts and Recent Life Events. A controlled Comparison. Archieves of General Psychiatry,32,327-333. Reynolds, W.(1991) Adult suicidal ideation Questionnaire . Odessa, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Selye , H.(1956) The stress of Life. New York : McGraw-Hall. Singh, G.; Kaur, D. and Kaur, H. (1984) Ptresumtive stressful life event scale –a new stressful life events scale use in India. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26(2),107-114. Steger, M.F., Frazier, p., Kaler, M., Oishi,S. (2006) The Meaning in Life Questionaire: Assess the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counselling Psychology , 53(1), 80-93. Synder, C.R., (1994) The psychology of hope: You can get there from here . New York : Free Press Wong, P.T.P.(1998) Implicit Theories of Meaningful Life and Development of the Personal Meaning Profile. In P.T.P.Wong & P.S.Fry (Ed). The Human Quest for Meaning: A Handbook of Psychological Research and Clinical Applications (pp 111-140 ). Mahway, N.J.: Lawrence Eribaum. A case study is reported in every issue of the Journal. The readers are requested to send their comments to: Prof. Amool R. Singh, Ph.D., Editor in Chief, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health for publication in next issue of the journal. Also, please send your case study using projective test for publication in next issue of the journal. Suicidal Ideation 57

Sharing Experiences of Care Giving: A Qualitative Study on Caregivers of Patients with Severe Mental Disorders Hardeep Lal Joshi, Anita Yadav and Himali Bangia The present study was conducted on the primary caregivers of the patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. These patients are a major source of burden to their care givers and families. The family members, also called primary care givers, report high level of burden related to caring for their family member suffering from one of these disorders. The study was conducted on 60 care givers using Focus Group Discussion as the method. This method was used to get the in depth understanding of the burden and utilization of coping strategies by the caregivers. The themes that were the most resonant within the groups of care givers were social stigma of mental illness, coping strategies, patient’s problems, and financial problems, effect on caregiver’s health, social isolation, and thoughts regarding leaving the patient. Nearly two to three percent of the world adult population lives with major mental illness (Baronet, 1999). Among these mental disorders, schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder are the main disorders. In the last 50 years, a significant shift has been observed from formal care in hospitals to family care givers in the community in taking care of mental patients. In the countries like India, where hospital facilities for the psychiatric patients are not adequate, family remained as a major source of support for these patients (Agarwal, 1998; Chadda et al., 2000). Now as awareness regarding mental illnesses is spreading, family members are gaining more control in holding responsibilities for these patients. The consequences of care giving for family members with psychiatric disorders, known as caregiver burden, have been studied in last half decade. As the nature of these disorders is different, they are major source of burden especially for the family members. This burden may at times very severe both psychologically and economically (Budd et al., 1998; Clark, 1994; Schene et al., 1994). The burden includes day to day routine of the care givers along with patient stressor and caregiver resource variables (Lowyck et al., 2001). Other factors that complicate the situation are the loss of income of the patient, social consequences and stigma attached to mental disorder (Andrews et al., 1998; Pai and Kapoor, 1981). Chronic illnesses of a family members is an objective stressor that results into role strain for the care giver or relative because of the difficult tasks of care of patients (Schene,1990). These stressors affect both physical and mental health of the care giver, which depend upon the characteristics of the patient, the relative, the relationship and their environment (Brown and Birstwistle, 1998). Unlike in the West, the traditional joint family system in India acts as a buffer against various kinds of stresses. However, due to the rapid urbanization and industrialization, the joint family system is breaking. The nuclear families are more vulnerable to stresses and are less equipped to handle mentally ill members (Sethi and Manchanda, 1978). With the ongoing burden of taking care of their patient, the families develop different coping strategies. These high active and passive coping, as well as high social support have been repeatedly linked to low levels of burden (Bibuo-Nakou et al., 1997;Magliano et al., 2000) These coping strategies are mainly of three types as problem focused, emotional, and relationship maintenance. How much these coping strategies are successful in alleviating stress and are helpful to family members a subject that has not been systematically investigated, especially in the Indian situation. Some investigators have assessed burden in the family members of patients with severe mental disorders. But not much work has been done in the area of coping of caregivers with this burden. More so, majority of studies Hardeep Lal Joshi,Ph.D.Lecturer, Anita Yadav and Himali Bangia, Deptof Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119 (India) Email: drhardeep_joshi@yahoo.co.in Key Word : Care giving, schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder.

in India and other countries have restricted to schizophrenia (Thara et al., 1998; Roychoudhari et al., 1995; Fadden et al., 1987; Chandrasekaran et al., 2002; Magliano et al., 1999; Platt, 1985). Most of the work in this area is related to stresses faced and the burden perceived by the families at different period of illness. Patients with bipolar depression have also been reported to impose somewhat similar kind of burden on their families as that of schizophrenia ( Jacob et al., 1987; Fadden et al., 1987a). In their affective disorder series, Fadden et al (1987b) reported that social and leisure activities of the relatives were most commonly affected. There is paucity of research in the area of burden and coping strategies related to the caregivers of patients suffering from bipolar affective disorder. Some workers have reported that patients with schizophrenia faced more subjective and objective burden than bipolar affective patients though pattern of burden are more or less same in both the disorder. Aims of the study: The present study was undertaken to gain a greater knowledge of the experiences that the care givers have undergone and the problems faced during those difficult days. A qualitative methodology was chosen to facilitate the smooth and easy expression of the experiences of relatives of the chronically ill patients. Method: Sample: The sample for the present study consisted of one primary caregiver each of 30 patients of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder attending the outpatient services at the Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences, Delhi. The inclusion criteria for the patient were patients between the age of 15 and 50 years of both sexes, meet either the criteria for schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder mentioned in DSM IV and ICD 10, having more than two years of illness, and not having any co-morbid psychiatric or neurological disorders. The criteria for the caregivers were age between 18 and 60 years, must be living with the patient for at least 2 years, and should not be suffering from any psychiatric or neurological illness. Although most of the caregivers who were included were in their 40s and 50s, the youngest was 18 and the oldest was 70. Most of the caregivers included came from a lower-middle socioeconomic status. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was chosen as the qualitative method for the present study. FGD was found useful in gaining an in-depth knowledge of area such as care giving of psychiatrically ill patients. FGD is a carefully planned discussion designed to obtain perceptions on a defined area of interest in a permissive, non-threatening environment (Krueger, 1988). FGD use open-ended questions and allows individuals to respond without setting boundaries or providing cues for potential response categories. It allows the subject ample opportunity to comment, to explain, and to share experiences and attitudes as opposed to the structured and directive interview. FGD works because the permissive group environment gives individuals license to divulge emotions that often do not emerge in other forms of questioning. Six FGDs were conducted for care givers of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder group. FGD were conducted on the caregivers only and no patient was allowed to attend the discussion. Each discussion was attended by an average of 10 (range 8 - 12) caregivers. Each session lasted for about an hour and was conducted under the supervision of an experienced professional. In order to make the environment congenial and interactive each group member was requested to participate and not to hesitate in discussion. Audio recording was done and notes were also taken for the sessions. Sharing Experiences of Care Givers 59

Results: Out of the 60 care givers who participated, 45 were women. Among the women care givers 30 were mothers, 12 wives, 2 sisters and 1 daughter and among men 10 were father , 3 brother and 2 husband . Although most of the caregivers interviewed were in their 40s, the youngest caregiver was 21 and the oldest was 70. The length of care giving ranged from 4 years to 40 years with most care givers reported being in this role for approximately 10 to 15 years. However, the themes that were the most resonant within the groups of care givers were social stigma of mental illness, coping strategies, patient’s problems, financial problems, and effect on caregiver’s health, social isolation, and thoughts regarding leaving the patient. The observations are discussed ahead: Social Stigma of mental illness: Many care givers spoke about the ongoing stigma associated with having a family member with a mental illness. One of the caregivers said, “The patient is generally avoided and even scolded being mentally ill.” Other elaborated, “Family members feel hurt”. The father of a young schizophrenic patient told, “The patients are looked upon as inferior and people treat them differently”. Another caregiver said, “There is decrease in esteem and social status of the family, because people don’t want to talk to them or patient”. One aged caregiver of a bipolar patient revealed, “Other people try to avoid mental patients and feel inferiority complex while talking to patients”. The caregivers generally felt that the society as a whole lacks sympathy and understanding of mental patients. They are often unappreciated, blamed and misunderstood by the general public and sometimes by mental health professionals as well. Coping strategies: The sessions provided evidence for use of a large number of coping strategies by the caregivers of both the groups. One of the caregivers, who were husband of a bipolar affective disorder patient, said, “I have become more compassionate and try more and more to learn about the disease and their management”. Husband of one patient revealed that when he saw any patient like her, he told the family members of the patient how to deal with the patient”. One of the care givers said, “We are aware of the fact that this problem is long lasting and now part of our life”. Responses of caregivers show that they are hoping for a good future and things would become better. Father of a young schizophrenic said, “if good things change, so do the bad things, out bad time will pass also”. Mother of a young schizophrenic said, “If things are not good today, there is hope that tomorrow will be better”. Religion was often a source of support. Most of the caregivers believed in God and thought that He would help them out in this situation. One of the caregivers said, “I observe weekly fast so that he (patient) gets well soon”. Another caregiver expressed “I pray everyday and it helps me in difficult times”. Husband of a young patient told, “Best coping strategies are that there should be complete and timely treatment and the rest depends on God”. Patient’s problems: The care givers came out with a wide range of problems in day to day care of their wards. Most of them reported that they felt emotions of fear, concern, confusion, frustration, hope, caring, compassion, sympathy, love, grief, anger, resentment and guilt at one point or another in the care giving role and spoke about all positive and negative emotions with great passion and intensity. Brother of a patient suffering from bipolar affective disorder said, “I became very aggressive and sometime think of either killing him or myself”. A caregiver revealed that we had to fight with everybody and try to convince that he was not doing it intentionally. Wife of a bipolar affective disorder patient expressed with heavy heart that children were unable to concentrate on studies because of the nuisances the patient created. 60 Joshi et al

Asked about the problems when the patient was off treatment, one caregiver said, “Patient looses temper and does whatever she wants to do. But still they have to bear it because they know it is not in her hands”. Husband of a schizophrenic wife revealed, “Patient looses temper, breaks things, shouts when her demands are not met, but the patient can be tackled only by compassionate suggestions and not by arguments”. Financial problems: Most of the care givers interviewed spoke about the financial strains associated with caring for a relative with mental illness. The wife of a patient with bipolar disorder stated, “I can’t control when he spends his money. All I can do is making as much as I can”. The wife of a patient suffering from schizophrenia said, “He is not doing anything. I have five children, all growing up, but I have only one source of income i.e. my shop”. One aged caregiver said, “it takes time to treat this problem. People who do not have good source of income face financial problem”. The wife of a patient, who was the only earning member of the family, said, “She feels financial problem if he is not earning regularly or in low proportion”. A care giver revealed that the care giver had to curtail necessities, luxuries, as expenses on medicines are increasing day by day. The wife of a bipolar patient expressed, “Once he ran away with all the jewelry, after that financial position got worse”. Father of a young divorced schizophrenic patient revealed, “All her responsibilities have to be met by me, no body is helping me financially so tension creeps in and I become tense what is going to happen when I pass away”. Effects on care giver’s health: When asked whether the illness of the patient affect the health and day to day activities of caregiver, majority of them replied in positive. One caregiver replied, “more or less life of each and every family member gets affected”. The wife of a young schizophrenic patient said, “When we are anxious regarding the patient, we are not able to do the work, only half of the work gets completed.” The business husband of a schizophrenic patient revealed, “It affects my work efficiency, and sleep to a great extent.” An old caregiver said angrily, “This disease should not happen to even enemy because the health and daily routine were severely affected when the symptoms are on the peak”. One caregiver revealed, “That time is the hardest and affect the daily routine of the family members for at least three months”. A care giver said, “It affects the health to a large extent and sometimes I suspect whether I will become a patient too”. Other caregiver said, “All the family members have somatic complains due to the disorders”. Sense of isolation: Many of the care givers spoke directly or indirectly about a sense of isolation from the rest of the society. Father of a young patient said, “People stop coming to the house, even relative are not coming”. A care giver who is the father of a young unmarried schizophrenic girl revealed, “We have to hide the disease because she is unmarried and if we tell them, we will face difficulty in finding suitable match for her”. “Sometimes, I am not able to share my feelings and tension with anybody because of her illness”, explained by a caregiver. But some of the care givers are optimistic, a care giver expressed that if you care for somebody, you automatically get close to that person, so relationship improves. The expert wanted to know who will take the responsibility of giving medicines to patient. All the caregivers mentioned that there have to be someone in the house. One of the caregivers said, “If he has to go for some important work, he always think about the patient, remains in tension until he returns back.” An aged care giver with tears in his eyes, “I take care of him all the time, but after me who? Now the situation is changing drastically. I am not able to work because of age”. Mother of a schizophrenic patient said, “We have to leave one person at home for him, when we are away, we Sharing Experiences of Care Givers 61

think about him for the whole day.” Wife of a schizophrenic said, “He is unable to do any thing on his own, everything has to be told clearly to him, so one person is engaged in his care only”. Thoughts regarding leaving the patients: The expert questioned the caregivers whether they ever thought of leaving the patient for ever. Most of them responded – No. Brother of a patient suffering from bipolar disorder said, “No, because we are of the same blood, we have blood relation.” Father of a bipolar disorder patient said, “The time when the illness/disease is at its peak, we do think but after some time we think that it can happen to me also”. Old father of a patient said, “Yes, we think but it is only when he is not obeying us”. Brother of a patient mentioned, “Sometimes we feel that we should leave on his own. But this is because of frustration only”. Caregiver’s beliefs about the illness: When asked whether the disease is the result of bad deeds in the past, there were varied opinions. It is found that care givers from low socio-economic status and having low education thought that it is because of either their bad deeds or the deeds of the patient in the past. But those who are educated did not think so. One caregiver said, “Yes, it is the result of our bad deeds in the past.” An old lady who is providing care to her son revealed why God had given us this punishment. But on the other hand, husband of a patient of bipolar disorder, who is working in a school, said, “I think this is a disease and can happen to anybody.” A young caregiver said with enthusiasm, “No, I don’t believe in the past, I believe in the present, it is a disease, we have to treat it.” Discussion: This study identifies many aspects of care giving using qualitative methodology which are beyond the realm of quantitative research. There are very few qualitative studies which explore these aspects of care giving because these methods have been applied in limited way. Link et al. (2004) found only 17 qualitative studies in a sample of 123. Many themes emerged from the focus groups and the predominant ones were stigma associated with mental illness. Stigma led to avoidance of social relationships, affected the social status of the family and was responsible for the relatives avoiding the family. The caregivers perceive different facets of stigma in terms of interpersonal interactions, distorted public image of mental illness and access to social roles in the society. The results of the present study were in the same line with earlier related studies (Pinfold et al., 2005; Schulze & Angermeyer, 2003). Though there have been some culture specific questions which were raised by the caregivers. Many of the caregivers revealed that they had to hide the illness because otherwise it could affect the marriage prospects of the patient. The care givers came out with a wide range of problems in day to day care of their wards. Most of them reported that they felt the emotions of fear, concern, confusion, frustration, hope, caring, compassion, sympathy, love, sadness, grief, anger, resentment, and guilt at one point or other during their time in the care giving role. These findings have replicated the results of the earlier quantitative studies (Schene et al, 1998). During the Focus Group Discussions, a number of healthy and adaptive as well as non-adaptive coping strategies were identified. The caregivers informed that in the initial stage of the disorder, they used avoidance as the main coping strategy but now they have learnt over the years how to deal with the patient and now tried to know as much as possible regarding the nature of the disorders. Religion was often a source of support. Most of the caregivers believed in God and thought that He would help them out in this situation. As pointed out in some of the earlier studies (Rammohan et al 2002), 62 Joshi et al

religious coping was one of the coping strategies used by the caregivers of severe mental disorder patients. Some would pray to God daily and others would also keep weekly fast. References: Agarwal, A.K.(1998). The forgotten millions. Indian Journal of psychiatry. 40, 103-119. Andrews, G., Sunderson, K., & Beard, J. (1998). Burden of disease: Methods of calculating disability from mental disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 123-131. Baronet, A.M (1999). Factors associated with caregiver burden in mental illness: A critical review of the research literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 19, 819-841. Bibou-Nakou, I., Dikaiou, M., & Bairactaris, C. (1997). Psychosocial dimensions of family burden among two groups of carers looking after psychiatric patients. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 104-108. Brown,S. & Birstwistle, J. (1998). People with schizophrenia and their families –Fifteen year outcome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173, 139-144. Budd, R.J., Oles, G., & Hughes, I.C.T.(1998). The relationship between coping style and burden in cases of relatives with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 98, 304-309. Chadda, R.K., Pradhan, S.C., Bpna, J.S., Singhl, R., & Singh, T.B. (2000). Chronic psychiatric patients: An assessment of treatment and rehabilitation related needs. International Journal of Rehabiltation Research, 23, 327-330. Chandrsekran, R., Sivaprakash, B., & Jyestri, S.R. (2002). Coping strategies of the relatives of schizophrenic patients. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 9-13. Clark, R.E. (1994). Family costs associated with severe mental illness and substance abuse. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45, 808-813. Fadden, G.B., Beddington, P., & Kuipers , I. (1987a). The burden of care: The impact of functional psychiatric illness on the patient’s family. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 285-293. Jacob, M., Frank, E., & Kupfer, D.J. (1987). Recurrent depression: an assessment of family burden and burden attitudes. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48, 395-400. Krueger, R.A. (1988). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research, SAGE Publications, Inc. Newbury Prk : California, USA. Link, B.G., Yang, L.H., Phelan, J.C., & Collins, P.Y. (2004). Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3): 511-541. Lowyck, B., De Hert, M., Peeters, E., Gilis, P., & Peuskens, J. (2001). Can we identify the factors influencing the burden on family members of patients with schizophrenia? International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 5, 89-96. Magliano, L., Fadden, G., Economou, M., Held, T., Xavier, M., et al. (2000). Family burden and coping strategies in schizophrenia: 1-year follow-up data from the BIOMED I study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35, 109-115. Magliano, L., Fadden, G., Fiorillo, A., Malangone, C., Sorrentino, D., Robinson, A., & Maj, M. (1999). Family burden and coping strategies in schizophrenia: are key relatives really different to other relatives? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 99, 10-15. Pai, S.,& Kapur, R.L. (1981). The burden on the family of psychiatric patient: Development of an interview schedule. British Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 332-335. Pinfold, V., Byrne, P., & Toulmin, H.(2005). Challenging stigma and discrimination in communities: a focus group study identifying UK mental health service users main campaign priorities. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 51(2), 128-138. Rammohan, A., Rao, K., & Subbakrishna, D.K. (2002a). Religious coping and psychological well-being in cases of relatives with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105, 356-362. Sharing Experiences of Care Givers 63

Roychaudhari, J., Mandal, D., Boral, A., & Bhattacharya, D. (1995). Family burden among long term psychiatric patients. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 81-85. Schene, A.H., Tessler, R.C., & Gamache, G.M. (1994). Instruments measuring family or caregiver burden in severe mental illness. Social psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 29, 228-240. Schene, A.H., van Wijugarden, B., & Koeter, M.W.J. (1998). Family caregiving in schizophrenia: Domains and distress. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 609-618. Sethi, B.B., & Manchanda, R. (1978). Socioeconomic, demographic and cultural correlates of psychiatric disorder with special reference to India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 20, 199-211. Schulze, B,& Angermeyer, M.C.(2003). Subjective experiences of stigma. A focus group study of schizophrenic patients, their relatives and mental health professionals. Scoial Science Medicine, 56: 299-312. Thara, R., Padmavati, R., Kumar, S., & Shrinivasan, L. (1998). Burden assessment schedule instrument to assess burden on caregivers of chronically mentally ill. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 21-29. Announcement 6th International Conference of Somatic Inkblot Society scheduled to be held at Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry & Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Ranchi, Jharkhand, India during 9th – 11th February, 2008. Secretariate : Prof. (Dr.) Amool R. Singh Organizing Secretary, ICSIS - 2008 RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 Tel. : (0651) 2450813, 2451121 (O), 2233687 (R), 91-9431592734 (M) E-mail : sisamool@yahoo.com & editor_sis@rediffmail.com 64 Joshi et al

A Projective Sight on Male Anorexia: a Rorschach Test Exploration S. Daini, L. Carotti, A. Manzo, C. Minerva and G. Mancano The projective aspects of male anorexia, has been less explored than female eating disorders. Studies with psychometric instruments outline gender identity problems, higher impulsiveness and lower drive in males than in females. The present study employed Rorschach Test, on a sample of male anorexics (11 subjects), and compared it with psychiatric male patients and healthy controls, and females with eating disorder. The quantitative analysis on Rorschach’s fundamental variables, by ANOVA and MANOVA, shows that anorexic boys were more similar to male psychiatric patients and to anorexic girls than to healthy controls group. A significant difference was found in R, Form, Colour and Movement responses. These differences confirm high psychic cohartation, low emotional expression and control in reaction to external stimuli. Anorexic males personality profile, anyway, seem to be less specific in comparison to healthy controls than female personality profile. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disorder that usually affects female of Caucasian race, educated, economically benefited and rooted in western culture (Johnson et al., 1989). Several studies (Weltzin et al., 2005; Blacke Woodside et al., 2004) show that eating disorders in general, and anorexia in particular, affect not only women but also middle-class men. Despite preponderant incidence of AN in female, epidemiological investigations have suggested that 5-10 percent of individuals presenting this disease are male (C. Renna, 2006). Studies on Canadian population (Woodside et al., 2001) have underlined a great incidence of anorexia in male subjects, when the partial syndromes are included; these ones seem to be more common in males than full anorexic syndrome. In United States, ED prevalence has been estimated between 2% and 4% and the EDNOS (Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified) about 5% of the population, with a similar distribution among males and females (10% of the males) (Weltzin et al., 2005). These rates among US residents don’t seem to be influenced by subjects’ ethnic affiliation (Cachelin, Regan, 2006). A recent Spanish study (Muro-Sans, Amador-Campos, 2007) reveals a 2.31% prevalence in adolescent girls and a 0.17% prevalence in males. In Poland (Ziora et al., 2006) male/female ratio is 4:1, with a strong increase of the incidence in males in the last years, especially during adolescence. Many cases of ED in boys have been noticed in Norwegian teen-agers, with a comparable increase of incidence in males (Kjelsas, 2004). Also Italian studies ( Toselli et al., 2005; Pellai, 2002) reveal an increasing risk of ED in males based on the disappointment with their perceived weight. Oriental population studies notice lower rates of ED compared with the western countries (Tsai, 2000) revealing a different distribution of subtypes’ prevalence among different countries. In India anorexia seems to be a raising trouble (Mammen, 2007). The role of cultural influences, new fashions and habits in the uptrend of male anorexia must be considered, as they provide the ideal image of the masculine model and avoid the differences between males and females in terms of inner setting and concerning for physical form. The exact incidence of AN in male is unlikely to be known also because of the obvious difficulties in making diagnosis. Men usually focus their attention on muscular augmentation and adipose tissue loss; as a matter of fact, several studies (Goldfield et al., 2006; Kanayama et al., 2006) demonstrate a higher incidence of ED in body-builders. As a result, the tendency for physical practice is stronger than the tendency for weight loss. This is the case of those people who undergo unbearable training sessions, i.e. obligatory runners (Yates,1983).These individuals can not quit running, even if this training interferes with familiar or social plans. Their training is a compulsive behaviour even during bad weather, physical injuries or counter-indications (e.g. fracture, pulmonary disease, pain). Silvia Daini, Lorella Carotti, Arianna Manzo, Chiara Minerva and Giorgia Mancano, Psychiatry and Psychology Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. Corresponding Author: Silvia Daini. Istituto di Psichiatria e Psicologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy, Mobile Phone: 0039 339 3798428, Tel/fax (0)6 3054850, Email:dainikatamail.com Key Words : Male Anorexia, Personality, Rorschach Test, Female Anorexia.

Anxiety disorders and perfectionism have been shown to be a risk factors for eating disorder in women. At least one study about male cyclists shows that perfectionism may predict increased likelihood of eating disorder (Ferrand et al., 2004). Other factors that may increase the risk of developing an eating disorder in men include alcoholism, history of obesity, teasing and physical abuse (Johnson et al., 2002; Womble et al., 2001). Males show the tendency to justify their restrictive behaviors describing them as a prevention against medical illnesses as the heart attack or diabetes, already diagnosed in family. In other instances (Carlat et al., 1997) anorexic males tend to hide the feeding trouble behind sport practices, that people usually consider an index of a healthy life style. Anorexic males postpone the beginning of therapy because they feel ashamed about the belief and the cultural heritage to have a “female” disturb, so they ask for help when physical alterations (cardiac complications, cortical atrophies) are evident. An advanced state of malnutrition is often a result of delay in searching for medical attentions. This last motivation could also results in poor medical attention to the anorexic symptoms in male subjects, which brings to the diagnosis of anorexia when the consequences of disorder hah reached to an advance stage. Compared to females with ED, males show lower levels of drive for thinness, impulses’ regulation and body dissatisfaction, with no differences in other measurements of symptoms and psychopathology. Men diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and EDNOS are at increased risk for other psychiatric disorder. Co-morbid schizophrenia seems to be more common among men with anorexia nervosa than among those with bulimia nervosa and EDNOS, especially in war’s veterans (Striegel-Moore, 1999). Males with BN show increased rate of mood disorders and substance abuse or addiction. Furthermore, co-morbid Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) has more frequently been noticed in males than in females (Rovera et al., 1980). Likewise, in males with ED a problematic attitude with sexual identity and a homosexual attitude seem to be more frequent (Graglia, 2000). From a psychopathological and psychodynamic point of view, male eating disorders are further less studied than female ones. In fact, the largest number of psychopathological studies on male anorexia has used diagnostic tools as interviews, and self-report questionnaires. There are not many studies with projective techniques compared to studies on women or adolescent girl’s samples. An Italian study (Di Pentima et al., 2001) shows a comparison between 10 anorexic male and 24 healthy controls. The Rorschach profile of patients showed, compromised primary Ego functions, inadequacy in affectivity control associated with an insufficient self-control. The frequency of anatomical responses indicated anxiety and depression linked to anguish in perceiving their body. The personality structure, its prevailing traits and the unconscious dynamics of these subjects seems remarkable for clinical approach and for psychotherapy. The present investigation, therefore, was planned to study male sample with ED and compare them with a group of subjects with other psychiatric pathologies and healthy subjects by using Rorschach test. It was hypothesized that the male ED will show more psychic cohartation, lower emotional expression and social communication, and lower tendency for creating object relationship. Materials and Methods: The Clinical sample consisted male patients diagnosed and treated at Policlinico Gemelli, Day Hospital Service, in the last three years. MAn (Male Anorexia Type) group consisted of 11 subjects (mean age 23 ± 7,33 years). At the time of diagnosis all subjects had weight loss, while three subjects had bulimic tendencies over the course of the disease. This group was compared with an Other-Pathologies 66 Daini et al

(OP) clinical group consisted of 12 subjects (mean age 25,75 ± 2,95 years). All clinical groups were compared with a control (C) group of 14 male subjects (mean age 20,28 ± 2,30 years). They were administered Rorschach test as a part of the psycho diagnostic assessment. Sample characteristics are shown in Table 1. In order to underline gender differences, the male anorexic sample was also compared with two female ED samples: AnRt (Anorexia Restricting type; 36 subjects, mean age 19,56 ± 4,98 years) and AnPg (Anorexia binge eating/Purging type; 35 subjects, mean age 22,86 ± 4,52 years). Table 1 Samples Characteristics MAn – Male Anorexia Group Anorexia N: 11 11 Subjects Other Pathologies Group N: 12 Dysthymia 2 Subjects Anxiety Disorder 3 Subjects Depression 3 Subjects Psychotic Disorders 2 Subjects Personality Disorders 2 Subjects Control Group (male) N: 14 Female sample AnRt N: 37 Female sample AnPg N: 35 Assessment Methods: The Rorschach test is found to be the most important method in projective techniques field (Dubey, 1982).The Rorschach was administered following Klopfer and Davidson’s procedure (1994). The indices considered in this study were number of Responses (R) as a productivity index and the fundamental determinants and content variables. Before doing statistical analysis, all data were transformed as square root of the score in order to reduce skewness and kurtosis of each distribution, as proposed by Ercolani e Coll., 2000. The effect of age difference on Rorschach was calculated. The Pearson’s r. was used to calculate correlations between dependent variables. MANOVA was used to analyze the differences among samples and to show the variable’s incidence. The ANOVA was used to analyse group’s incidence (factor or independent variable) on every dependent variable, and Duncan‘s post hoc test was used to see the differences among group means. Statistical elaboration was performed with SPSS 13.0 program. Results: The age was found to have no significant effect on Rorschach variables including productivity on male subjects of both the groups. Similar findings have been reported by Daini and Bernardini,2006 on Female subjects. However, Rorschach variables are significantly interrelated in both the groups. Unlike female sample, reaction times don’t seem related with productivity, analysed determinants and contents’ frequencies, but reaction times to chromatic and achromatic cards seem to be related among themselves. There is a significant correlation between A and P responses. The results of MANOVA in men groups are reported in table 2. Overall no significant difference was found among three male samples. Post hoc tests point up some significant differences worth being confirmed by further studies. Observing comparison among anorexic male group (MAn) and male patients with other psychiatric illness (OP) and control group subjects (C), significant differences was found among MAn and C and among OP and C. A Projective Sight on Male Anorexia 67

Comparing with control group, MAn’s and OP’s means are significantly lower in term of total number of responses (R), human (M) and inanimate (m) movements and (Fk). Besides, as regards comparison with control group MAn sample has significantly lower means in CF colour determinants, mean form determinants (F), light-shade determinants (c), color determinants (C) and in contents’ object number (Obj); and has significantly higher means in CF colour determinant. Table 2 Manova Diagnosis (Male Anorexia Group, Other Pathologies Group, Control Group ) Wilk’s Lambda: .024 MAn OP Controls Duncan (N:11) (N:12) (N:14) Post-Hoc Test Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD R 18.00±4.28 16.09±4.64 19.28±6.67 OP<C ** MAn<C** tRachrom 12.09±12.49 21.16±26.20 13.86±11.17 tRchrom 17.54±13.92 14.75±9.42 17.14±11.77 IR 5.00±1.79 3.50±1.88 4.86±2.25 M 2.54±1.88 2.46±2.28 6.50±6.44 OP<C * MAn<C* FM 4.91±2.21 3.08±2.12 6.93±3.73 OP<C** m 0.73±0.88 0.67±0.81 3.25±4.28 OP<C ** MAn<C ** k 0.27±0.65 0.58±1.44 0.18±0.37 K 0.04±0.15 0.17±0.32 0.10±0.29 MAn<OP* Fk 0.59±0.66 0.42±0.56 2.28±2.35 OP<C * MAn<C* F 4.36±1.14 5.25±3.87 6.89±5.34 MAn<C* MAn<OP** Fc 2.45±2.25 1.87±2.41 3.71±3.60 OP<C* c 0.04±0.15 0.17±0.32 0.46±1.05 MAn<C** MAn<OP* C’ 1.45±1.57 1.29±2.08 2.50±2.22 FC 1.73±1.51 1.46±2.46 3.32±2.42 CF 1.54±1.06 0.62±0.83 1.00±1.44 OP<Man* C<Man* C 0.04±0.15 0.08±0.29 0.25±0.43 MAn<C** A 8.33±2.83 6.08±2.94 8.69±3.38 Ad 1.45±1.21 1.87±2.12 2.21±2.73 H 2.70±1.36 2.46±2.56 5.75±5.67 OP<C* Hd 1.20±1.44 1.21±1.01 2.28±2.69 Obj 1.15±0.91 1.29±1.30 4.92±3.78 MAn<C** MAn<OP* (H)+(Hd) 1.70±1.42 0.96±1.14 2.57±2.22 MAn>OP* OP<C** P 4.50±2.22 3.14±1.30 4.75±1.95 *:p‹.05;**:p‹.01 68 Daini et al

The means of MAn were found to be significantly lower in light-shade (c), deepness (K) Form determinants (F) and Object number (Obj); and significantly higher in Colour dominating Form (CF), Human and Human details (H)+(Hd) in comparison with OP group. The results do not suggest any difference in male or female gender attributing to Rorschach’s human figures in the three male samples. In addition, comparison among MAn group, restrictive anorexic females (AnRt) and purgatives anorexic females (AnPg), MANOVA doesn’t show significant differences (Table 3). Some Post hoc results underline differences between male anorexia and female AnPg. In particular, male anorexic group shows significantly lower means than AnPg group of light-shade (c), deepness (K) and form (F) determinants. Discussion: The findings of our study on male anorexic sample suggest psychic cohartation, an insufficient selfcontrol and a tendency for emotional control loss. Similar findings were reported by of Di Pentima (2001) on another Italian sample using Rorschach test. However, the comparison with subjects affected with other psychiatric disorders clears that the part of findings could be related to a generic psychic discomfort more than to specific eating disorder. The male anorexics of this study show significantly lower psychic productivity than controls, but not different from other-psychic-disorder sample. Their productivity is comparable furthermore to female anorexics productivity. In the same way, differences from the normal means shared by both groups of Table 3 Manova Diagnosis (Male Anorexia Group, Female Anorexia Restrictive Group, Female Anorexia Purgative Group ) Wilk’s Lambda: .572 MAn AnRt AnPg Duncan (N:11) (N:37) (N:35) Post-Hoc Test Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD R 18.00±4.28 16.09±4.64 19.28±6.67 tRachrom 12.09±12.49 14.86±7.59 13.60±9.16 tRchrom 17.54±13.92 19.32±12.35 17.11±11.86 IR 5.00±1.79 4.39±1.66 4.47±1.96 M 2.54±1.88 2.70±2.04 3.00±2.40 FM 4.91±2.21 3.44±2.39 4.64±3.00 m 0.73±0.88 1.01±1.13 1.27±1.51 k 0.27±0.65 0.24±0.68 0.21±0.52 K 0.04±0.15 0.16±0.35 0.21±0.35 MAn<AnPg*** Fk 0.59±0.66 0.49±0.76 0.31±0.49 F 4.36±1.14 4.29±2.95 5.61±3.91 MAn<AnPg* Fc 2.45±2.25 1.51±1.58 2.36±2.09 c 0.04±0.15 0.15±0.40 0.34±0.50 MAn<AnPg*** C’ 1.45±1.57 1.29±1.39 1.57±1.32 FC 1.73±1.51 1.40±1.51 1.66±1.54 CF 1.54±1.06 1.22±1.38 1.30±1.27 C 0.04±0.15 0.24±0.89 0.15±0.50 P 4.50±2.22 3.37±1.27 3.28±1.65 *:p‹.05;***:p‹.001 A Projective Sight on Male Anorexia 69

male patients seem to be related to psychological crisis more than to eating disorders: a more frequent expression of anxiety (m) and of structured anguish (FK) is present in healthy controls, probably because of the higher psychic productivity, but also because of a less defensive attitude towards unconscious valences. The Anorexic group differentiates from other psychic disorders in structured anguish expression (the K responses): which is rare in psychiatric patients than in anorexic ones. In the comparison between genders, mean K were found lower in the male ED than in mixed anorexic females and they are comparable to restrictor anorexic girls. This result could indicate an analogous defensive function of eating symptoms in males and restrictor females. An analogous pattern is evident about determinants that indicate non-structured dependency needs (c). Both trends suggest that eating restriction allows subjects to maintain a partial control over psychic structure and against fragmentation tendencies. The index of rational processes or of rationalization defences, are otherwise less represented in anorexia male group than in healthy controls and other pathology group. In other instances the same means are lower in males than in AnPg females, and near to low normal (Klopfer and davidson,1994). Previous studies showed that Form resposes in female ED were in normal range and they were not substantially different from the healthy control group. Thus in anorexic males the development of explicit rational defences seem to be typically low. As regards to emotional expression in reaction to external stimuli (colour determinants), formally structured colour responses don’t show significant differences between experimental groups, while non structured colour responses show higher means in healthy subjects and in mixed in anorexia females: these two groups seem to be less controlled in emotional expression. As regards to contents, Human responses and Animal contents don’t show significant difference in male groups, while Object contents are significantly less frequent in anorexic males. In a study (Shafer, 1971) using Rorschach test on Anorexia, the modified human figures (H) and human body parts (Hd) were more frequent in anorexic males than other psychiatric patients. This type of responses was also present in normal controls. Such contents have been interpreted as an index of idealization and / or devaluation processes, and they are more frequent in male anorexia but also present in normal subjects. In anorexic females, features of human figure were more frequently perceived (angels and person with contemplative attitude or child/’infants). This trend corresponds to their need for elevation over concrete reality and corporal perception. It also indicates a regressive tendency for restoring merging relation with caregiver and difficulties in separation individuation process. Montanari and coll. (1991) interpreted the same trend in female as an expression of spiritual Ego idealization and negation of body needs. The findings of this study can not be generalised because of small sample. It suggests that the Rorschach responses of male Anorexia are different than the responses of female with Eating Disorder. The reduction of psychic productivity seems to be a common pattern, while Shading and Color means were not lower than healthy male subjects. Thus, the Rorschach profile of male anorexics appears less specific than the profile of female patients of Eating Disorder. References: Blake Woodside, D., Bulik, C., Thornton, L., Klump, K., Tozzi, F., Fichter, M., Halmi, A., Kaplan, A., Strober, M., Devlin, B., Bacanu, S.-A., Ganjei, K., Crow, S., Mitchell, J., Rotondo, A., Mauri, M., Cassano, G., Keel, P., Berrettini, W., Kaye, W. (2004) Personality in men with eating disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 273-278. Bourke, M.P., Taylor, G., Crisp, A.H. (1985) Symbolic functionig in anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res., 19(2-3), 273-8. 70 Daini et al

Cachelin, F.M., Regan, P.C. (2006) Prevalence and correlates of chronic dieting in a multidimensional U.S. community sample. Eat Weight Disord., 11(2), 91-9. Crisp, A.H., Burns, T., Bhot, A.V. (1986) Primary anorexia nervosa in the male and female: a comparison of clinical features and prognosis. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 59, 123-132. Daini, S., Bernardini, L., 2006 Emotional feelings in Eating Disorders: a Rorschach Test quantitative analysis. Journal Of Projective Psychology and Mental Healt. 14 (1) Jan. 2007, 76-84. Daini, S., Ferro, F.M. (1995) Trasformazioni e silenzi del corpo. Studi sull’anoressia nervosa. Chieti: Metis. Di Pentima, L., Gasperini, I., Marinucci, S., Montecchi, F. (2001) L’anoressia maschile. Studio pilota di una patologia rara. Minerva Psichiatrica, 42(3), 161. Dubey,B.L.(1982) Pragmatic View of Rorschach Inkblot Test. National Psychological Corporation, Agra(India) Ercolani, A.P., Areni, A., Mannetti, L. (2000) La ricerca in Psicologia. Roma: Carocci. Ferrand, C., Brunet, E. (2004) Perfectionism and rosk for disordered eating among young French male cyclist of high performance. Percept Mot Skills, 99 (3 Pt 1), 959-67. Fichter, M.M., Daser, C. (1987) Symptomatology, psychosexual development and gender identity in 42 anorexic males. Psychological Medicine , 17, pp. 409-18. Goldfield, G.S., Blouin, A.G., Woodside, D.B. (2006) Body image, binge eating, and bulimia nervosa in male bodybuilders. Can J Psychiatry. 51(3), 160-8. Graglia, M. (2000) I disordini alimentari negli adolescenti omosessuali: un fenomeno trascurato. Psichiatria dell’Infanzia e dell’Adolescenza, 67, 195-200. Johnson, C., Tobin, D. Enright, A. (1989) Prevalence and clinical characteristics of borderline patients in an eating disordered population. J. Clin. Psychiatry, 50, 9-15. Johnson, J.G., Cohen, P., Kasen, S., Brook, J.S. (2002) Childhood adverties associated with risk for eating disorders or weight problems during adolescence or earlu adulthood. Am J Psych, 159:3. Kanayama, G., Barry, S., Pope, H.J. (2006) Body Image and Attitude Toward Male Roles in Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Users. Am J Psychiatry, (163), 697-703. Kjels_s, E., BjØrnstrØm, K., Gunnar Gotestam, K. (2004) Prevalence of eating disorders in female and male adolescentes (14-15 years). Eating Behaviors, 5, 13-25. Klopfer, B., Davidson, H.H. (1994) The Rorschach Techinique. An introduction manual. O.S. Organizzazioni Speciali. Intervento del Prof. I. Carta al Convegno Nazionale “Narciso a Tavola: l’anoressia nervosa nel maschio. Definizione, ricerca, ipotesi di trattamento”. Gennaio 2005. Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca. Lerner, H. (1983) Contemporary psychoanalytic perspective on gorge-vomiting. A case illustration. Journal of Eating Disorder, 3, 47-63. Mammen, P., Russel, S., Russel, P.S. (2007) Prevalence of eating disorders and psychiatric comorbidity among children and adolescents. Indian Pediatr., 44(5), 357-9. Munno, D., Sterpone, S.C.M., Zullo, G. (2005) L’anoressia nervosa maschile. Una review. Giorn. Ital. Psicopat., 11, 215-224. Muro-Sans, P., Amador-Campos, J.A. (2007), Prevalence of eating disorders in a Spanish community adolescent sample. Eat Disord. 12(1), 1-6. Narduzzi, K.J., Jackson, T. (2000) Personality differences between eating-disordered women and a nonclinical comparison sample: a discriminant classification analysis. J Clin Psychol., 56(6), 699-710. Pellai, A., Brizzi, L., Curci, R., Sancini, S., Saporetti, G., Speich, S., Tosetto, C. (2002) Assessment of eating disorders-related risk in a cohort of adolescents living in Northern Italy. Result from a multicenter study. Minerva Pediatr. 54(2), 139-45. Ramacciotti, A., Pallanti, S. (1999) Identità di ruolo nei disturbi del comportamento alimentare. Atti da Bulimia Nervosa. A Projective Sight on Male Anorexia 71

Rovera, G.G., Munno, D. (1980) Disturbi del comportamento alimentare. In: Medicina clinica: diagnostica e terapia. Torino: Ed. Med. Scient. 1980. Aggiornamento Settembre 1992: 459-70.Z20. Schafer, R. (1971) L’interpretazione psicoanalitica del Rorschach. Boringhieri, Torino. Striegel-Moore, R.H., Garvin, V., Dohm, F.A., Rosenheck, R.A. (1999) Eating disorders in a national sample of hospitalized female female and male veterans: detection rates and psychiatric comorbidity. Int. J Eat Disord, 25, 405-14. Toselli, A.L., Villani, S., Ferro, A.M., Verri, A., Cucurullo, L., Marinoni, A. (2005) Eating disorders and their correlates in high school adolescents of Northern Italy. Epidemiol. Psychiatr., 14(2), pp. 91-9. Tsai, G. (2000) Eating disorders in the Far East. Eat Weight Disord., 5(4), 183-97. Weltzin, E.T., Weisensel, N., Franczyk, D., Burnett, K., Klitz, C., Bean, P. 2005) Eating disorders in men: update. Jmgh, 2, 186-193. Whitam, F.L., Zent, M. (1984) A cross-cultural assessment of early cross-gender behaviour and familial factors in male homosexuality. Archivies of Sexual Behavior, 13, 427-439. Womble, L.G., Williamson, D.A., Martin C.K., Zucker N.L., Thaw J.M., Netemeyer, R., et al., (2001) Greenway Psychosocial variables associated with binge eating in obese males and females. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 30(2), 217-21. Yates, A., Leehey, K., Shisslak, C.M. (1983) Running: an analogue of anorexia? N Engl J Med., 308(5), 251-5. Ziora, K., O_wiecimska, J., Szalecki, M., Geisler, G., Broll-Wa_ka, K., Kwiecie_, J., Gorczyca, P., Lukasik, M., Franiczek, W., Stojewska, M., Dyduch, A. (2006) Anorexia nervosa in boys and men. Wiad Lek. 59(5-6), 352-8. Announcement 60th National Annual Conference of Indian Psychiatric Society 3 – 6 January, 2008 Organizing Secretary : Dr. Prabir Paul 1/1, Gobra Road (Ground Floor) Kolkata - 700 014 Venue : Science City, Kolkata 72 Daini et al

Somatic Inkblot Society Anil Agrawal, Anil Agrawal, Anil Agrawal, Anil Agrawal, Anil Agrawal, B.E.,MBA, Executive Director, C-51, Sector 26, NOIDA- 201301 Tel: 91-120 4222 457 (R) Cell:91- 99716 59990 99582 82999, E-Mail: anilagrawal33@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No.19) Rakesh Aggarwal Rakesh Aggarwal Rakesh Aggarwal Rakesh Aggarwal Rakesh Aggarwal 364, Sector 15, Panchkula 134113 Tel. 0172-2591824,E-mail : rakesh17@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 210) Sakshi Aggarwal Sakshi Aggarwal Sakshi Aggarwal Sakshi Aggarwal Sakshi Aggarwal A 46, Lok Vihar, Pitumpura, Delhi- 110034 E-mail : a_sakshi@rediffmail.com (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 28) Nimisha Ahuja Nimisha Ahuja Nimisha Ahuja Nimisha Ahuja Nimisha Ahuja Tel: 91-9815500108 (LM) 2004 Email:- ahujanimisha@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 46) Saurabh Ahuja Saurabh Ahuja Saurabh Ahuja Saurabh Ahuja Saurabh Ahuja C-211, Amand Vihar New Delhi 110085 Tel. 011-22158920 E-mail : sau_2k4@rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 211) Sanjay Ahuja Sanjay Ahuja Sanjay Ahuja Sanjay Ahuja Sanjay Ahuja 1602, New Janta Colony, N.I.T., Faridabad- 121001 Email : sanjay_ahuja80@yahoo.co.in (LM 03) Tel.: 91-129-25442877, (SIS Membership No. 92) Deoshree Akhouri Deoshree Akhouri Deoshree Akhouri Deoshree Akhouri Deoshree Akhouri C/o Prof. A. B. B. Lal Aryapuri, Ratu Road, Ranchi — 834001 Cell — 91-9905578833 (SIS Membership No. 309) S. Alam S. Alam S. Alam S. Alam S. Alam, Ph.D. Lecturer, Dept. of Psychology, Women s College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002 (India) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 148) Kristian Aleman Kristian Aleman Kristian Aleman Kristian Aleman Kristian Aleman, M.Sc. Psychoanalyst, Vidargatan 5, entr planet, 113 27 Stockholm, SWEDEN. Phone: 00 46 8 32 82 08 (M 2004) Email: kristian.aleman@ka-psychoanalysis.se (SIS Membership No. 96) Ms. Zahirunnisa Ali Ms. Zahirunnisa Ali Ms. Zahirunnisa Ali Ms. Zahirunnisa Ali Ms. Zahirunnisa Ali Specialist in Physical Therapy, Plot No. 65, Ayppa Nagar, P.O. Katol Road, Nagpur (India) Tel.: 91-712-2539418 (LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 171) Sarika Alreja Sarika Alreja Sarika Alreja Sarika Alreja Sarika Alreja, MA C/o Shri A. N. Alreja 117/K/103, R.S. Puram, Sarvodaya Nagar Kanpur — 208025 (U.P.) (M) 91-9835947497 (SIS Membership No.234) Dr.Vijaylaxmi Aminabhao Dr.Vijaylaxmi Aminabhao Dr.Vijaylaxmi Aminabhao Dr.Vijaylaxmi Aminabhao Dr.Vijaylaxmi Aminabhao Reader, Dept of Psy, Karnatak Univ. Dharwad (Karnataka) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No.260) Abhinit Anand Abhinit Anand Abhinit Anand Abhinit Anand Abhinit Anand, MA C/o R. B. Singh, Near AVKS School Morhabadi, Ranchi — 834008 (Jharkhand) (M) 91-9334427965, Email: anand6364@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No.306) Tulika Anand Tulika Anand Tulika Anand Tulika Anand Tulika Anand Research Scholar, 154, Maya Bazar, Reti Road, Gorakhpur-273001 Ph.: 91-551-2344781, 98394-80442 (LM 03) Email: tulika_anand@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 8) Anil R Anil R Anil R Anil R Anil R, Ph.D. Lecturer , P.K.M.College of Education, Madampam, P.O. Kannur, Kerala-670631(India) LM 2004 Cell: 91-9447027999, Email: arpkm@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 9) T.P.Antony T.P.Antony T.P.Antony T.P.Antony T.P.Antony Principal, Avila College of Education, Aquinas Grounds, Edacochin, Cochin-682006 (M 2005) Tel: 91-484-2328166,2328167,2328567 (SIS Membership No. 10 ) Roohi Arora Roohi Arora Roohi Arora Roohi Arora Roohi Arora 802, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109 Tel: 91-172-2573187 (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No.11) Shweta Arora Shweta Arora Shweta Arora Shweta Arora Shweta Arora 58,Sector 12A, Panchkula-134112 (India) Tel: 91-171-2571627 Email: shweta_arora5@yahoo.com (LM) 2004) (SIS Membership No. 12) Nidhi Ayri Nidhi Ayri Nidhi Ayri Nidhi Ayri Nidhi Ayri 723 B,Sector 36 B, Chandigarh Mob.: 9814195022, Email : nidhi1180@hotmail.com (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 13) Gagan Preet Singh Bakshi Gagan Preet Singh Bakshi Gagan Preet Singh Bakshi Gagan Preet Singh Bakshi Gagan Preet Singh Bakshi 120/320, Lajpat Nagar, Kanpur-208005 Tel. 0512-2297996 Mob: 9872891055, 9415125810 Email id: gaganbakshi15@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 212) Priyanka Banerjee Priyanka Banerjee Priyanka Banerjee Priyanka Banerjee Priyanka Banerjee, M.Sc.(Psy) 1B, Lovelock Place, Flat # 1A, Lovelock Apartments, Kolkata-700019. E-mail: ms_p_banerjee@hotmail.com Mobile: 91-9830066754 (LM2004) (SIS Membership No.15) Mrs. Shubhra Banerjee Mrs. Shubhra Banerjee Mrs. Shubhra Banerjee Mrs. Shubhra Banerjee Mrs. Shubhra Banerjee, Ph.D. Shubhalaya , 7, Mahaveer Colony, Kamachha, Varanasi - 221 010, (India) (LM 97) Tel. : 91-542-2312049 (H) (SIS Membership No.16) Membership Directory 73-89 (Membership Directory - 2007)

Pankaj Bansal Pankaj Bansal Pankaj Bansal Pankaj Bansal Pankaj Bansal, MBA, 52, Preet Nagar, Ferozpur City-152002 Tel: 91-1632-220641 Email : pankajkbansal79@yahoo.com (LM 03) (SIS Membership No.17) Manav Bansal Manav Bansal Manav Bansal Manav Bansal Manav Bansal 659, Sector 12, Panchkula-134112 (India) Tel: 91-172-2563427 Email:manav_bsl@yahoo.com (LM) 2004 (SIS Membership No.18) Ms. Jayanti Basu Ms. Jayanti Basu Ms. Jayanti Basu Ms. Jayanti Basu Ms. Jayanti Basu, Ph.D. AE 692, Salt Lake, Sec. 1, Kolkata- 700 064, (India) (F97) Tel. : 91-33-23341421,(H) (LM 95) E-Mail : jaybc@rediffmail.com , btapas@cal2.vsnl.net.in (SIS Membership No.20) Saugata Basu Saugata Basu Saugata Basu Saugata Basu Saugata Basu, M.Sc, M.Phil. Surendranath Cooperative, 201, Manikatala Main Road, Flat No.12, Kolkata - 700 054, (India) Tel. : 91-33-23559772 (H) (F 97) E-Mail : saubasu@cal3.vsnl.net.in (SIS Membership No.21) Mansij Bhan Mansij Bhan Mansij Bhan Mansij Bhan Mansij Bhan Exe.Director, R.S.Careers Traders Pvt. Ltd, 505 Sector-38A, Chandiogarh-160036 Mob: 9814332988 (LM2004) Email: roadkingindia@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No.22) Nidhi Bhardwaj Nidhi Bhardwaj Nidhi Bhardwaj Nidhi Bhardwaj Nidhi Bhardwaj 3G/169, N.I.T., Faridabad (Haryana) Phone : 91- 129- 2417087, 5054993 Email Nidhibhardwajnidhi@Yahoo.Com (SIS Membership No.23) Suruchi Bhatia Suruchi Bhatia Suruchi Bhatia Suruchi Bhatia Suruchi Bhatia,MBA Executive Trg & Dev., IFFCO-Tokio Insurance, IFFCO Tower, 4th Floor, Plot No.3, Sec-29, Gurgaon-122001 Email: suruchi.bhatia@it is.co.in, Mob:91-9871563437 (LM2003)(SIS Membership No.24) J.S. Bedi J.S. Bedi J.S. Bedi J.S. Bedi J.S. Bedi, Chairman Gian Jyoti Inst. of Mgt. & Technology, Phase-II, Mohali-Chandigarh (LM 99) Tel. : 91-172-2228806, 2661327 (H) (SIS Membership No.25) Rajni Bala Rajni Bala Rajni Bala Rajni Bala Rajni Bala, M.Phil C/o Mr. Jawahar Lal, Kokar, HB Road Ranchi -834001 (Jharkhand) Cell — 91-9835334105 E-mail — rajni_b_80@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No.250) Mahesh Bhargava Mahesh Bhargava Mahesh Bhargava Mahesh Bhargava Mahesh Bhargava, Ph.D. Director, National Psychological Corporation, 4/230, Kacherighat, Agra - 282 004 (India) (F 95) Tel. : 91-562-3257708 (W), 2464926(W) 562-2150113 (H) Telefax: 2155497(H) Mob: 9837061093(MB), 9412253754(Vivek) Email: npc_agra@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No.26) Hitkar Pushpa Bhengra Hitkar Pushpa Bhengra Hitkar Pushpa Bhengra Hitkar Pushpa Bhengra Hitkar Pushpa Bhengra, MA C/o Mr. Eman Dan Bhangra Kiriburu Prospecting, Q. No. 85/6, Type-II West Singhbhum, Jharkhand Mob.: 91-9835166504, 91-9304489084 (SIS Membership No. 254) Nitesh Bhatia Nitesh Bhatia Nitesh Bhatia Nitesh Bhatia Nitesh Bhatia R-7/B-28, Raj Nagar, Ghaziabad (LM 2001) Tel: 91-120-24719685 (SIS Membership No.27) Amardeep Singh Brar Amardeep Singh Brar Amardeep Singh Brar Amardeep Singh Brar Amardeep Singh Brar 123,Sector-11, Chandigarh-160011 (India) Tel: 91-9814033830 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No.14) Parbhtej Singh Boparai Parbhtej Singh Boparai Parbhtej Singh Boparai Parbhtej Singh Boparai Parbhtej Singh Boparai 119, Ph-II, SAS Nagar-160055 Tel. 0172-2271339, (SIS LM No. 214) Ameet Brar Ameet Brar Ameet Brar Ameet Brar Ameet Brar 2261, sector-19 C, Chandigarh-160019, Tel: 91-172-774466(H) (LM 02) (SIS Membership No.29) Wilfred A. Cassell Wilfred A. Cassell Wilfred A. Cassell Wilfred A. Cassell Wilfred A. Cassell, MD, FAPA, APC, Director, SIS Center, 4501E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska - 99516 (USA). Tel : 907-346-3450 (H) (F 92) E-Mail : siscassell2@yahoo.com Email: soroptimary@yahoo.com (SIS Founder Member No.1) Prakash Chandran Prakash Chandran Prakash Chandran Prakash Chandran Prakash Chandran, Ph.D. Kammathiparambil , Elamakkara, Kochi-682026(Kerala) Tel: (0484)2536709, 2537556, Mobile: 9847039971 Email: prakasharackal@rediffmail.com (F 1995) (SIS Membership No. 30) Ariban Chakraborty Ariban Chakraborty Ariban Chakraborty Ariban Chakraborty Ariban Chakraborty B 2/9, Golf Green, Phase 1, Kolkata-700095 Tel: 91-33-24737465 Email id: anirban_ubs@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 215) Harpreet Kanwal Chhabra Harpreet Kanwal Chhabra Harpreet Kanwal Chhabra Harpreet Kanwal Chhabra Harpreet Kanwal Chhabra, Ph.D. House No. 21, Phase 3A, Mohali-160059 Tel:91-172-227059 (LM 2002) (SIS Membership No. 32) Tarlok Singh Chhabra Tarlok Singh Chhabra Tarlok Singh Chhabra Tarlok Singh Chhabra Tarlok Singh Chhabra Bangalow No. 889, Phase-3/B-2, Sector-60, Mohali, SAS Nagar-160059 (Punjab) Mobile: 91-9888687760, 91-9814410162 (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 208) Manav Chhabra Manav Chhabra Manav Chhabra Manav Chhabra Manav Chhabra, MBA Gh-10, 29D, Sunder Apt., Paschim Vihar, New Delhi -110063,Ph.011 25262897 (LM 03) Email : Chhabramanav@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 33) Mrs.Rita Chaudhury Mrs.Rita Chaudhury Mrs.Rita Chaudhury Mrs.Rita Chaudhury Mrs.Rita Chaudhury A-2/9, Ravi Park, 77, Jagtap Nagar, Wonowrie, Pune — 411040 (Maharastra) (SIS Membership No. 34) 74 Membership Directory

Lt. Col. S. Chaudhury Lt. Col. S. Chaudhury Lt. Col. S. Chaudhury Lt. Col. S. Chaudhury Lt. Col. S. Chaudhury, MD, Ph.D. Prof. and Head, Deptt. of Psychiatry, RINPAS, Kanke,Ranchi-834006, (India) E-Mail: suprakashch@gmail.comt (SIS Membership No. 35) (F1997) Aman Chahal Aman Chahal Aman Chahal Aman Chahal Aman Chahal, MBA, 240, Sector-11 A, Chandigarh-160011 Tel: 91-172-2740978 Email: amanchahal_ubs@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 216) Deepak Chawla Deepak Chawla Deepak Chawla Deepak Chawla Deepak Chawla # L398, Model Town, Panipat-132103 (Haryana) Phone 91-1742-652169, Email Deepakl_Chawla@Indiatimes.Com (SIS Membership No. 36) Neeti Chopra Neeti Chopra Neeti Chopra Neeti Chopra Neeti Chopra,MBA, 555, Sector-8B, Chandigarh-160008 (SIS Membership No. 37) Alfred Collins Alfred Collins Alfred Collins Alfred Collins Alfred Collins, Ph.D. Consultant Clinical Psychologist 615 East, 82nd Ave, Suite 102, Anchorage, AK - 99518 (USA) Tel. : (907)-344-3338(W), Telefax:346-4084 (H) E-Mail : acollins@alaska.net (LM 95)(SIS Membership No. 38) Carina Coulacoglou Carina Coulacoglou Carina Coulacoglou Carina Coulacoglou Carina Coulacoglou, Ph.D. Psychologist, University of La Verne, 40E, Esperou Str. Kifissia, Athens 14561 Greece (M99) Telefax : (301) 6252269 E-mail : carina@fairytaletest.com Email:carinacoul@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 31) Paid for 2007 Silvia Daini Silvia Daini Silvia Daini Silvia Daini Silvia Daini Instituto di Psichiatria e Psicologia, Universit Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome ( Italy) Mobile: 0039 339 3798428, Tel/fax (0)6 3054850, Email: daini@katamail.com (LM 2006)(SIS Membership No. 209) Samridhi Dalal Samridhi Dalal Samridhi Dalal Samridhi Dalal Samridhi Dalal E2 Sector 14, Chandigarh-160014 Tel. 0172-2542110, E-mail : samridhi_dalal@rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 217) Sanjukta Das Sanjukta Das Sanjukta Das Sanjukta Das Sanjukta Das, M.Phil. (Cl.Psy.) Flat No.2, 1st Floor, P-32, Moti Gheel Ave, Calcutta-700074(LM01) Tel:91-33-23508386(H) (SIS Membership No. 39) Manisha DasGupta Manisha DasGupta Manisha DasGupta Manisha DasGupta Manisha DasGupta D 4/202,Peerless Nagar, Panihati, Distt: 24 Pargana (N), Kolkata-700114 (LM 2004) Email: manisha_peu@rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 218) Sonali De Sonali De Sonali De Sonali De Sonali De, Ph.D. B-1015, Karuna Moyee Housing Estate, Salt Lake, Calcutta - 700091 (India) Tel. : 91-33-23590561 (H) (LM 2000) E-Mail : sonali.de@cucc.ernet.in (SIS Membership No. 40) Karl DeSousa Karl DeSousa Karl DeSousa Karl DeSousa Karl DeSousa, M.A. 635 Atafondem Pular Moira, Bardez , Goa-403514 (India) Tel : 91-832- 2470319 E mail:˚himnkarl@gmail.com (SIS Life Member No.272) Gurbir Singh Dhaliwal, Gurbir Singh Dhaliwal, Gurbir Singh Dhaliwal, Gurbir Singh Dhaliwal, Gurbir Singh Dhaliwal, 2535, Hargovind Nagar, Bhatinda-151001, Tel. 0164-2215927 (SIS LM No. 219) Vikramjeet Singh Dhillon Vikramjeet Singh Dhillon Vikramjeet Singh Dhillon Vikramjeet Singh Dhillon Vikramjeet Singh Dhillon 131 Sector 18-A, Chandigarh -160018 Tel. 91-172-2724284, 9872486677 (SIS LM No. 220) Sanmeet Dhillon Sanmeet Dhillon Sanmeet Dhillon Sanmeet Dhillon Sanmeet Dhillon 84R,Model Town, Jalandhar-144003 Tel: 91-181-2272871(H) Cell: 9814133743 (LM04) (SIS Membership No. 41) Gyanender Dhillon Gyanender Dhillon Gyanender Dhillon Gyanender Dhillon Gyanender Dhillon,MBA 17, Phase-VI, Mohali Tel.: 0172-2268430 (LM 2003) E-mail : gyaninderdhillon@hotmial.com (SIS Membership No. 42) Mrs. Pratibha Dhondia Mrs. Pratibha Dhondia Mrs. Pratibha Dhondia Mrs. Pratibha Dhondia Mrs. Pratibha Dhondia, M.A. 1138, Sector 43-B, Chandigarh - 160 034. Tel. : 91-172-2664562 (H) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 43) Dipti Dipti Dipti Dipti Dipti 78, Sector-2, Industrial Area, Kurukshetra Tel.: 91-129-25442877, (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 44) Dipti Dhingra Dipti Dhingra Dipti Dhingra Dipti Dhingra Dipti Dhingra # 1069, Sector 44-B, Chandigarh E-mail: deeptidhingra@hotmail.com (LM2003), (SIS Membership No. 45) Anand Dubey Anand Dubey Anand Dubey Anand Dubey Anand Dubey, B.E., MBA Editor, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 (USA) Cell: (907) 223-1088, E-Mail: adubey@hotmail.com (F 97) (SIS Membership No. 47) Asheem Dubey Asheem Dubey Asheem Dubey Asheem Dubey Asheem Dubey, M.B.A. Sentinel Real Estate Corp. 1251 Avenue of Americas, 36th Floor, New York, NY 10020 E-Mail :asheem.dubey@gmail.com Email: dubey@sentinelcorp.com Mob: 917-446-2452, 212-408-5060(O) (F 97) (SIS Membership No. 48) Bankey L. Dubey Bankey L. Dubey Bankey L. Dubey Bankey L. Dubey Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D. Director SIS Center India, President Somatic Inkblot Society, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, Alaska - 99517 (F 92) Cell:9417036655(India) E-Mail: sisdubey@rediffmail.com Email:bldubey@gmail.com (SIS Founder Member No.2) Membership Directory 75

S.N.Dubey S.N.Dubey S.N.Dubey S.N.Dubey S.N.Dubey,Ph.D. New Colony, Bachhra Road, Faizabad-224001 (LM 03) Tel:91-5278-2241070(H) 2232305(W) (SIS Membership No. 49) Mr.Ankur Dutta Mr.Ankur Dutta Mr.Ankur Dutta Mr.Ankur Dutta Mr.Ankur Dutta 18, East Lane, Sunderpur, RGB Road, Guwahati-781005 (India) Tel: 91-361-2202515 (LM 2001) (SIS Membership No. 50) Rajan Dutta Rajan Dutta Rajan Dutta Rajan Dutta Rajan Dutta, M.P.M.I.R. President HR, Lupin Ltd., Luxmi Towers, B Wing, 4th Floor, Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai-400051 Tel: 91-22-66402222 E-mail: rajandutta@lupinpharma.com (SIS Membership No. 51) Mrs. Padma Dwivedi Mrs. Padma Dwivedi Mrs. Padma Dwivedi Mrs. Padma Dwivedi Mrs. Padma Dwivedi, M.A. 1671 PUSHPAC Complex, Chandigarh-160047 E-mail : sisdubey@rediffmail.com (FM 92)(SIS Founder Member No.3) M. Irfan Farooqi M. Irfan Farooqi M. Irfan Farooqi M. Irfan Farooqi M. Irfan Farooqi, Ph.D. Street Maqbarian, 1/5, sarahandi Gate, Malerkotla-148023(LM01)Tel:91-1675-2252694(H) (SIS Membership No. 52) Roberto Ferro Roberto Ferro Roberto Ferro Roberto Ferro Roberto Ferro, Ph.D. Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Via Bernardino Bellincione -14, 20134 MILANO (ITALY),(M 95) Tel: 39-2-2154874(H) E-Mail : csguazzin@fsm.it (SIS Membership No. 53) Megha Gagneja Megha Gagneja Megha Gagneja Megha Gagneja Megha Gagneja 270, Sector 32-A, Chandigarh 160030 Mob. 9814174233 ,E-mail : m_gagneja@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 221) Bhawna Gandhi Bhawna Gandhi Bhawna Gandhi Bhawna Gandhi Bhawna Gandhi Quality House,Vikas Nagar, Shimla-171009 (India) (LM 2004) Tel: 91-177-2620512 Cell: 9418011151 (SIS Membership No. 54) K. L. Garg K. L. Garg K. L. Garg K. L. Garg K. L. Garg, MD Consultant Neuro-Psychiatrist, SCO-6, 1st Floor, Sector 17-E, Chandigarh - 160 017 (India) Tel.:91-172-2702281(W) 2564800(H) (LM95) (SIS Membership No. 55) Divya Ghai Divya Ghai Divya Ghai Divya Ghai Divya Ghai, MBA 1162 Sector 21-B, Chandigarh-160022 Tel.: 91-172-2703266, Email: divyaghai@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 56) Tulika Ghosh Tulika Ghosh Tulika Ghosh Tulika Ghosh Tulika Ghosh, MA C/o Shri Subhash Chandra Ghosh 7th Lane, Kantatoli Colony Netaji Nagar, Ranchi — 834001 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9905757898 E-Mail: tulikaghosh_rinpas@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 305) Ankush Girdhar Ankush Girdhar Ankush Girdhar Ankush Girdhar Ankush Girdhar 75 Bhagat Singh Colony, Makhu Road, Ferozepr City-152002 Tel. 01632-222539 Mob. 9855435539 E-mail : ankushgirdhar_ubs@yahoo.co.in (SIS LM No. 222) Sonali Giri Sonali Giri Sonali Giri Sonali Giri Sonali Giri 538 KA/187/1A, Tulsipuram Triveni Nagar-3, Lucknow-226020 Tel. 2757149 E-mail : sona_smarti@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 223) Shilpa Goyal Shilpa Goyal Shilpa Goyal Shilpa Goyal Shilpa Goyal 94 A, Tagore Nagar, Civil Lines, Ludhiana-141001 (India) Tel: 91-161-2471710 (LM 2004)(SIS Membership No. 59) Philip Greenway Philip Greenway Philip Greenway Philip Greenway Philip Greenway, Ph.D. Faculty of Education, Monash University, Clayton Campus,Clayton, Victoria-3168 Australia. Tel : 99052842(W),94585052(H) (M-2001) E-Mail: philip.greenway@education.monash.edu.au (SIS Life Membership 60) Aditya Nath Gupta Aditya Nath Gupta Aditya Nath Gupta Aditya Nath Gupta Aditya Nath Gupta 101, SFS Flats, Gulmohar Enclave, New Delhi-110049 Tel.9872749369, 011-26851463 Email id: adionthenet@yahoo.com (SIS LM No. 224) Ravikant Gunthey Ravikant Gunthey Ravikant Gunthey Ravikant Gunthey Ravikant Gunthey, Ph.D. A-111, Shastri Nagar, Jodhpur-342003 (India) (F 96) Tel.: 91-291-2433943(H) 2747277(W) Mob.: 9414127931 E-mail: guntheyravi@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 61) Abhishek Gupta Abhishek Gupta Abhishek Gupta Abhishek Gupta Abhishek Gupta Subhash Cottage, 670, Sector 6, Panchkula - 134 109. (LM2001) Tel: 91-172-2773834, Email:abhishek_gupta@spiceindia.com E-Mail: abhishekgupta@engineer.com (SIS Membership No. 62) Hemant Gupta Hemant Gupta Hemant Gupta Hemant Gupta Hemant Gupta House No. 275, Sector 16, Panchkula-134113 Ph.:0172-2572101 Email: hemant_gupt@yahoo.com Email: hemant.gupta@ionsoftnet.com (SIS Membership No. 63) Nitin Gupta Nitin Gupta Nitin Gupta Nitin Gupta Nitin Gupta Gupta Cloth House, Near Arya Samaj Mandir, Main Bazar, Dina Nagar, Distt Gurdaspur-143531 Mob. 9814506329 E-mail : ernitingupta@rediffmail.com (SIS LM No. 225) Nehra Gupta Nehra Gupta Nehra Gupta Nehra Gupta Nehra Gupta 529/5-4, Shastri Nagar, Mandigobindgarh (Pb.) Tel.01765-266268 E-mail : guptanehra16@hotmail.com (SIS LM No. 226) Priyanka Gupta Priyanka Gupta Priyanka Gupta Priyanka Gupta Priyanka Gupta A-2,Doctor s Enclv,Gangawal Park, Jaipur (LM01) (SIS Membership No. 64) 76 Membership Directory

Piyush Gupta Piyush Gupta Piyush Gupta Piyush Gupta Piyush Gupta 3349, Sector 21-D, Chandigarh Tel. 9872222623, (SIS LM No. 227) Ms.Rama Gupta Ms.Rama Gupta Ms.Rama Gupta Ms.Rama Gupta Ms.Rama Gupta, M.B.A. 553, Dhanas, Chandigarh Tel:91-172-2696993 (SIS Membership No. 65) Sapna Gupta Sapna Gupta Sapna Gupta Sapna Gupta Sapna Gupta Vidyarthi Prakashan, P.B.No.161, Bhagat Singh Marg, Saharanpur-247001 (LM2001) Tel : 91-132-2726298 (SIS Membership No. 66) S.C. Gupta S.C. Gupta S.C. Gupta S.C. Gupta S.C. Gupta, Ph.D. 1/5, Balda Road Colony, Nishat Ganj, Lucknow-226007 F 1996) Tel.: 91-522-2780891 E-Mail: sureshcguptaskg@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 67) Miss. Sarita Gupta Miss. Sarita Gupta Miss. Sarita Gupta Miss. Sarita Gupta Miss. Sarita Gupta, M.A. D-54/18, Aurangabad, Varanasi-221001 Tel.: 91-542-2421488 (LM 96) (SIS Membership No. 68) Rajat Gupta Rajat Gupta Rajat Gupta Rajat Gupta Rajat Gupta J-143 Sakel, New Delhi-11017 Tel. 91-11-26855973, 9888138382 (SIS LM No. 228) Shivani Gupta Shivani Gupta Shivani Gupta Shivani Gupta Shivani Gupta Flat No.11, Young Dwellers Society, Sector 49, Chandigarh-160047 Email : shivanigupta_78@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 69) Vishal Gupta Vishal Gupta Vishal Gupta Vishal Gupta Vishal Gupta 1297, Sector 15, Panchkula 134113 Phone 91-172-2593999(H) Email mbavishal78@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 70) Ms. Susmita Haldar Ms. Susmita Haldar Ms. Susmita Haldar Ms. Susmita Haldar Ms. Susmita Haldar, MA F-1/4 Indra Lake Estate Paikpara, Kolkata — 700002 Ph.: 91-033-25575910 (SIS Membership No. 235) Mohd. Saif Ul Haq Mohd. Saif Ul Haq Mohd. Saif Ul Haq Mohd. Saif Ul Haq Mohd. Saif Ul Haq D1165 Indra Nagar, Lucknow-226016 (India) Tel: 91-0527-2353896 (LM 2004) Cell:9780467095 Email: m_saif_h@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 71) Smita Hemrom Smita Hemrom Smita Hemrom Smita Hemrom Smita Hemrom, MA C/o R. Hemrom At - Dela Toli, Tiril, Kokar Bariatu, Ranchi-834009 Cell — 91-9431576989 (SIS Membership No.251) Ishani Ishani Ishani Ishani Ishani Police Flat no.3,Sec 17, Chandigarh-160017 Tel:91-172-2728706 (SIS LM No. 229) Sudarshan Kumar Jagga Sudarshan Kumar Jagga Sudarshan Kumar Jagga Sudarshan Kumar Jagga Sudarshan Kumar Jagga 531/3, Shaheed Udham Singh Nagar, Malout, Distt: Muktsar (Punjab) Tel: 91-1637-264411(H), Cell: 9815964429 (LM 2005) (SIS Membership No. 72) Masroor Jahan Masroor Jahan Masroor Jahan Masroor Jahan Masroor Jahan, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Clin. Psychology RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 Mob: 91-9835165223 E_Mail: masroorjahan@yahoo.com (LM and SIS FM No. 237) Ruchi Jain Ruchi Jain Ruchi Jain Ruchi Jain Ruchi Jain, Ph.D. c/o Vidya Books Agency, Bhagwan Mahavir Marg Baraut (Bagpat- 250611(India) LM 2004 (SIS Membership No. 73) Shilpa jain Shilpa jain Shilpa jain Shilpa jain Shilpa jain, Ph.D. B-50, Vinoba Kunj, Plot No.9, Sector-9, Rohini New Delhi-110085 Tel: 91-11-30914703, 91-11-27569635 Email: shilpajain77@yahoo.co.in (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 261) Sonal Jain Sonal Jain Sonal Jain Sonal Jain Sonal Jain AE15, Tons Colony, Dak Pat har, Dehradoon (India) (LM 2004) Tel: 91-1360-222128, Email: jnsonal@yahoo.cpm (SIS Membership No. 74) Mrs. Vandana Tara Janveja Mrs. Vandana Tara Janveja Mrs. Vandana Tara Janveja Mrs. Vandana Tara Janveja Mrs. Vandana Tara Janveja A-23, Nizamuddin East, New Delhi- 110013 Mob:91-9810753858, 91-11-24352533 Email: tara.artprinters@sify.com (LM 2006) (SIS LM No. 230) Anuradha Jatana Anuradha Jatana Anuradha Jatana Anuradha Jatana Anuradha Jatana, M.A. 118, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109 (Haryana) (LM 2000) Tel. : 91-172-2567187,Cell:9815067187 E-Mail : ritzu999@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 75) Mukesh K. Jha Mukesh K. Jha Mukesh K. Jha Mukesh K. Jha Mukesh K. Jha, M.A. Dept. of Yoga Psychology, Bihar Yoga Bharati, Ganga Darshan, Munger - 811201, Bihar (India) Tel. : 91-6344-2222430 (W) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 76) M. R. Jhanwar M. R. Jhanwar M. R. Jhanwar M. R. Jhanwar M. R. Jhanwar, DPM Deva Institute of Mental Health,B-27/70, Barhal Kothi,Durga Kund, Varanasi - 221 005. (India) (LM 94) Tel. : 91-542-22310670 (W) (SIS Membership No. 77) Lt. Col. T. Rajan John Lt. Col. T. Rajan John Lt. Col. T. Rajan John Lt. Col. T. Rajan John Lt. Col. T. Rajan John, MD. Dept. of Psychiatry, Command Hospital (WC), Chandi Mandir Cantt -134 107 Tel: 91-172-2866574 (W) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 78) Membership Directory 77

Marina Joseph Marina Joseph Marina Joseph Marina Joseph Marina Joseph, M.A. Francis House, Mission Quarters, Urakkam P.O., TRICHUR (Kerala) (LM 2004) Email: jmerina@hotmail.com (LM 2004) Tel: (0487) 2343944. Cell: 971 506964376. (SIS Membership No. 79) Hardeep Lal Joshi Hardeep Lal Joshi Hardeep Lal Joshi Hardeep Lal Joshi Hardeep Lal Joshi, Ph.D. Lecturer, D-187, Model Town Extension, Hisar-125005 (Haryana) Tel:91-1662-221187(H) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 80) Mr.Kabir Julka Mr.Kabir Julka Mr.Kabir Julka Mr.Kabir Julka Mr.Kabir Julka Julka Cottage,Tank Road, Solan-173212(HP) Tel: 91-1792-2222048, 2222809 E-Mail: kabirjulka@hotmail.com (LM 2001) (SIS Membership No. 81) Abhisekh Kalra Abhisekh Kalra Abhisekh Kalra Abhisekh Kalra Abhisekh Kalra WZ 410, C/8, Hari nagar, Clock Tower, New delhi-110064, Tel: 91-11-25496652 Cell:91-9833633899 Email : abhishekkalra2003@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 262) Mrs. R. Kamala Mrs. R. Kamala Mrs. R. Kamala Mrs. R. Kamala Mrs. R. Kamala 15 Amool Colony, Amool Dairy Road, Anand-388001 (Gujrat) (LM 2002) (SIS Membership No. 82) Amrita Kanchan Amrita Kanchan Amrita Kanchan Amrita Kanchan Amrita Kanchan, MA 1/155 Nawabganj, Kanpur -208002 (U.P.) Mob: 91-9234610083 E-mail:Amrita.kanchan@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 253) Payal Kapoor Payal Kapoor Payal Kapoor Payal Kapoor Payal Kapoor 96, Jillians Blvd, Snrith Rs Parsipang, NJ 07054 Tel. 973-887-6317 (SIS Membership No. 263) Mrs. Peony Kapoor Mrs. Peony Kapoor Mrs. Peony Kapoor Mrs. Peony Kapoor Mrs. Peony Kapoor Consultant Psychologist, 2070, Frontier Drive, Oak Ville, Ontario, L6M 3V5 Email: nkapoor@cogeco.ca Tel: 001-905-469-4065(H) Cell:001-416-804-4065 (SIS Membership No. 83) Maj. Sanjay Kaul Maj. Sanjay Kaul Maj. Sanjay Kaul Maj. Sanjay Kaul Maj. Sanjay Kaul 477 Sector 7, Panchkula (India) Tel. : 91-172-2561960 (H) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 84) Deepak Kaushic Deepak Kaushic Deepak Kaushic Deepak Kaushic Deepak Kaushic 41, Pocket11, Sector 5, Rohini, New Delhi 110085 Tel. 011-55196524 E-mail : kaushikdeepak@hotmail.com (SIS LM No. 231) Preet Kanwal Preet Kanwal Preet Kanwal Preet Kanwal Preet Kanwal, MBA, # 6, Village & P.O.Sansarpur, Jalandhar -144024 (LM03) Tel:91-181-2265627 (SIS Membership No. 85) Bhupesh Kasyap Bhupesh Kasyap Bhupesh Kasyap Bhupesh Kasyap Bhupesh Kasyap SDA Residential Complex, Block 62, Set No. 943, New Shimla-171009 Phone : 91-177-2270155 Email Bhupesh_Kashyap@Yahoo.Com (SIS Membership No. 86) Ms. Harpreet Kaur Ms. Harpreet Kaur Ms. Harpreet Kaur Ms. Harpreet Kaur Ms. Harpreet Kaur, Ph.D. 11, Greenview Colony, Rajbaha Road, Patiala 147002 (Punjab) Email:harprit.kaur@yahoo.com, Mob: 09815501369, (LM 98) (SIS Membership No. 87) Jasleen Kaur Jasleen Kaur Jasleen Kaur Jasleen Kaur Jasleen Kaur WZ 197, Gali No. 3, Virender Nagar, New Delhi-110058 (India) (LM 2004) Tel: 91-11-25505284 Email: jasleenseera@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 88) Rajinder P. Kaur Rajinder P. Kaur Rajinder P. Kaur Rajinder P. Kaur Rajinder P. Kaur, Ph.D. 364,Sector -38A, Chandigarh-160037 (LM 98) (SIS Membership No. 89) Ravneet Kaur Ravneet Kaur Ravneet Kaur Ravneet Kaur Ravneet Kaur, MBA # 5466, Sector 38 West, Chandigarh-160014 (LM 03) (SIS Membership No. 90) Rupinder Kaur Rupinder Kaur Rupinder Kaur Rupinder Kaur Rupinder Kaur, MBA, 7, K.M.Colony, Bhiwani-127221 Tel:91-1664-2246434(LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 91) Kunal Kaushesh Kunal Kaushesh Kunal Kaushesh Kunal Kaushesh Kunal Kaushesh House No.401, GH 22, Manasa Devi Complex, Panchkula, (SIS Membership No. 264) Nawab Akhtar Khan Nawab Akhtar Khan Nawab Akhtar Khan Nawab Akhtar Khan Nawab Akhtar Khan, M.Phil. C/o A. H. Khan, Patratoli, P.O.: RVC Kanke, Ranchi-834007 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9234892942 (SIS Membership No. 249) Anatoly Khromov Anatoly Khromov Anatoly Khromov Anatoly Khromov Anatoly Khromov N6, Micr, VI apt. 163, Kurgan,Russia - 640023 Tel. : 007-352-2-485740 (H) E-Mail : anatolykh@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 93) Mrs. Rohini Khullar Mrs. Rohini Khullar Mrs. Rohini Khullar Mrs. Rohini Khullar Mrs. Rohini Khullar E-Mail: rohinik3@vsnl.com LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 94) Mrs. Manisha Kiran Mrs. Manisha Kiran Mrs. Manisha Kiran Mrs. Manisha Kiran Mrs. Manisha Kiran Assistant Professor of P.S.W. RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 Mob.: 91-9431176281 E-mail: manishakiran0101@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 241) Shalu John Koikara Shalu John Koikara Shalu John Koikara Shalu John Koikara Shalu John Koikara, S.H.L.D.(Psy), M.D., Clinical Psychologist, Dept of Mental Health Care, OAC Clinic and Guidance Center for Children, Holy Family Hospital, Muthalakodam P.O.,Thodupazha-685605(Kerala) Email: shakj2001@yahoo.com, Tel: 91-4862-227870, (LM2005) (SIS Membership No. 95) 78 Membership Directory

Amit Kumar Amit Kumar Amit Kumar Amit Kumar Amit Kumar, MA S/o Sri Arun Kumar Singh At/PO: Sukurhutoo, Via-Kanke Dist: Ranchi — 834006 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9835528311 (SIS Membership No. 308) Deepak Kumar Deepak Kumar Deepak Kumar Deepak Kumar Deepak Kumar, Ph.D. 36 Arvind Puram-A,Sikandara, Agra (UP) (LM2004) Cell: 91-9414893206, Email: deepak.hypnotism@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 97) Ganesh Kumar Ganesh Kumar Ganesh Kumar Ganesh Kumar Ganesh Kumar F31 Raag Complex, Subhan Pura, Baroda-390023 Tel. 91-265-2281678 (SIS Membership No. 265) Hridesh Kumar Hridesh Kumar Hridesh Kumar Hridesh Kumar Hridesh Kumar Ashirvad Building, Sunny Side,Solan-173212 (HP) Tel: 91-1792-2220233(H) (LM 2001) (SIS Membership No. 98) Rakesh Kumar Rakesh Kumar Rakesh Kumar Rakesh Kumar Rakesh Kumar, Ph.D. Sr. Cl. Psychologist, Institute of Mental Health & Hospital, Agra-282002(India) (LM 98) Tel. : 91-562-3091053(H) Cell: 91-9358311083 Email: mindpowerlab@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 99) Ranjan Kumar Ranjan Kumar Ranjan Kumar Ranjan Kumar Ranjan Kumar, MA S/o Er. R. P. Gupta, Smiriti Pravesh Kunj New Area, 2nd Lane, Hazaribagh - 825301 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9835212873 E-mail: ranjan_counsellor@yahoo.com ranjan_counsellor@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 303) Ranjeet Kumar Ranjeet Kumar Ranjeet Kumar Ranjeet Kumar Ranjeet Kumar, M.M & S.P, Asso.. Prof. of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 (LM 2003) E-mail: ran_psy@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 100) Vijay Kumar Vijay Kumar Vijay Kumar Vijay Kumar Vijay Kumar Flat No. 306, G.H. 27, Sector 5, MDC, Panchkula Ph.: 91-172-2557021 E-mail vijay_306@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 101) Anjali Kumari Anjali Kumari Anjali Kumari Anjali Kumari Anjali Kumari, M.Phil. C/o Dr. Jay Lal Mahto Near Holiday Home Kanke Road Ranchi — 834008 (Jharkhand) (SIS Membership No. 243) Anju Kumari Anju Kumari Anju Kumari Anju Kumari Anju Kumari, M.A C/o Omkar Nath Upper Cuitia, Beni Gali Ranchi — 834001 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9334317911, 91-9431591030 (SIS Membership No. 255) Dolly Kumari Dolly Kumari Dolly Kumari Dolly Kumari Dolly Kumari, MA. C/o A. Sharma Hesag, Near Donbaco School Hatia, Ranchi — 834003 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9931315272 (SIS Membership No. 256) Dr. A. S. Kundu Dr. A. S. Kundu Dr. A. S. Kundu Dr. A. S. Kundu Dr. A. S. Kundu Dy. Director General & Chief Social & Behavioral Research, ICMR, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi - 110 029 Tel. : 91-11-22653980 (W) (F 94) E-mail: azadskundu@hotmail.com (SIS Founder Mem.No. 4) Ravinder K. Labana Ravinder K. Labana Ravinder K. Labana Ravinder K. Labana Ravinder K. Labana, M.B.A. 335, Sector-44A, Chandigarh-160044 Tel:91-172-2665309 (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 102) Ramjee Lal Ramjee Lal Ramjee Lal Ramjee Lal Ramjee Lal, Ph.D. Dept. of Applied Psychology, Purvanchal University, Jaunpur (U.P.) E-mail : drramjeelal@rediffmail.com Mobile: 91-9415207100 (LM 2003) (SIS Membership No. 103) Manisha Lamba Manisha Lamba Manisha Lamba Manisha Lamba Manisha Lamba 620 Sector 49-A, Chandigarh-160047 Mob. 9872634876 E-mail : manishalamba@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 266) Anu Singh Lather Anu Singh Lather Anu Singh Lather Anu Singh Lather Anu Singh Lather, Ph.D. Professor, University School of Mgt.Studies, G.G.S Indraprastha University, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-110006 Tel: 91-11-23866082, 91-9871433504 Email: anusinghlather@yahoo.com (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 267) Prithpal Kaur Lohat Prithpal Kaur Lohat Prithpal Kaur Lohat Prithpal Kaur Lohat Prithpal Kaur Lohat V&P.O.-Thandia, Distt Nawanshahar (India) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 104) Jagdip Singh Lotay Jagdip Singh Lotay Jagdip Singh Lotay Jagdip Singh Lotay Jagdip Singh Lotay 315, Field regiment, C/O 56APO(India)(LM99) (SIS Membership No. 105) Geeta Rani Magoo Geeta Rani Magoo Geeta Rani Magoo Geeta Rani Magoo Geeta Rani Magoo, Ph.D. 1/69,Alice Road, Mount Wavereley, 3149 Melbourne, Victoria(Australia) Email:geetamagoo@yahoo.com, Mobile:91-9812147284 (SIS LM No. 301) LM 2007 Jyoti Mahajan Jyoti Mahajan Jyoti Mahajan Jyoti Mahajan Jyoti Mahajan 130, Phase XI, Mohali.Tel: 91-172-2231231, E-Mail:jyotimahajan_80@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 106) Karan Mahajan Karan Mahajan Karan Mahajan Karan Mahajan Karan Mahajan 1048, Sector 27 B, Chandigarh-160019 (India) Tel: 91-9815300454(LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 107) Membership Directory 79

Mrinalini Mahajan Mrinalini Mahajan Mrinalini Mahajan Mrinalini Mahajan Mrinalini Mahajan 1 Batala Rd, Vijay Nagar, Mahajan Villla, AMRITSAR-143001, Tel. 0183-2271006 E-mail : munmun_82@radiffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 268) Vineet Mahajan Vineet Mahajan Vineet Mahajan Vineet Mahajan Vineet Mahajan House No. 874/1, Sector 41-A, Chandigarh-160036 Tel: 91-172-2627620, 9815149887 (SIS Membership No.269) Jashobanta Mahapatra Jashobanta Mahapatra Jashobanta Mahapatra Jashobanta Mahapatra Jashobanta Mahapatra Clinical Psychologist, Dept of Psychiatry, VSS Medical College, Burla-768017 (Sambalpur) Orissa (India) LM 2004 Cell: 91-9437256903, Tel: 91-663-2430494(H) Email:hypnoagra@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 108) Mr. Akash Kumar Mahto Mr. Akash Kumar Mahto Mr. Akash Kumar Mahto Mr. Akash Kumar Mahto Mr. Akash Kumar Mahto, M.Phil. C/o Mr. Gajadhar Mahto At-Kapuria, PO- Bhelatand Dist: Dhanbad — 828103 (Jharkhand) Mob: 91-9431314809 (SIS Membership No. 236) Neha Majumdar Neha Majumdar Neha Majumdar Neha Majumdar Neha Majumdar SN 15/149, Gautam Budha Marg, Sarnath, Varanasi-221007 Ph.: 91-542-2591366 (LM 03) (SIS Membership No. 109) Puneet Makkar Puneet Makkar Puneet Makkar Puneet Makkar Puneet Makkar 59, Nyaspuri, Karnal, (India) (LM 2001) Tel : 91-184-250888 (SIS Membership No. 110) Ankit Markan Ankit Markan Ankit Markan Ankit Markan Ankit Markan E1-8, Sector-14, Panjab Univ campus, Chandigarh-160014 (LM01) Tel:91-172-2778236 (SIS Membership No. 111) Ms.Mamta Malhotra Ms.Mamta Malhotra Ms.Mamta Malhotra Ms.Mamta Malhotra Ms.Mamta Malhotra 908, Gowshalla road, Harbans Pura, Ludhiana-141004 Tel: 91-161-2702085(H) (LM01) (SIS Membership No. 112) Seema Malhotra Seema Malhotra Seema Malhotra Seema Malhotra Seema Malhotra, Ph.D. Asst. Prof. in Clinical Psychology, NIMHANS, Bangalore-560029 (India) (LM 95) E-mail: seema@nimhans.kar.nic.in (SIS Membership No. 113) Simran Malhotra Simran Malhotra Simran Malhotra Simran Malhotra Simran Malhotra 2228 Sector 21 C, Chandigarh 160022 Tel. 0172-2700939 (SIS Membership No. 270) LM 2005 Subhanish Malhotra Subhanish Malhotra Subhanish Malhotra Subhanish Malhotra Subhanish Malhotra, MBA 281/7A, Dunger Mohalla, Vishwas Nagar, Shahdara, Delhi-110032 Email: subhanish@yahoo.com Tel: 91-9811847404 (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 271) L. Sam S. Manickam L. Sam S. Manickam L. Sam S. Manickam L. Sam S. Manickam L. Sam S. Manickam, Ph.D. Professor in Clinical Psychology Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College & Hospital, Ramanuja Road, Mysore 570004, India Email:lssmanickam@gmail.com 91-9448673648 (SIS LM 114) Namita Mehtani Namita Mehtani Namita Mehtani Namita Mehtani Namita Mehtani 404, Skati Apts, Sector-14, Panchkula-134109 (India) Tel: 91-172-2579012 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 115) Vivek Mehndiratta Vivek Mehndiratta Vivek Mehndiratta Vivek Mehndiratta Vivek Mehndiratta 5764-A, Sector-38West, Chandigarh-160014 Tel: 91-172-2694989 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 116) Navjot Singh Miglani Navjot Singh Miglani Navjot Singh Miglani Navjot Singh Miglani Navjot Singh Miglani 462A Guru Teg Bhadur Nagar Jalandhar City Ph.: 91-181-3111038 E-mail : shelly2109@hotmail.com (LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 117) Lisa Milne Lisa Milne Lisa Milne Lisa Milne Lisa Milne, Ph.D. 266, Middleborough Road, Blackburn South, Victoria-3130(Australia) (LM-2001) Email:lcmilne@netspace.net.au (SIS Membership No. 118) Abhisekh Mishra Abhisekh Mishra Abhisekh Mishra Abhisekh Mishra Abhisekh Mishra 60, Sector 7A, Chandigarh — 160007 Tel:91-172-2794945,2794810 Email id: abhishek_misra@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 273) Deepak Kumar Mishra Deepak Kumar Mishra Deepak Kumar Mishra Deepak Kumar Mishra Deepak Kumar Mishra C/o Shri Ramnath Mishra W.N./H.N.-13/299, Ramgulam Tola Eastern Shastri Nagar, Dist: Deoria — 274001 (U.P.) Mob: 91-9905586321 E-mail: deepak2821@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 302) Mridula Mishra Mridula Mishra Mridula Mishra Mridula Mishra Mridula Mishra, Ph.D. Reader , Dept. of Psychology, St.Xavier College, Mapusa, Goa (India) Email:sismishra@rediffmail.com (FM and SIS Founder Membership No. 5) Mrs. Nalini Mishra Mrs. Nalini Mishra Mrs. Nalini Mishra Mrs. Nalini Mishra Mrs. Nalini Mishra, Ph.D. House No. 196, Saket Nagar, Naria, Varanasi-220005 (India) Tel:91-172-2312703 (H) Email: sisnalini@rediffmail.com (FM) (SIS Founder Membership No. 6) Mrs. Nishi Misra Mrs. Nishi Misra Mrs. Nishi Misra Mrs. Nishi Misra Mrs. Nishi Misra, M.Phil. Scientist D 201, Nag Chaudhuri Hostel, DRDO Residential Complex, Lucknow Raod,Timarpur, Delhi-110054 (India) Tel.: 91-11-23955058(H) Cell.: 9811128239 E-mail.: nishi201in@yahoo.com (LM 1995) (SIS Membership No. 119) 80 Membership Directory

Praveen Mishra Praveen Mishra Praveen Mishra Praveen Mishra Praveen Mishra, M.B.A. Asst Manager, Bharti Tele-Ventures Ltd. Infotel Office, 224 Okhla Industrial Area, Phase III, New Delhi - 110020 Tel:91 11 5161 4400, 91 11 5132 9596 (H) Cell :˚+91 98181 99487E Mail: pravmis@gmail.com, Pravmis@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 120) P. K. Mishra P. K. Mishra P. K. Mishra P. K. Mishra P. K. Mishra, Ph.D. Professor, Center for Advance Studies in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar-751004 (India) Tel.:91-674-2583286(H) 2581739 (W) (LM97) (SIS Membership No. 121) Sarita Mishra Sarita Mishra Sarita Mishra Sarita Mishra Sarita Mishra, Ph.D. 7/157,Swaroop Nagar, Kanpur-208002 (LM 2001) Tel: 91-512-2552006 (SIS membership No. 122) Sunil Mittal Sunil Mittal Sunil Mittal Sunil Mittal Sunil Mittal, M.D. Psychiatrist, Delhi Psychiatry Center, 35 Defence Enclave, Vikas Nagar, Delhi-110 092 (LM95) Tel.: 91-11-2214726(W) 222767(H) (SIS Membership No. 123) Mrs. Reetinder Mohan Mrs. Reetinder Mohan Mrs. Reetinder Mohan Mrs. Reetinder Mohan Mrs. Reetinder Mohan, Ph.D. 269, Sec. 16-A, Chandigarh - 160016 (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 124) M.Mohandas M.Mohandas M.Mohandas M.Mohandas M.Mohandas, Ph.D. AVINAASH,CHERUPARAMBATH ROAD, KADAVANTHRA P.O. KOCHI-682020 Tel: 91-484-2311011, Cell: 91-9847239916 Email: mohanmdas@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No.259) Anish Monga Anish Monga Anish Monga Anish Monga Anish Monga, MBA 428, Model Town,Phase-I, Bathinda-151001 (Punjab) Tel: 91-164-2211333,(LM 2003) Email: anishmonga@indiatimes.com (SIS Membership No. 125) Ms. Anjana Mukhopadhyay Ms. Anjana Mukhopadhyay Ms. Anjana Mukhopadhyay Ms. Anjana Mukhopadhyay Ms. Anjana Mukhopadhyay, Ph.D. Dept. of Ps., Women s College, BHU, Varanasi - 221 005 (India) Tel.: 0542-2367482, Email:anjanamukhopadhyay@yahoo.co.in (F 94) (SIS Membership No. 126) Piyali Mukherjee Piyali Mukherjee Piyali Mukherjee Piyali Mukherjee Piyali Mukherjee Research Officer, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 (SIS Membership No.244) LM 2006 Rahul Nagpal Rahul Nagpal Rahul Nagpal Rahul Nagpal Rahul Nagpal House No-668; Sector-8; Panchkula, Haryana-134109 Tel:91-9814469203 (SIS Membership No. 274) LM 2005 Subhanker Nath Subhanker Nath Subhanker Nath Subhanker Nath Subhanker Nath 173, Sector-11A, Chandigarh-160011 Tel:91-172-2746878, Cell:91 9971666330, Email: shubhankar_nath@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 275) LM 2005 Anshuman Nayak Anshuman Nayak Anshuman Nayak Anshuman Nayak Anshuman Nayak, MBA, Charigharia, P.O. Madhav Nagar, Bhadrak-756181(Orissa) Tel:91-6784-2240873 (LM03) Email:anshuman_nayak@indiatimes.com (SIS Membership No. 127) Himanshu Nayar Himanshu Nayar Himanshu Nayar Himanshu Nayar Himanshu Nayar B-107, Sector 30 Noida-201303, Tel. 0120-2452739 E-mail : nayyar_himanshu@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 276) LM 2005 Ms.Manisha Nayar Ms.Manisha Nayar Ms.Manisha Nayar Ms.Manisha Nayar Ms.Manisha Nayar 484, Sector-20A, Chandigarh-160020 Tel:91-172-2708950 (LM2001)(SIS Membership No. 128) Vivek S. Natarajan Vivek S. Natarajan Vivek S. Natarajan Vivek S. Natarajan Vivek S. Natarajan, Ph.D Assistant Professor, Department of Management and Marketing, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas-77710 Email: vivek.natarajan@lamar.edu Email: nvivekshankar@rediffmail.com Phone: 409-880-8643(W), Cell: 817-917-3727 (SIS Membership No. 277) Abhilasha Negi Abhilasha Negi Abhilasha Negi Abhilasha Negi Abhilasha Negi HIG Cottage No 11, Lower Jakhoo, Housing Board Colony, Shimla-171002 Tel. 0177-2620938 E-mail abhinegi@yahoo.com Email id: abhnegi@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 278) LM 2005 Paola Nicolini Paola Nicolini Paola Nicolini Paola Nicolini Paola Nicolini, MA Via Enrico Fermi 14, Lomagna (LC) 23871, Italy (LM 99) E-mail : pnicolini@skindeep.it Email:paola.nicolini@libero.it Telefax : 039-9220187 (W) (SIS Membership No. 130) K. N. Ojha K. N. Ojha K. N. Ojha K. N. Ojha K. N. Ojha 1/228,Vikas Nagar, Lucknow-226022 Tel: 91-522-2769375 (LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 131) Ann M. O Roark Ann M. O Roark Ann M. O Roark Ann M. O Roark Ann M. O Roark, Ph.D. 866, Amelia Coart, NE St. Petersburg, Fl 33702-2784(USA) Cell: 727-492-5731, Tel/Fax:(727) 527-9863 E-Mail: AnnMORoark@aol.com (M 98) (SIS Membership No. 132) Mr.Yash Pal Mr.Yash Pal Mr.Yash Pal Mr.Yash Pal Mr.Yash Pal Village & PO- Keharwala, Dist- Sirsa(India) Tel: 91-1698-286204, 286205, Cell: 9416167312 (SIS LM No. 133) Ravinder S.Palia Ravinder S.Palia Ravinder S.Palia Ravinder S.Palia Ravinder S.Palia 609 Bristol Road West Mississauga. ON - L5R 3J6 (Canada) Tel: 905 890 6286(H)905 399 2012( cell E-Mail : ravipalia@hotmail.com (SIS Life Membership No. 134) Membership Directory 81

Rakesh Pandey Rakesh Pandey Rakesh Pandey Rakesh Pandey Rakesh Pandey, Ph.D., Reader, Deptt. of Psychology, B.anaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005 (India) Tel.: 91-542-2318246, Cell:9415812329 E-Mail: rpan_in@yahoo.com (F 1996) (SIS Membership No. 135) Col. Vijay Pandey Col. Vijay Pandey Col. Vijay Pandey Col. Vijay Pandey Col. Vijay Pandey, MD, Classified Specialist (Psychiatry) Command Hospital, Northern Command C/o 56 APO, (M 95) (SIS Membership No. 136) Lt. Col. S. S. Panglia Lt. Col. S. S. Panglia Lt. Col. S. S. Panglia Lt. Col. S. S. Panglia Lt. Col. S. S. Panglia, MD Consultant Physician,1446, Phase-10, SAS Nagar, Mohali Distt. Ropar (India) Tel.: 91-172-2212536 (SIS Membership No. 137) Paul E. Panek Paul E. Panek Paul E. Panek Paul E. Panek Paul E. Panek, Ph.D. Associate Dean, OSU Newark Campus, 1179, Uni. Drive, Newark, Ohio-43055, USA. Tel. : (614) 366-9315 E-Mail : panek.1@osu.edu (F 98 )(SIS Membership No. 138) Suresh Parekh Suresh Parekh Suresh Parekh Suresh Parekh Suresh Parekh Prof. Deptt. of Psychology MMG Mahila College, Junagarh-362001, Gujrat (India) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 139) Fr. Babu Payikkattu Fr. Babu Payikkattu Fr. Babu Payikkattu Fr. Babu Payikkattu Fr. Babu Payikkattu, MA. Payikkattu-House, Chennalode-PO Kalpett-Via, Wayanad-Dt, Kerala-673121 Mob: 91-9905158767 E-mail: antobabuclpsy@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 307) Dr. Edward M. Petrosky Dr. Edward M. Petrosky Dr. Edward M. Petrosky Dr. Edward M. Petrosky Dr. Edward M. Petrosky 1 Station Square, Room 102 Forest Hills, NY 11375 Email:EPetrosky@iona.edu (SIS Membership No. 279) LM 2005 Marisa Porreca Marisa Porreca Marisa Porreca Marisa Porreca Marisa Porreca, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology Via Valsesia 8, 20152, Milano (Italy)(LM 99) Tel. : 024531624 (SIS Membership No. 140) Anil Prasad Anil Prasad Anil Prasad Anil Prasad Anil Prasad 1691, Sector-4, Panchkula Tel: 91-172-4638811 Email id: anilprasad19@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 280) LM 2005 Divya Prasad Divya Prasad Divya Prasad Divya Prasad Divya Prasad, M.Phil C/o Mr. Narendra Pdrasad, Nagendra Colony Near S.D.A. Mission Hospital, Bariatu, Ranchi — 834 009 Tel. : 0651-2545383, Cell : 91-9334792807 E-mail : divpra26@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 248) Sheetala Prasad Sheetala Prasad Sheetala Prasad Sheetala Prasad Sheetala Prasad, Ph.D. Lecturer in Psy., Ewing Christian College, Allahabad-211008 Mob.: 9415216779, Tel.: 91-532-2413645 (W) (F 95) (SIS Membership No. 141) Sourabh Prasad, Sourabh Prasad, Sourabh Prasad, Sourabh Prasad, Sourabh Prasad, GF-1, Flat No 41 Golmuri Flats, Jamshedpur 831003 (Jarkhand) (SIS Membership No. 281) LM 2005 Jai Prakash Jai Prakash Jai Prakash Jai Prakash Jai Prakash, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 Cell:91-9934582290, Email:drjaiprakashrinpas@rediffmail.com (LM & FM No.170) Richa Priyamvada Richa Priyamvada Richa Priyamvada Richa Priyamvada Richa Priyamvada, M.A. C/o Mr. Bipin Kumar Sinha, Q.No. 1581, Sector - 12/A, Bokaro Steel City — 827 012 (Jharkhand) Cell : 91-9835066228 E-mail : richaprivambada@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 252) Vikram S. Pujara Vikram S. Pujara Vikram S. Pujara Vikram S. Pujara Vikram S. Pujara Opposite Mohal Rest House, Distt. Kullu-175125 (H.P). Email Vickyshashni@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 142) Nandhini Rajgopalan Nandhini Rajgopalan Nandhini Rajgopalan Nandhini Rajgopalan Nandhini Rajgopalan ASWINI , No. 10, 6th street, Karumari Amman Nagar, Vijay Nagar, Velachery, Chennai-600042 E-mail : nandhini15@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 282) LM 2005 Ramachandra Srinivasaiah Ramachandra Srinivasaiah Ramachandra Srinivasaiah Ramachandra Srinivasaiah Ramachandra Srinivasaiah, Ph.D. 292, 2nd Main, 3rd Phase, J.P. Nagar, Bangalore-560 078 Tel. : 91-80-26584267 E-Mail: ramayess@yahoo.com (LM94)(SIS Membership No. 143) Dalbir Kaur Randhawa Dalbir Kaur Randhawa Dalbir Kaur Randhawa Dalbir Kaur Randhawa Dalbir Kaur Randhawa, DM&SP, 3214 Firhill Dr., Abbotsford, BC, V2T 5L4 (Canada) Tel.: 604-504-3562 (H) (L.M.97) E-mail : rdalbir@hotmail.com E-mail gdrandhawa@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 144) Bhavana Ranjan Bhavana Ranjan Bhavana Ranjan Bhavana Ranjan Bhavana Ranjan House No. 1415 Sector 39-B, Chandigarh-160036 Tel:91-172-2699208 (SIS Membership No. 283) LM 2005 Jay Kumar Ranjan Jay Kumar Ranjan Jay Kumar Ranjan Jay Kumar Ranjan Jay Kumar Ranjan, M.A. C/o Prof. Nagendra Prasad At — Kusum Vihar, East Morhabadi, Ranchi — 834 008 Cell : 91-9304153083 E-mail : jay_kr_ranjan@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No.257) Mr.Varun Rao Mr.Varun Rao Mr.Varun Rao Mr.Varun Rao Mr.Varun Rao, MBA 302 Sector-16A, Chandigarh-160016 Mob:9815671000, 0172-2773123(H) (LM 2003)(SIS Membership No. 145) S.P. Rathee S.P. Rathee S.P. Rathee S.P. Rathee S.P. Rathee, Ph.D Dept. of Psychiatry, Command Hospital (WC), Chandi Mandir Cantt -134 107 Tel: 91-172-2866574 (W) (LM 94) (SIS Membership No. 146) 82 Membership Directory

Stefano Reschini Stefano Reschini Stefano Reschini Stefano Reschini Stefano Reschini Via Anna Frank No.11/C, 20040 Usmate, Usmate Velate, MI-Italy Tel.39+39-672092(W) E-mail : resco@lombardiacom.it (LM 2002)(SIS Membership No. 147) Tushar Roy Tushar Roy Tushar Roy Tushar Roy Tushar Roy 3077, Sector-44D, Chandigarh-160047 Tel 91-172-2660733 (LM2001) (SIS Membership No. 149) Ayesha Sagar Ayesha Sagar Ayesha Sagar Ayesha Sagar Ayesha Sagar 619 Sector-8, Panchkula 134109 (Haryana) Tel:91-172-2560259 (SIS Membership No. 284) LM 2005 Savina Savina Savina Savina Savina, MBA, 20, Type-5, Power Colony, Kurali Road, Roopnagar-140001 Tel:91-1881-2225250(LM03) (SIS Membership No. 150) Gaurav Sangwan Gaurav Sangwan Gaurav Sangwan Gaurav Sangwan Gaurav Sangwan, MBA 18 KM Colony, Bhiwani-127021 E-mail : g_sangwan@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 151) Ratnabha Saha Ratnabha Saha Ratnabha Saha Ratnabha Saha Ratnabha Saha, 3/28,Central Avenue, A-zone, Durgapur-713204 (WB) Tel: 91-343-2568953 (SIS Membership No. 285) LM 2005 M. Sahay M. Sahay M. Sahay M. Sahay M. Sahay, Ph.D., 95, Doctors Apts, 4, Vasundhara Enclave, Delhi - 110096 (FM 92) Tel. : 91-11-22632807, 9811 545 145.˚22621789 Email:manoranjansahay@hotmail.com E-Mail : dr_m_sahay@hotmail.com (SIS Founder Membership No. 57) D. Saldanha D. Saldanha D. Saldanha D. Saldanha D. Saldanha, M.D. Professor and Head, Dept of Psychiatry Advisor Psychiatry, AFMC, Pune-411040 E-Mail : d_saldanha21@yahoo.co.in (F1994) (SIS Membership No. 152) Lt. Col. Sudhir Kumar Salujha Lt. Col. Sudhir Kumar Salujha Lt. Col. Sudhir Kumar Salujha Lt. Col. Sudhir Kumar Salujha Lt. Col. Sudhir Kumar Salujha, M.D. Military hospital, Jalandhar (LM-01) (SIS Membership No. 153) Mrs. Amandeep K. Sandhu Mrs. Amandeep K. Sandhu Mrs. Amandeep K. Sandhu Mrs. Amandeep K. Sandhu Mrs. Amandeep K. Sandhu, MPMIR Tej Form, Manimajra, Chandigarh-160101 Tel. : 91-172-2740991 (H) 2782135 (LM98) (SIS Membership No. 154) Binod K Sao Binod K Sao Binod K Sao Binod K Sao Binod K Sao 302, Padmrao Nagar, Secunderabad-500061 (India) Email:binod.kumar@mafoi.com, Mobile: 91-9885127668 (SIS Membership No. 155) LM 2004 George Savage George Savage George Savage George Savage George Savage, M.Sc. Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Deo gratias 37 Victoria Road, Retreat 7945, South Africa Telefax. : (27) 21-712-1281 (H) FM 95) E-Mail : gsav@worldonline.co.za (SIS Membership No. 156) K. S. Sengar K. S. Sengar K. S. Sengar K. S. Sengar K. S. Sengar, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Clinical Psychology RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 Cell : 91-9431769001 E-mail : kssengar2007@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 238) LM 2006 Shashi Sethi Shashi Sethi Shashi Sethi Shashi Sethi Shashi Sethi, Ph.D., ISHH Guidance and Counselling Center 723 ,Sector -7, Panchkula -134109 (Haryana). Email: dr_ssethi_723@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 157) Dhrub Sharma Dhrub Sharma Dhrub Sharma Dhrub Sharma Dhrub Sharma Panch Pallav Mytheestal, Upper Kailtheu, Shimla-170003 Tel. 9872547696 (SIS Membership No. 286) LM 2005 Geetika Sharma Geetika Sharma Geetika Sharma Geetika Sharma Geetika Sharma 2182,Sector 45C, Chandigarh-160047 (India) Tel: 91-98815832650 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 158) Harish K. Sharma Harish K. Sharma Harish K. Sharma Harish K. Sharma Harish K. Sharma, M.Phil. Lecturer in Psychology,SBS (M) College, Kotkapura, Punjab (India) (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 159) Hemant K. Sharma Hemant K. Sharma Hemant K. Sharma Hemant K. Sharma Hemant K. Sharma, Ph. D. Hemant Mansion, Near Haveli Barkat Sahib, Nai Sarak, Jodhpur -342001 (India) Tel.: 91-291-2540088 (H) (LM 96) (SIS Membership No. 160) Dr. M. G. Sharma Dr. M. G. Sharma Dr. M. G. Sharma Dr. M. G. Sharma Dr. M. G. Sharma Lecturer in Psychology Agrasen Mahila Maha Vidyalaya Parmanandpur, Varanasi (SIS Membership No. 232) (LM 2006) Narendra K. Sharma Narendra K. Sharma Narendra K. Sharma Narendra K. Sharma Narendra K. Sharma, Ph.D. Prof. Dept of Industrial eng.& Mgt, IIT, P.O.-IIT, Kanpur-208016 Tel: 91-512-2591773 E-Mail : nksharma@iitk.ac.in (LM 98), (SIS Membership No. 161) Neha Sharma Neha Sharma Neha Sharma Neha Sharma Neha Sharma 526, Sector 10-D, Chandigarh-160011(LM 2004) Ph. 91-172-2742555 Email Nehasharma@Nikmates.Com (SIS Membership No. 162) Neha Sharma Neha Sharma Neha Sharma Neha Sharma Neha Sharma 1057,Sector 44B, Chandigarh-160047 (India) Tel: 91-172-2664269 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 163) Pallavi Sharma Pallavi Sharma Pallavi Sharma Pallavi Sharma Pallavi Sharma B-8/24,Hospital Road, Sujanpur, Tehsil Pathankot, Distt-Gurdaspur-145023 (India) Tel: 91-9417470168, 91-186-2244402(H) (LM 2004), (SIS Membership No. 164) Membership Directory 83

Swarit Sharma Swarit Sharma Swarit Sharma Swarit Sharma Swarit Sharma, MBA, 161, Sector-16, Chandigarh-160016(LM 04) Tel: 0172-2542668(H) (SIS Membership No. 165) Vibha Sharma Vibha Sharma Vibha Sharma Vibha Sharma Vibha Sharma, MBA 207, Vasant Vihar, Kasumpti, Shimla-171009 (LM 2003) Ph. 91-177-2221548 (H) Email: vibsharma@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 166) Radhe Shyam Radhe Shyam Radhe Shyam Radhe Shyam Radhe Shyam, Ph.D. Reader, Dept. of Psychology, M.D.University, Rohtak- 124001(India) Cell:91-9416312480, Tel: 91-126-2266661 (H) (SIS Membership No. 213) LM 2005 Abhay Sidhu Abhay Sidhu Abhay Sidhu Abhay Sidhu Abhay Sidhu, MBA PO Box: 564, Bribie Island, QLD 4507, (Australia) Email: sidhuabhay@bigpond.com Tel.: 91-172-2742105, 2743917 (SIS Membership No. 167) Agyajit Singh Agyajit Singh Agyajit Singh Agyajit Singh Agyajit Singh, Ph.D. 136, Civil Lines, Patiala. (LM 97) (SIS Membership No. 168) Amitinder Singh Amitinder Singh Amitinder Singh Amitinder Singh Amitinder Singh, MBA, 401, Sector-37A, Chandigarh-160036 Tel:91-172-2692755(LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 169) Amool Ranjan Singh Amool Ranjan Singh Amool Ranjan Singh Amool Ranjan Singh Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., Professor, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke,Ranchi-834006, (India) (F 95) Telefax: 91-651-2451121(W), 2450813(W) 2233687(H) Mobile:91-9431592734 Email: sisamool@yahoo.com (SIS FM No. 58) LM 1996 Mrs. Archana Singh Mrs. Archana Singh Mrs. Archana Singh Mrs. Archana Singh Mrs. Archana Singh Psychiatric Social Worker, Deptt. of P.S.W., RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 Cell: 91-9934521695, (SIS FM No.233) LM 2005 Dharmendra Kumar Singh Dharmendra Kumar Singh Dharmendra Kumar Singh Dharmendra Kumar Singh Dharmendra Kumar Singh Asst. Profesor of Clinical Psychology Central Institute of Psychiatry, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 Cell : 91-9430896171 E-mail : dharmendra-07@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No.242) LM 2006 Lt. Col. Gurpinder Singh Lt. Col. Gurpinder Singh Lt. Col. Gurpinder Singh Lt. Col. Gurpinder Singh Lt. Col. Gurpinder Singh 1098, Sector 8-C, Chandigarh (India) Tel. : 2547825 (W) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 172) Gurpreet Singh Gurpreet Singh Gurpreet Singh Gurpreet Singh Gurpreet Singh 6,Sector 33 A, Chandigarh-160020 (India) Tel: 91-9815410115 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 173) Hardeep Singh Hardeep Singh Hardeep Singh Hardeep Singh Hardeep Singh, MBA Amloh Road,Shanti Nagar, Near Petrol Pump, Mandi Gobind Garh-147301 Ph.91-1765-2542303 (SIS Membership No. 174) Hardeep Singh Hardeep Singh Hardeep Singh Hardeep Singh Hardeep Singh 35-A, Shastri Colony, Ambala Cantt,-133001 Tel. 0171-2611225 (SIS Membership No. 287) LM 2005 Harminder Singh Harminder Singh Harminder Singh Harminder Singh Harminder Singh 192 Ph. 3B1, SAS Nagar 160059 Tel. 9888222372 , E-mail : harminder_ubs@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 288 LM 2005 Harminder Singh Harminder Singh Harminder Singh Harminder Singh Harminder Singh 3360, 35-D, Chandigarh. Ph. 91-172-2601393 E-mail: harry3360@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 175) LM 2005 Jasmeet Singh Jasmeet Singh Jasmeet Singh Jasmeet Singh Jasmeet Singh 2156 Phase-10, Mohali-160059 Mob. 9815251000 E-mail : jassarora_in@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 289 LM 2005) Kavindra Singh Kavindra Singh Kavindra Singh Kavindra Singh Kavindra Singh C/o. Mr. N.S. Tolia SDO, State Elec. Dept. Didihat, Distt Pithoragarh-262551 (Uttaranchal) Tel:05964-232283 (SIS Membership No. 290) (LM 2005) Lok Nath Singh Lok Nath Singh Lok Nath Singh Lok Nath Singh Lok Nath Singh, Ph.D. Professor,Deptt. of Psychology, M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi-221002(UP) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 176) M. P. Singh M. P. Singh M. P. Singh M. P. Singh M. P. Singh, Ph.D. 1329, Sec. 70, Guru Teg Bahadur, Complex, Mohali, Tel. : 91-1675-20583 (W)91-172-2223658 (H) (F 95) (SIS Membership No. 177) Navneet Singh Navneet Singh Navneet Singh Navneet Singh Navneet Singh, MBA, S-20/6, DLF, Phase-3, Gurgaon-122002 (LM 95)Tel: 91-124-2387544 (H), 9810058444 E-Mail : navnit.singh@hsbcam.com (SIS Membership No. 178) LM 1997 Neetu Singh Neetu Singh Neetu Singh Neetu Singh Neetu Singh, MBA, 909, Sector-21D, Faridabad-121003 Tel:91-129-25422170(LM2003) (SIS Membership No. 179) LM 2004 P. K. Singh P. K. Singh P. K. Singh P. K. Singh P. K. Singh, Ph.D. Lecturer of Yoga & Philosophy Deptt. of Clinical Psychology RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 Cell : 91-9430194744 (SIS Membership No. 239) LM 2006 Col. Rajinder Singh Col. Rajinder Singh Col. Rajinder Singh Col. Rajinder Singh Col. Rajinder Singh, M.D. Consultant Psychiatrist, 1734, Sec. 33-D, Chandigarh-160 047 (India) Tel. : 91-172-2600694 (H) (LM 96) (SIS Membership No. 180) Col. Rajinder Singh Col. Rajinder Singh Col. Rajinder Singh Col. Rajinder Singh Col. Rajinder Singh Management Consultant,1526, Sector 34-D, Chandigarh, Tel. : 91-172-601398 (H) Mob.: 9815728220 (F 98) (SIS Membership No. 181) 84 Membership Directory

R.P.Singh R.P.Singh R.P.Singh R.P.Singh R.P.Singh, Ph.D., Reader, Deptt. of Psychology, M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi-221002(UP) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 182) Rajendra Singh Rajendra Singh Rajendra Singh Rajendra Singh Rajendra Singh, Ph.D. Lecturer, Deptt. of Psychology, M.G Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi-221002(UP) (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 183) Ravinderjit Singh Ravinderjit Singh Ravinderjit Singh Ravinderjit Singh Ravinderjit Singh 108,Sector 18-A, Chandigarh-160018 (India) Tel: 91-9815500108 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 184) Ripudaman Singh Ripudaman Singh Ripudaman Singh Ripudaman Singh Ripudaman Singh 17, Ward No. 24, Mohalla Mata Rani, Khanna-141401 Tel. 91-1628-231165 (SIS Membership No. 291)(M 2005) Simral Singh Simral Singh Simral Singh Simral Singh Simral Singh 2939, Phase-7, Mohali-160062 Mob. 9815604640 (SIS Membership No. 292) LM 2005 Surpreet Singh Surpreet Singh Surpreet Singh Surpreet Singh Surpreet Singh 28 Shanti Nagar, Ludhiana-141002 Tel. 0161-2404389 E-mail : sunnybhatia_22@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 293) LM 2005 Surinder Suman Surinder Suman Surinder Suman Surinder Suman Surinder Suman (Mgr. Pers) 1574/1, Sector 30B, Chandigarh (India) Tel: 91-172-2657254 (LM 2004 Email: surinder_suman@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 185) Col. Surinder Singh Col. Surinder Singh Col. Surinder Singh Col. Surinder Singh Col. Surinder Singh Col.G.S HQ,KK & G Sub Area, Cubbon Road, Bangalore-560001 Tel: 91-80-25006202 (SIS Membership No. 186) (LM 99) Umardeep Singh Umardeep Singh Umardeep Singh Umardeep Singh Umardeep Singh 6078, Modern Housing Complex, Manimajra, Chandigarh-160005 Tel. 0172-2738956 (SIS Membership No. 294) (LM 2005) Umed Singh Umed Singh Umed Singh Umed Singh Umed Singh, Ph.D. Reader Department of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, D-78, University Campus, Kurukshetra -136119. Email:umedsingh_78@yahoo.com Ph.:91-1744-238267 (H) (SIS FM No. 295) (LM 2005) Virender Singh Virender Singh Virender Singh Virender Singh Virender Singh Vill. & P.O. Bir Banga, Distt. Kaithal, Haryana (India) (SIS Membership No. 187) (LM 98) Mr.Pankaj K. Shrirange Mr.Pankaj K. Shrirange Mr.Pankaj K. Shrirange Mr.Pankaj K. Shrirange Mr.Pankaj K. Shrirange, MBA Bharkapara, Ward 25, Rajnand Gaon, (Chattisgarh, India ) Tel: 91-7744-2222005, (SIS Membership No. 188) Ajai K.Srivastava Ajai K.Srivastava Ajai K.Srivastava Ajai K.Srivastava Ajai K.Srivastava, Ph.D. Psychiatric Social Scientist, Institute of Mental Health & Hospital, Agra-282002 Tel. : 91-562-3091601(H) Mobile:0562-3122270 (SIS Membership No. 189) (LM 2002) Mr.Kranti K.Srivastava Mr.Kranti K.Srivastava Mr.Kranti K.Srivastava Mr.Kranti K.Srivastava Mr.Kranti K.Srivastava Prasad Psycho Corporation, J. 1/58, Daranagar, Varanasi-221001 E-mail : prasadpsycho@yahoo.com Phone:-+91 11 30903349 Mobile: +91 9810782203 (SIS Membership No. 190) Kalpana Srivastava Kalpana Srivastava Kalpana Srivastava Kalpana Srivastava Kalpana Srivastava, M.Phil. Scientist E Deptt. of Psychiatry, Armed Force Medical College, Pune-411040 (India) (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 191) Purnima Srivastava Purnima Srivastava Purnima Srivastava Purnima Srivastava Purnima Srivastava, Ph.D. MM-22, VDA Colony, Central Jail Road, Shivpur, Varanasi-221002(India) (LM 2004) Cell: 9415389407 (SIS Membership No. 192) Rakesh Kumar Srivastava Rakesh Kumar Srivastava Rakesh Kumar Srivastava Rakesh Kumar Srivastava Rakesh Kumar Srivastava 5/5, Railway Colony, Sewa Nagar, New Delhi-110003 Cell:9815616908, +6594892153 Singapur Email:rinku555@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 193) Sowmya K. Sukumaran Sowmya K. Sukumaran Sowmya K. Sukumaran Sowmya K. Sukumaran Sowmya K. Sukumaran (Ph.D Scholar, RINPAS) C/o K. K. Sukumaran, Kalarikkal House, Ollukkara - P. O., Trichur — Dist., Kerala Tel : 0487-2373155 Cell — 91-9835343054 E-mail — sowsmmsp@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 246) Bharat Suri Bharat Suri Bharat Suri Bharat Suri Bharat Suri 35 Sector 6, Panchkula-134109 Tel. 9815042250, E-mail : bharat35suri@hotmail.com (SIS Membership No. 296) (LM 2005) Rahul Suri Rahul Suri Rahul Suri Rahul Suri Rahul Suri S.D/ 509, Pitampura, Tower Apartments, New Delhi- 110034 (SIS Membership No. 297) (LM 2005) Swati Swati Swati Swati Swati B 28/812, Punjab Mota Nagar, Pakhowal Road, Ludhiana Phone 2561673, Email : Swatz_13@rediffmail.com (LM 2003)(SIS Membership No. 194) Mr.Aditendra Takshak Mr.Aditendra Takshak Mr.Aditendra Takshak Mr.Aditendra Takshak Mr.Aditendra Takshak 2, Canal Colony,Circular Road, Rohtak(LM01) E-Mail : addy_takshak@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 195) Mr. Gurav Tandon Mr. Gurav Tandon Mr. Gurav Tandon Mr. Gurav Tandon Mr. Gurav Tandon 354/1, New Tajore Nagar, Haibowal, Ludhiana-141001 Tel. 0161-2470835 (SIS Membership No. 298) (LM 2005) Membership Directory 85

Mrs. Vandana Janveja Tara Mrs. Vandana Janveja Tara Mrs. Vandana Janveja Tara Mrs. Vandana Janveja Tara Mrs. Vandana Janveja Tara, M.Phil. Clinical Psychologist, A 23, Nizamuddin (East), New Delhi-110013 (SIS Membership No. 299) (LM 2006) Rubey Rashmi Tigga Rubey Rashmi Tigga Rubey Rashmi Tigga Rubey Rashmi Tigga Rubey Rashmi Tigga, M.A. Catholic Ashram, PO — Bhurkunda Dist. — Ramgarh, Jharkhand Cell : 91-9334655409 E-mail : honeyrubyrashmi@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 304) Lalti Tirkey Lalti Tirkey Lalti Tirkey Lalti Tirkey Lalti Tirkey, M.Phil C/o Jatru Tirkey, Vill — Chauri Basti, PO — Kanke, Ranchi — 834 006 (SIS Membership No. 245) Ailo Uhinki Ailo Uhinki Ailo Uhinki Ailo Uhinki Ailo Uhinki, Ps.D., Ed.I., Psykologitoimisto, Synteesi, Linnankatu-37a A 9, Fin-20100 Turku, Finland Tel.: +358-(0)2-232 2001, Fax : +358-(0)2-232 5007 E-Mail : a.uhinki@synteesi.inet.fi (LM 1998) (SIS Membership No. 196) Sambhu Upadhyay Sambhu Upadhyay Sambhu Upadhyay Sambhu Upadhyay Sambhu Upadhyay, Ph.D. Reader, Dept. of Psy. M.G. Kashi Vidya Peeth, Varanasi-221002 (LM 203) Tel. 91-542-2315991(H) (SIS Membership No. 197) K. C. Vashistha K. C. Vashistha K. C. Vashistha K. C. Vashistha K. C. Vashistha, Ph.D. Reader, Faculty of Education, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra (India) Tel. 91-542-2315991(H) (LM 2006) (SIS Membership No. 258) Rohita Vikash Rohita Vikash Rohita Vikash Rohita Vikash Rohita Vikash, M.Phil (Ph.D Scholar, RINPAS) C/o Dr. Geeta Sharma Gitanjali Juhu Park, Opp — Holy Cross Hazaribagh — 825301 Cell : 91-9835512394 E-Mail : rohitavikas@yahoo.com (SIS Membership No. 247) Acharya Vinay Vinekar Acharya Vinay Vinekar Acharya Vinay Vinekar Acharya Vinay Vinekar Acharya Vinay Vinekar Institute of Universal Consciousness, 21, Milton Street, Cooke Town, Bangalore - 560005 (India) Tel. 91-80-25472603 (W),2 5548348 (H) E-Mail:gurujivinay@hotmail.com (LM 2000) (SIS Membership No. 198) Dr. A. N. Verma Dr. A. N. Verma Dr. A. N. Verma Dr. A. N. Verma Dr. A. N. Verma Associate Professor of P.S.W. RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi — 834006 Cell : 91-9430378133 E-mail : anverma2003@yahoo.co.in (SIS Membership No. 240) Brijesh Pratap Verma Brijesh Pratap Verma Brijesh Pratap Verma Brijesh Pratap Verma Brijesh Pratap Verma 2/270, Vivek Khand —II, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow-226010 Phone 0522-2397523, Email brijverma3@rediffmail.com (SIS Membership No. 199) S. K. Verma S. K. Verma S. K. Verma S. K. Verma S. K. Verma, Ph.D. 5522, Modern Housing Complex Manimajra, Chandigarh-160001 Tel.: 91-172-2730993 (H) (SIS Founder Membership No. 7) Pravina Vimal Pravina Vimal Pravina Vimal Pravina Vimal Pravina Vimal Pravina Villa,Bhudram Colony, Near Civil Line, Hoshiarpur. (Punjab) Tel.: 91-1882-2244154 Mob.: 9117180473 (SIS Membership No. 200) Nikhil Vohra Nikhil Vohra Nikhil Vohra Nikhil Vohra Nikhil Vohra, MBA 649, Sector 8, Panchkula-134109 Ph.91-172-2563334, (SIS Membership No. 201) Sanjay Vohra Sanjay Vohra Sanjay Vohra Sanjay Vohra Sanjay Vohra, MA Psy-Com Services, B-4, 80/2, Safadurjung Enclave, New Delhi-110029 (India) Tel.: 91-11-26106433 Fax : 91-11-26175191 (LM 95) (SIS Membership No. 202) Ashima Nehra Wadhawan Ashima Nehra Wadhawan Ashima Nehra Wadhawan Ashima Nehra Wadhawan Ashima Nehra Wadhawan, Ph.D. Asst. Prof. Clin. Psychology, Cardiothorasic and Neurosciences Center, A.I.I.M.S., New Delhi-110029 Tel. : 91-11-25597173 Cell:91-9810882765 (LM 96) Email;ashimanehra@gmail.com (SIS Membership No. 129) Nitin Wadehra Nitin Wadehra Nitin Wadehra Nitin Wadehra Nitin Wadehra 134, sector-18A, Chandigarh-160018 Tel:91-172-2543638 (SIS Membership No. 300) (LM 2005) Mala Walia Mala Walia Mala Walia Mala Walia Mala Walia #1011, Sector 43-B, Chandigarh. Ph. 91-171-2601011 (SIS Membership No. 203) V.N. Yadav V.N. Yadav V.N. Yadav V.N. Yadav V.N. Yadav, Ph.D. House No. 1195/24, Jagdish Colony, Rohtak-124001(India) Tel: 91-1664-2248404(H) (SIS Membership No. 204) Vikas Kumar Yadav Vikas Kumar Yadav Vikas Kumar Yadav Vikas Kumar Yadav Vikas Kumar Yadav I-76, Hindalco Colony, Renukoot, Sonbdadra-231217(India) Tel: 91-546-2253905 (LM 2004) (SIS Membership No. 205) N. Kumar Yaduvanshi N. Kumar Yaduvanshi N. Kumar Yaduvanshi N. Kumar Yaduvanshi N. Kumar Yaduvanshi, DPM. CMO (SG) Mental Health Care Center, SS Bn. ITB Police Force, Camp Saboli, P.O. Nathupur, Via Rai, Distt. Sonipat-131029 (India) (LM 98) (SIS Membership No.206) S. Yuvraj S. Yuvraj S. Yuvraj S. Yuvraj S. Yuvraj, Ph.D. Asstt. Prof. in Psychology 12, NITIE Qrts., NITIE, Vihar Lake,Bombay - 400087 Tel.: 91-22-2857337 Mob.: 9820568670 E-Mail: Prog@nitie.ernet.in E-mail : yuvraj@faculty.nitie.edu (LM 99) (SIS FM No. 207) 86 Membership Directory

Libraries: A: Foreign: Learning Resource Center (Library) Learning Resource Center (Library) Learning Resource Center (Library) Learning Resource Center (Library) Learning Resource Center (Library), The Ohio State University at Newark, Founders Hall,University Drive, Newark, OH˚43055 (USA) (M 01) (SIS Library Membership No. 1) Psyc INFO Psyc INFO Psyc INFO Psyc INFO Psyc INFO American Psychological Association, P.O.Box 91600, Washington, Washington DC 20090-1600(USA) Tel:(202) 336-5682 , Fax (202) 336-5630 E-Mail:psycinfo@apa.org SAARL Universitaets, SAARL Universitaets, SAARL Universitaets, SAARL Universitaets, SAARL Universitaets, U-Landesbibliothek, Zeitschriftenstelle, AM Stadtwald, D-66123, SAARBRUECKEN, Germany (M-1994-2001) (SIS Library Membership No. 2) EBSCO subscription Services, EBSCO subscription Services, EBSCO subscription Services, EBSCO subscription Services, EBSCO subscription Services, Magzine division, Post Office Box- 1943 Birmingham, AL 35201-1943 (USA) (Subscribe for SAARL Germany) Tel.: 1-800-633-6088 Fax.: (205)991-1479 (Subscribing Library No 2 ) Libraries: B: India: Commandant Commandant Commandant Commandant Commandant Command Hospital (WC), Chandimandir-134107 (Haryana) (LM 97) (SIS Library Membership No. 3) Director Director Director Director Director Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, Mathura Road, Agra - 282002 (India) Tel:91-562-2603691-93 Email:imhh@sancharnet.in (M 98-2001)(SIS Library Membership No. 4) Director Director Director Director Director Ranchi Institute of Neuro Psychiatry and Allied Sciences, Kanke, Ranchi-834006 (India) (M99) Tel.: 91-651-223776,2455813 (SIS Library Membership No. 5) Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian C.H.Mohd. Koya University Library, Calicut University, P.O.Calicut University, Distt: Mallapuram-673635 (Kerala) (M202)(SIS Library Membership No. 6) Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Bhaikaka Library, S.P. University, Distt. Kheda-388120, Gujarat, (India) (M 99)(SIS Library Membership No. 7) Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Univerity of Calicut, Calicut Univerity Post Office, Calicut-673635 (Kerala) (SIS Library Membership No. 37) Dr. Kirit Vyas, Dr. Kirit Vyas, Dr. Kirit Vyas, Dr. Kirit Vyas, Dr. Kirit Vyas, Librarian Bhavnagar University Library, University Campus, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavanagar - 364002 (India) Tel:91-278-2562928 (M 98) (SIS Library Membership No. 8) Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Center for Entrepreneur Development M.P. 60, Jail Road, Jehangirabad, Bhopal - 462008 (India) Tel/Fax : 2766437 (W) (LM 94) (SIS Library Membership No.9) Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Central Library, J.N. Vyas University, New Campus, Bhagat Ki Kothi, Jodhpur-342001(India) (M 2001) (SIS Library Membership No. 10) Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian H.P. University, Summer Hill, Shimla (India) (M 98) (SIS Library Membership No. 12) Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Mysore University Library,University of Mysore, Manas Gangotri, Mmysore-570006 (SIS Library Membership No. 13) Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Saurashtra University Library, University Campus, Kalawad Road, Rajkot—360005 Tel: 91-281-2278501to 2278512 (SIS Library Membership No. 14) Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Technical Library & Documentation, IFFCO, Aonla Unit, PO. IFFCO Township, Bareilly-243403 (India) (M 97)(SIS Library Membership No. 15) Sri. R. Ravichandran Sri. R. Ravichandran Sri. R. Ravichandran Sri. R. Ravichandran Sri. R. Ravichandran Senior Librarian, Technical Teachers Training Institute, Taramani P.O., Chennai-600113 Tel.:91-44-22541054,22542959, E-mail : ritsouth@giasmd01.vsnl.net.in (SIS Library Membership No. 16) Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Shibli National College, Azamgarh (UP) Ph.: 05463-222840 (SIS Membership No.11) Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian University Business School, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, (India) (M 98) (SIS Library Membership No. 17) Bidyut K Mal Bidyut K Mal Bidyut K Mal Bidyut K Mal Bidyut K Mal, M.Sc., M.M.Lib Librarian In Charge, Vivekanand Central Library, VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur-222001 Email:vclpu@yahoo.co.in, Vidyutel@ yahoo.co.in, (SIS Library Membership No. 18) Membership Directory 87

Magzine World Magzine World Magzine World Magzine World Magzine World Station Road, Near Gopal Talkies, Anand-388001 Email : achal@icenet.net (Supplying to SP Univ Kheda Paid for 2004) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal DAV College for girls, Jagadhari Road, Yamuna Nagar-135001 (India) Tel:91-171-23728152,23724674 (SIS Library Membership No. 21) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal DAV College, Sector — 10 Chandigarh — 160011 (SIS Library Membership No. 45) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal Desh Bhagat College, Dhuri, Distt. Sangrur (India) Tel. : 91-1675-2265027 (LM 2000) (LM :SIS Library Membership No. 22) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal Dhirendra Mahila Maha Vidyala, Karmajeet Pur, Sunder Pur, Varanasi-221005 Tel.: 91-542-2575787 (M 2003) (SIS Library Membership No. 23) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal Government Bikram College of Commerce, Patiala (Punjab) (M 2001)(SIS Library Membership No. 24) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal Government Man Kunwar Bai Arts & Com. Women s College, Jabalpur (M.P.) (M 2002) (SIS Library Membership No. 25) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal Govt. P. G. College Bhiwani — 127021 Haryana (SIS Library Membership No. 44) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal Lakshmibai Natioanal College of Physical Education P.B.No. 3, Kariavattom, Thiruvanathapuram-695 581 Tel.: 91-471-2418712 Fax : 2418769 E-mail : lncpe@csnl.com (SIS Membership No.33) Principle Principle Principle Principle Principle K.S. Saket Post Graduate College, Ayodhyaya, Faizabad-224001 (India) Tel:91-5278-2232305 (M 2000) (SIS Library Membership No. 26) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal Matushri Virbaima Mahila Arts College, Kalawad Road, Mahila Chowk, Rajkor-360001(Gujrat) Ph.: 91-281-2451603 (W) 2479257 (H) (SIS Library Membership No. 27) Princial Princial Princial Princial Princial Rajaury Library, P.N. College, Khurda - 752057 (Orissa), (India) (M 2000) (SIS Library Membership No. 28) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal SBAS, Khalsa College, Sandaur, Distt. Sangrur (Punjab) (India) (LM 2000) (SIS Library Membership No. 29) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal ST. Xavier s College, Mapusa, Goa-403507 Email:xavierscollege@sancharnet.in Tel:91-832-2262356(O), 2293305( Principal Residence) (SIS Library Membership No. 38) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal Dr. Uttam Rudrawar, Ph.D. Smt. Vatsalabai Naik Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Talab Lay0ut, PUSAD, Dist: Yavatmal- -445204 (Maharastra) Tel: 46115 (W), 46124(H) Email: smtvnmmv@rediffmail.com (SIS Library Membership No. 31) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal Arya Mahila Degree College, Chetganj varanasi-221001 Tel:91-542-2411893 (LM 2006) (SIS Library Membership No. 36) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal Sree Narayana Guru College N.H. 47, K.G. Chavadi, Coimbatore-641105 (Tamilnadu, India) Ph.: 91-422-2656371, 91-422-2656527 (SIS Library Membership No. 34) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal Vaidyaratnam P. S. Varier Ayurveda College Kottakkal, P. O. : Edarikode, Distt. — Malappuram Kerala — 676501 (SIS Library Membership No. 42) Principal Principal Principal Principal Principal Vrundavan Institute of Nursing Education College of Nursing Pitruchaya Near Sai Service, Porvorim, Bardez, Goa — 403501 (SIS Library Membership No. 43) Prints India Prints India Prints India Prints India Prints India, Prints House, 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002 Fax: 23275542, Tel: 91-11-23268645, 23257864, (SIS Library Membership No. 32) Surya Infotainment Products Pvt Ltd. Surya Infotainment Products Pvt Ltd. Surya Infotainment Products Pvt Ltd. Surya Infotainment Products Pvt Ltd. Surya Infotainment Products Pvt Ltd. Subscription Department, 91, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore-560001 Email: sipmag@touchtelindia.net (SIS Library Membership No. 35) 88 Membership Directory

Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119 (SIS Library Membership No.40) Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Librarian Maharshi Dayanand University Library , Rohtak -124 001 (Haryana) (SIS Library Membership No.39) Dr Shakti Mishra Dr Shakti Mishra Dr Shakti Mishra Dr Shakti Mishra Dr Shakti Mishra Sahara Behaviour Change Communication Center, 240 F, Basarat pur east, B.R.D. Medical College Road Gorakhpur 273001(UP) Tel: 91-551-2283305(O); 9335227310, Email : swfbccgkp@rediffmail.com Email:shak_mishra77@rediffmail.com (SIS Library Membership No.41) C: Free Distribution The Registrar of Newspapers for India The Registrar of Newspapers for India The Registrar of Newspapers for India The Registrar of Newspapers for India The Registrar of Newspapers for India West Block-8, Wing No.2, R.K.Puram, New Delhi-110066 Operations Coordinator Operations Coordinator Operations Coordinator Operations Coordinator Operations Coordinator Psyc INFO, American Psychological Association, P.O.Box 91600, Washington, DC 20090-1600 (USA) The District Magistrate The District Magistrate The District Magistrate The District Magistrate The District Magistrate Ranchi Documentation Officer Documentation Officer Documentation Officer Documentation Officer Documentation Officer Indian Council of Social Science Research INU Institutional Area, Aruna Asaf Ali Road, Post Box No. 10528, New Delhi -110067 (India) Rekha Mittal Rekha Mittal Rekha Mittal Rekha Mittal Rekha Mittal, Scientist- E1, Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre, 14, Satsang Vihar Marg, New Delhi-110067 Assistant Librarian Assistant Librarian Assistant Librarian Assistant Librarian Assistant Librarian English Section, National Library, Belvedore Road, Calcutta B.N. Puhan B.N. Puhan B.N. Puhan B.N. Puhan B.N. Puhan, Ph.D. Department of Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar-751004, ( Orissa) Swami Nirmalanand Saraswati Swami Nirmalanand Saraswati Swami Nirmalanand Saraswati Swami Nirmalanand Saraswati Swami Nirmalanand Saraswati Director YRF, Bihar Yoga Bharati, Ganga Darshan, Fort, Munger - 811201, (Bihar) The Editor The Editor The Editor The Editor The Editor, Psychology and developing Societies, Dept. of Psychology, University of Allahabad, Allahabad-211002 Telefax: 91-532-2461358, Email: editors@indiasage.com The Editor The Editor The Editor The Editor The Editor Personality Study and Group Behavior, Dept. of Psychology,Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005 Consultant : Dr.John Baby Dr.John Baby Dr.John Baby Dr.John Baby Dr.John Baby, Ph.D. Professor and Head, Dept of Psychology, Calicut University, CALICUT Tel: 91-4942403238 Vinay K. Jain Vinay K. Jain Vinay K. Jain Vinay K. Jain Vinay K. Jain, CA, Jain Vinay Kumar & Co., 1280,Vakilpura, Delhi-110006 Tel. : 91-11-23267440(W) Mob.: 9868109259 (LM 99) K. V. Kaliappan K. V. Kaliappan K. V. Kaliappan K. V. Kaliappan K. V. Kaliappan, Ph.D. 48, 8th Cross Street, Shenoy Nagar, Chennai 600030 (India) Tel. : 91-44-26260571 (H) Dr.A.K.Keshary Dr.A.K.Keshary Dr.A.K.Keshary Dr.A.K.Keshary Dr.A.K.Keshary Chartered Accountant B-6, Brijenclave Colony, Sunderpur, Varanasi-221005 Nilanjana Sanyal Nilanjana Sanyal Nilanjana Sanyal Nilanjana Sanyal Nilanjana Sanyal, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Psychology University of Calcutta University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C Road, Kolkata-700009 Tel:91-33-24642083, Cell: 91-9830112145 Dr.A.K.Srivastava Dr.A.K.Srivastava Dr.A.K.Srivastava Dr.A.K.Srivastava Dr.A.K.Srivastava 7/105B, Durga Niwas, Swaroop Nagar, Kanpur-208002 M.S. Thimmappa M.S. Thimmappa M.S. Thimmappa M.S. Thimmappa M.S. Thimmappa, Ph.D. 49, 5th Main, Anjaneyanagar, Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bangalore-560085 (India) Tel.: 91-80-26692075 (H) Yasho V. Verma Yasho V. Verma Yasho V. Verma Yasho V. Verma Yasho V. Verma, Ph.D. Vice President-HR & MS, LG Electronics India (P)Ltd., Plot No. 51, Udyog Vihar, Surajpur-Kasna Road, Greater Noida-201306 U.P., (India) Tel. : 91-11-9124569635, 24560900-940, E-Mail : yvverma@lgeil.com FM = Fellow Member FM = Fellow Member FM = Fellow Member FM = Fellow Member FM = Fellow Member LM = Life Member LM = Life Member LM = Life Member LM = Life Member LM = Life Member M = Member M = Member M = Member M = Member M = Member Membership Directory 89

Important Announcement Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., Professor and Head, Department of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 (India) E-mail : sisamool@yahoo.com has taken charge of the office of Editor In Chief SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH From January 2006 Institutional Members (Libraries of National and International Universities) are requested to send their Annual Subscription/Dues to Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D., Professor and Head, Department of Clinical Psychology, Ranchi Institute of Neuro-Psychiatry and Allied Sciences (RINPAS), Kanke, Ranchi - 834 006 (India) The Subscription Cheque should be made in favour of “SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health” payable at Ranchi (India)

SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY IS PUBLISHING ITS JOURNAL SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH a half yearly publication in January and July. It started in 1994 and has published 26 issues in 14 years. The Journal is available on Society’s Web Site at http: //www.somaticinkblots.com The Journal from Volume 1-14 is available in C D (Acrobat and Page Maker) Members of Somatic Inkblot Society can get it on a nominal payment of US $50 (for Overseas Members) and Rs.1500/- (for Indian Members). The Individual and Institutional Members of Somatic Inkblot Society/ SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health Can get the current issue and future issues of the Journal through Electronic mail free of charge Please indicate if you wish to get the Journal in Hard Copy or through Electronic mail to: Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D., DPM, Editor Emeritus, SIS J. of Proj. Psy. & Mental Health, E-mail : sisdubey@rediffmail.com E-mail : sisdubey@yahoo.com Web Site at http: //www.somaticinkblots.com OR Wilfred A. Cassell, M.D., FAPA. Director SIS Centre Editor emeritus, SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health, 4501 East, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, Alaska - 99516 (USA). Email: siscassell@yahoo.com

THE SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY THE SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY THE SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY THE SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY THE SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY I wish to be a Member __________ a Life Member ________ of the Somatic Inkblot Society. Please submit this request to the Membership Committee. NAME __________________________________________________________ Birth date __________ (Print or type) First Middle Last ____________________________________________________ Zip ___________________________ Business/Office Address : ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________Tel. : (W)_______________________H)_______________________ EDUCATION Degree Year Institution Major Field of Study EMPLOYMENT : Current position, employer, dates (Graduate Students indicate area of study and degree toward which you are working). MEMBERSHIP : ____________________________________________________________________ TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE IN PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT : SPONSOR (S) Name Address Telephone 1. _________________________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________________________ SIS subscription payable every year in January through Cash/Cheque at par/Demand Draft in favour of "SIS Centre" payable at Varanasi. I certify that the information provided above is accurate and correct. An APPLICATION FEE Cheque is enclosed for Foreign Members ($40) & Life Membership ($300).For Members in India Rs. 300/- & Life Membership Rs. 2500/- Institutional Membership Rs. (600/-) Institutional Life Membership (Rs. 4000/-) Total Cheque $/Rs.__________________________Drawn at_________________________________ Signature of applicant : ________________________________________ Date :________________ PLEASE RETURN with your cheque to : Dr. Nalini Mishra, Secretary, Plot No.196, Saket Nagar, Naria, Varanasi-221005 (India) Foreign members send their subscription cheque to B.L. Dubey, Ph.D. Editor Emeritus, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK-99517 (USA) N.B. : Please add Rs. 50 ($5) as one time registration fee; and Rs. 70 ($5 forgin Member) if you are sending subscription through out station cheque.

PROFESSIONAL QUALITY VHS VIDEOTAPES (SPECIFY NTSC, PAL OR SECAM), AS WELL AS AUDIO TAPES AND TRANSCRIPTS OF INTERVIEWS ARE AVAILABLE FOR TEACHING/CLINICAL PURPOSE. Police case--"Witnessing an Accident" Vietnam Veteran -- "Unresolved Guilt" Therapeutic Dream Stimulation Anniversary Reaction to Miscarriage Grieving a Still Birth : Conversion Reaction Fear of Cancer and Hypochondriasis (includes Rorschach imagery) Alcohol and Cocaine Depended : Father/Son Incest : Teen-age Alaska Native's Death by Gas Inhalation Suicide Behaviour in Adolescent Alaska Native Nightmare Vision (Sexually Abused Adolescent Girl and Absence of Father Figures in Black Adolescent Boy) Auschwitz Revisited Neuropsychological Reactions to Life Threatening Accident & SIS Occupational Stress and the SIS The use of the SIS as an Aide in Meditation while Grieving a Miscarriage SIS-Video (A&B Series), SIS-II Images in CD, SIS-I Videotape and SIS-Living Images A Walk Through The Garden of Life and many more, Audio & Videotapes SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health in C D (Acrobat and Page Maker) from Volume 1-14 Contact : SIS Centre, 2020 Muldoon Rd, #317,Anchorage, Ak.99504 (USA) E-mail : siscassell@yahoo.com OR sisdubey@rediffmail.com Web Site : http://www.somaticinkblots.com for getting the above material

ANNOUNCEMENT The Somatic Inkblot Society is a Non-Profit International Organization with headquarters in India. The Indian Govt. has recognized it as a Corporation for Income Tax purposes where relieff is given to donators and advertisers under section 80G of Income Tax. In America, a comparable non-profit organization similarly named the Somatic Inkblot Society gives Income Tax relief for residents of the United States. Please help the Society by Donation/Advertisement For it’s smooth functioning. President, Somatic Inkblot Society APPEAL Members of Somatic Inkblot Society are requested to kindly send their Annual dues before the 31st of January each year to : Nalini Mishra, Ph.D., Secretary Plot No. 196, Saket Nagar, Naria, Varanasi-221005 (India) E-mail : sisdubey@yahoo.com Mob.: 91-9415977731 The Subscription Cheque should be made in favour of “SIS Centre”payable at Varanasi (India)

Published by Amool Ranjan Singh on behalf of Somatic Inkblot Society at Kailash Paper Conversions Pvt. Ltd., 2-Bharatpuri, Purulia Road, Ranchi-834 002, Jharkhand (India) Editor-in-Chief : Amool Ranjan Singh STATEMENT SHOWING OWNERSHIP AND OTHER PARTICULARS ABOUT SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH PLACE OF PUBLICATION : Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS,Kanke,Ranchi-834006. India PERIODICITY OF PUBLICATION : Half Yearly EDITOR'S PRINTER'S Name : Amool Ranjan Singh PUBLISHER'S NATIONALITY : Indian ADDRESS : Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS,Kanke,Ranchi-834006. India OWNER : SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY I, Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief. Sd/ Dr. Amool Ranjan Singh, Editor-in-Chief SIS Journal of Projective Psychology and Mental Health

Abstracted in “APA’s Psychological Abstract” Regd. No. 71632/99, RNI Delhi SIS JOURNAL OF PROJECTIVE PSYCHOLOGY & MENTAL HEALTH (OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF SOMATIC INKBLOT SOCIETY) EDITORS EMERITUS : Wilfred A. Cassell, MD, Director, SIS Center, 4501E, 104th Avenue, Anchorage, AK.99516 (USA). E-Mail: siscassell2@yahoo.com : Bankey L. Dubey, Ph.D., Director SIS Centre, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA) E-mail: sisdubey@rediffmail.com EDITOR-IN-CHIEF : Amool Ranjan Singh, Ph.D. Prof. & Head, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS,Kanke,Ranchi-834006 (India). Tel. : 91-651-2233687(H), Mob.:91-9431592734, E-mail:sisamool@yahoo.com EDITORS : Suprakash Chaudhury, MD, Ph.D., Prof. & Head, Dept. of Psychiatry, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi-834006 (India). Mob.:91-09334386496, E-mail : suprakashch@gmail.com : Anand Dubey,B.E., MBA, SIS Centre, 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA), E-Mail: anand.dubey@gmail.com : Padma Dwivedi, M.A., 4406 Forest Road, Anchorage, AK 99517 (USA), E-mail : sisdubey@yahoo.com : Jai Prakash,Ph.D., Associate Professor of Clinical Psychology, Dept. of Clinical Psychology, RINPAS, Kanke, Ranchi - 834006, (India). Cell: 91-9934582290, E-mail : drjaiprakashrinpas@rediffmail.com : Umed Singh, Ph.D., Dept. of Psychology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, (India). Email : Umedsingh_78@yahoo.com. Tel: 91-1744-238267(H), Cell: 91-9416511077 Kristian Aleman, Sweden John Baby, Ph.D., India K.R.Banerjee,MRCP, India N. G. Desai, M. D., India Mahesh Bhargava, Ph.D., India Saugata Basu, Ph.D., India Carina Coulacoglou, Ph.D., Greece Philip Greenway, Ph.D, Australia K.V. Kaliappan, Ph.D., India Arvind Keshary, Ph.D, India Anatoly B. Khromov, Russia R. Kumar, Ph.D. India Devvrat Kumar,Ph.D.India Sudhir Kumar, M.D. India RamJee Lal, Ph.D.India Anu S. Lather, Ph.D., India Lisa Milne, Ph.D., Australia David Miller, Ph.D., U.S.A. Mridula Mishra, Ph.D., India Nalini Mishra, Ph.D., India D. K. Sharma, MHA, India A. S. Kundu, Ph.D., India Kalpana Srivastava, Ph.D., India Paola Nicolini, M.A., Italy Paul E. Panek, Ph.D., U.S.A. Edward M. Petrosky, Ph.D., U.S.A. Marisa Porecca, Ph.D., Italy Stefano Reschini, M.A, Italy Barry A. Ritzler, Ph.D., U.S.A. D. Saldanha, M.D., India Nilanjana Sanyal, Ph.D., India T.R.Shukla,Ph.D.India Radhe Shyam, Ph.D.India Archana Singh, M.A., India M.P. Singh, Ph.D., India R.N. Singh, Ph.D., India David Sperbeck, Ph.D., U.S.A. Ajay K.Srivastava, Ph.D., India Ramjee Srivastava, Ph.D., India Ailo Uhinki, Ps.D., Finland Yasho V. Verma, Ph.D., India M. Jahan, Ph.D., India K. S. Sengar, Ph.D., India EDITORIAL CONSULTANTS 2229/12/07